^, 


^%^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■^  ilii   122 
£f   Ufi    12.0 

u 


IL25  HI  1.4 


■  1.6 


/; 


7 


Photographic 

ScMices 

Corporalion 


;\ 


^ 


V 


v\ 


13  WIST  MAM  »TIHT 

WIMTM.N.Y.  MSM 

(71*)t73-4S03 


'^ 


4r 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Historical  IMicroraproduction*  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductiont  hiatoriquas 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  taelinlquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  Im  bibllographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  In  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  balow. 


n 


n 


D 

0 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  couiaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagia 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurte  at/ou  paliiculAa 


I     I   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 

Colourad  mapa/ 

Cartak  giographiquaa  an  couiaur 

Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  couiaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 

Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 
Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  an  couiaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RaliA  avac  d'autraa  documanta 

Tight  binding  may  cauaa  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  Intarior  margin/ 

La  r9  iiura  aarrte  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatortion  la  long  da  la  marga  IntAriaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  raatoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaaibia,  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  aa  paut  qua  eartainaa  pagaa  blanchaa  ajoutiaa 
lora  d'una  raatauratlon  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta, 
mala,  loraqua  cala  Atait  poaalbia,  oaa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  «t4  filmAaa. 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilm*  la  maiilaur  axampiaira 
qu'il  lui  a  4tA  poaaibia  da  aa  procurar.  Laa  dAtaila 
da  oat  axampiaira  qui  aont  paut-Atra  uniquaa  riu 
point  da  vua  bibllographlqua,  qui  pauvant  modifiar 
una  imaga  raproduita,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modification  dana  la  mAthoda  normala  da  fllmaga 
aont  indiquAa  cl-daaaoua. 


D 
D 
D 
E 
D 
0 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Colourad  pagaa/ 
Pagaa  da  couiaur 

Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagAaa 

Pagaa  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Pagaa  raataurAaa  at/ou  paliiculAaa 

Pagaa  diacolourad,  atainad  or  foxad/ 
Pagaa  dicoioriaa,  taehatiaa  ou  piquAaa 

Pagaa  datachad/ 
Pagaa  ditachiaa 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparanoa 

Quality  of  print  variaa/ 
QualitA  InAgala  da  I'impraaalon 

Includaa  aupplamantary  matarial/ 
Comprand  du  material  auppMmantaira 

Only  aditlon  availabia/ 
Saula  MItion  diaponibia 

Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obacurad  by  arrata 
alipa,  tiaauaa,  ate,  hava  baan  rafilmad  to 
anaura  tha  baat  poaaibia  imaga/ 
Laa  pagaa  totalamant  ou  partlallamant 
obaourolaa  par  un  faulllat  d'arrata.  una  palura, 
ate.  ont  M  fllmAaa  A  nouvaau  da  fapon  i 
obtanir  la  maillaura  Imaga  poaaibia. 


ThJ 
to 


Th 
po 
of 
fill 


Or 
ba 
th< 
sio 
oti 
fin 
•io 
or 


Th 
•hi 
Til 
wf 

Ml 

dif 
ant 
bai 
rigl 
ra<i 
mfl 


0 


Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantalraa  auppl4mantalraa: 


Irrafuiar  pigiMtion:  (11  •  236, 237  •  236. 237  •  280  p. 


Thia  Itam  la  fllmad  at  tha  raduotion  ratio  ohaokad  balow/ 

Ca  documant  aat  fllmA  au  taux  da  rMuotlon  indlqu*  ol-daaaoua. 

10X  14X  ItX  22X 


aox 


7 


IfX 


aox 


24X 


wm^;w 


The  copy  filmed  here  hes  been  reproduced  thenks 
to  the  generoeity  off: 

Netionel  Librery  off  Cenada 


L'exemplaire  film6  ffut  reproduit  grflce  d  la 
gtn^rosltA  de: 

Bibliothdque  natlonale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  end  legibility 
off  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
ffilming  contract  speciffications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  ffilmed 
beginning  with  the  ffront  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  beck  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  ffilmed  beginning  on  the 
ffirst  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t«  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
confformit*  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sent  ffilmte  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plet  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  ces.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
origineux  sent  ffilmte  en  commengant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustretion  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  ffreme  on  each  microffiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  imege  de  cheque  microffiche.  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signiffie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signiffie  "FIN". 


IMaps,  plates,  cherts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  lefft  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableeux,  etc.,  peuvent  Avre 
fiimis  A  des  taux  de  rMuction  difffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  ffilmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  k  droite, 
et  de  heut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcesseire.  Les  diogrammes  suivsnts 
lllustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

^ 


1 

ir 


tV  THl 
flISTd 

/     TOM 


fv 


■M 


^! 


»  jj» 


.L 


A  ■■'^' 


u-^ 


'■>  • 


mmit  YBAftf 


•  * 


INTlRIO^  PAEM 


•--.,#'' 


tOft  MOI^tltAir 


'■*-,j!^'  ^ 


FlVr  TftOtJSAPJD  #iiLES, 

t^KIS,  IStUDSr  ANPJ^I  VERS/ CATER  ACTS, 
lipl/NT^IMS.  MINERALS.  !»OiU  A.NU  VkOKFABCi     ' 

c:        oioHsorTiiATfi^Kr  coiitimi|^ 

or  THE  BIRDS.  BEAitS,  KEfrapES.  INSECTS, 
.  ^     AHD  vimis  f torUAm  to  t«|  ce^riiTikr. 

'•;  .'  :'         ,   '■ .   '  '^  ^MtUf-ft  WITH  h  eONCNt 

*^US?^^'***^^^W^^MRS  AND  CUS. 

rOMt  Qr  TAB  imUlfai|#AAlTI««  THB  LAMBI 
THAT  Lit  ABf  A<i|iV  TO  #<  HIA»t  Mtit 

APPENDIX, 

V  MtCftttillllt  TUB 

UUCWLTlVATEb  PA*r«OP  AMERIGA, 
i^Hat  aai  tmi  M^tT  riorsA  rbt  totiiiAi 

SETTLSMENTE. 

BY  JbNATHAlK^ARviR. 
Cdpt^  ^OtFnvkMte^  in  4miticA. 

WAX.POLE,  N.  H. 
Hrte^Bl^iY  ISAIAH  THOMAS  &  Cos. 


t '"'f  ^■ 


mm. 


W' 


1.  \ 


r 


M 


f*,. 


:m 


*m 


'%  # 


^XfS'-^^^ 


-^   J-* 


t-|-|Hlll»l1lt*Mtitl<IMi 


■  i-^Mf-***! 


'fl#lSfe*i 


Wi 


('.^ 


w 


K. 


-# 


v# 


BANKS,  684^ 


»&IIIM«f  •!  TBi 


8tR| 


4^ 


VV  HENthipoblieinliifimi^  IomI 

M  oe  Imoor  of  Tdnr  tfc^ia^itttieeii^at  mt  dtfiflttfi 

tic»^*«lhat  the  coiiipofit&ii  of  it  luU  ftood  &•  teftof 
yoii^jnteneiltip-o^         it  it  by  yoiir  p«iiifiiom.  ft 

Ppilo  it»  I «nd jntlie  mMilieiifivt  ^f  Its  Aieoffi  i  mm 
ftt^^  wdl  iiiiqoiiiNiiaAr  giire  tiMw  «ftf«iiG« 

_j^<Br  diirttDliiie  tdliiiioiif  of  pur  iktor^  ^'«riiidi  I 

MUt  I  ftftdliolievt  noto  Wwi^fiwtf^^ 

xovr  ootoitntt 
innniilo  ftfiwMipr 


w 


K. 


"TT^ 


yrSggy^y^^S'fJi 


p««  irtv*/ 1? 


!i. 


h 


tdbttfai 

le 
tli 

|Meiiotf»  tf 


ai 


m%%^ 


andimpi 

compUfli 
prior  ob 
were  exp 


^JM.f--.J":     ■  .^m:...^-....,.,Y^i-., 


■faii»j**..«hjiiiriiirt  ^1,1.   ■■fahnnw»>ji it.jmntm 


-1^ 


f/ 


m  AZmUSS  "TO  THE  HJBLIC. 


v.-  ' 


^HE  isiYorable  reetfpti^m  tliit  worli  W  iiietwitb» 

mm.:'  h^ei^6iS^i^h9L^h[^m^iM^^'m  a  Amr liioiths,  ^ 
M^§m$m»^W  he  iiil  msUiiited;  si  ii»w  im- 
pmmiijm^tofi^m^gt^*   Onito  loee^on  «»  he  to 
doaofid  Ji£i  ^msm  ita  ^  <mr  In  fikiiu«,  a  difttivfttoii 

calM^^  i^llOTtttttttf,  wlii«ii  iid#-]^i^jttti ii^i^  (>f  con- 
Ti^^io^ll^jpiibSie  fti^  tcnaii  liBid^tuite  to 
^iiam6igi0iionsorw  A»ii&£e^t«rt«{iti 

«r^i)^  hijrdei  and  iSmi  ttinllik*  id  tiyttbif  iteiln. 

la  «l^1itw^iti^:  c«i«|jii||}|6ii  t|^ 
«Ptl%p&luif«  oaifoldftb^ 

|til^ttolia»ft^tt^ 

di^hniaiireM^lna^oatlie  fi^^^^ 
l>j^  i}ii^^|i^tl^j^»i^^ 

1^1  to  t^:i^We#i'te  luku  r^bi^i|;;^fl:  ai  It^hi^pt>«»e4. 
BifeigaaiKyebwitndi  to  the  ^hok  tran&aHin  (tfiid,iie 
W^'i  Umnii»M^  dtiiie,{rtefir6iii«verT  trace  of lb«». 
^atr^fli^cy  or  ^iffittOafti^  eradidt^;  he  wM  eonft. 
qtmitiy^  aile  to  ac^tHBt  ev^  <^lrealilflbiee  niti|iitely 
and  imfaniftllf .  T&Sfc  hehiu  done  ;  hot  widi^t  tn- 
detnmrine  io  account  for  the  metna  ij  which  it  was  ac- 
coppliflied.  Whether  the  predldion  ifaiihe  refult  of 
prior  obfervations*  fronv  which  certain  confeqn«nces 
were  expededto  follow  b/  the  %act0tt.s  prteH,  and  the 


->  •  ^ 


;..V 


"~r 


'     ( 


^y 


^^i  ^Si 


**■ 


..^.. .>:,'.  ^  |,--.i.'aAfa,n.,in,ii,yjgt.aiMaaiai,iAftriiitfi^ 


.  I'  h. 


\    '^^ 


-'y    •"*. 


AififM  at  .tkit  low^  ^  chr^^jIfiiiiieBago^ft  82 

sfet^tinfnt%                           J  35- 

B«icnpti0n.o^lliftOiitic>nirml^^  ^O^ 
;|;fOweit.iowa  of  tbe  Otugawn^i,  oi^  I>i  Phiiriei< ' 

>^ft'«^i%Toiiiirficliim.|^OBd4rertt  ,42.' 
BdcfiMioA<,«6||«Bi  j^il^pi  i^€m  th»  iiMMirof  the- 

Oiii&onfiii^lalabiBlfilb  4S' 

^^ l«ltt  Fiphw  '      '  '    •      .  ^  "•  1^'   ?  * 

The  ^^^KtBtodt  ottlMi  Hoiiaoweflle  Indiaiii^:  46 

DMinmoobdlUviow  oltlit  f^rtnoe  of  Uw.WiiiiirU- 
istltlitfiiUofSt' Aiitlioiirr.  ^        ^     '  59 
ri|Kiidiiof  fbtj^tti^    .  '  51 

|t«ktof  t^  AnALOr*!  l^ftii^cUi  53 
^  K^lv^ei^  of                  with  w1k«i  tHft; 


f 


,^ 


% 


I  Mi 


.r^'^ 


via. 


OOHTSNTS. 


St. 


Author  wintered  ia  tiie  year  1766,  ^ 
mm  unAot  nmm  •»  tfc«  ■»«*  or  the 

iUeoiimofli^A* 
^eiibmidebtdiiii^QrlBsciMilKa^  ^ 

^%adoiveffii7«tdie|;r^t^»         ,  .    p^,    £ 

%8ptUmirfl|^d?^irr^l^ 

j^iBtref  « • 

4iccooiit  dfthe  Wf5|rM§#2  «^,  ff  ^5^ 


60 


ukti^mi^ 


^^^^dim«  of  a  natUmof  tttl^m  (3 


««ili  trflmtufy  to  i^J|l^|b$l 


-dittoes  mmeoy,  ;r  ^ 


1.7.   "-■»  vSJflJ^r'vt^K  '• 


L'"^'*::^J*:-*'*'^'J*"-  ■' 


of  the  two  CMpiirays 


gtferipHJi^llie  JTailf  ofjIC 


fiT^i^i  ^-^hx^nfl'-nv^^  Oi# 


j^e^piioii oT Wee  fi|C^| 


tat 


Aitiek  «^  fort  Pett^  llf  t^tlsiMi, 


«4|ke  river  and 
Cfaalftofi^ 


UWillM 


rllffiViiY'  -  '■'  •'-■■ "  ■ '  --'■■^'r  Maiii 


V 


,^- 


^ 


i»GQifM.iiidC»diii4ftJolmMaibn,  104 


p/te 


C^' 


^^^i|.  :....■...  ^... 


uriAJ^oifit 


4       t  f  ■"'!■-,■«■ 


■  '■-3.. 


i'    »■ 


•>',-i^ 


iiti-»4}|«aiitfiorcil 


Cittolioratioii 


"^y;. 


1» 

Hi 

lit 


i.  ;  ■  '.+:  ' 


■  m'  ■,-■•  -:,*, 


fM^*' 


^dm^Ui^ 


el>  ^--'i 


9i0    .y'/    ?•<>-.' ^ 


Ha: 


'^^irniMea. 


.jl5.,j  ,.   •.!.  ,^         -.^  •{!«'»■•,■.    .•".."},..    :,*/.;■■'      ; ;■    .;■   -■ 


lie 

1^ 


JL 


I  ■!y',f    ''-■' 


#1 

Iff 


til'fliinMi^.. 

pipt^fiiliiiiMt  imm^ 

«  imj^iiiiiilit  mAtMak'  falw'tt ' 


•niti^ift* 


cHAFrBit.  mu 


'«'. 


IflO 

lit 


'4*v 


,»  • 


< . 


■»,   • 


^I^P 


^' 


■■AaMMallilirfMlllta 


«Pi!a?ra>^ 


'■^^■.■y 


IT 


IX. 


-'■^v"- 


1^ 
IK 


m 


Its 
19$ 


^",  t  ji 


«.,  1  ■;  J. 


_, itcNfthilr 


5': 


'.»*' 


,'■:       M 


&  X 


__  Urn oST^^fiffi^^ 


"■..',*.'■■  '■^  .1. 


•  -•-IT 

'8! 


il. 


it 


k 


OMITHIgt 


»'■* 


'>»*l' 


CHAHJElt, 


•I-- 


iri»  irailMr  in  ^likk  tfaey  tftat  tlieir  ^id»  ^9 


W-yt^ttj.  'jMj,  <B""^  i^^Mt  iflnfc  ' 


•fHflin^ir— ^•**'r--ffi  irr —  "^-rr 


'■4' 


1 


COIftl^ilTiS. 


1% 


iMAfttt  tn. 


Ji  coDCife  cl^uraAer  of  the  lallaiif.  SSir 

Hieir  perfonal  and  ineiit«l  f^alitications.  324 

TbeffpttblicchaTaaeraiilH»ftbtriofacoiD|iittm^  9U 


CHA 


t^'-- 


XVIt 


•■i-^ 


Ofthdrlasfrngefhieroglyphkl^l^c.  287 

OftheCbipewaytongo*^         '"  227 

Dpfcriptiire  fpeomen  of  tlietr  hkroglyplijcf ,  dec*      228 


cikA|M56R  t^n. 


tifdie  bcAftf,  birai»  fiflitf,  i«ptaei»  and  ioiea^    :    ' 
which  are  toimd  in  the  Ulterior  pim  iof  NcitK 
Americat  2S0 


ii£A8T& 


.TiieTSj|«r«    BHVf  IM 

The  Wolf.    Fox.    ^^^^         >  SSi 

CaiofifaeinoiiiitaiiL    snftlb.    Mr,  2^2 

ThelSilE.    Mpofe,       .  -  299 

t^^^ftaboB*    CarMJctt.    Stol.    Pompilw^  SI* 

awoodc>  ocL    RafidNk    Hartitti 
Mvfqaalh.    8qiiiitaa> 
.The  BniTtr, 
The  Otter.    hUt^ 


2S7 
299 


The wij^poeriHIl     FiftHaiA.    <h4 

neCraae.    Dncb*    Teal    Loon, 

the  hirtridgeb     Wood  V^ml     WoodftcM 


i-t  1. 


.(    ;. 


It- 


coirriiiT^ 


Blue  Jsy«  ^  Wftkon  Birk* 
The  BUck  Bird.    Red  B^4» 
TheWhetftw;    K^^ird, 


-(■:..;■- 


Birdt 


245 


.  ^1  >•.'. 


TheSturj 
TlK^Cat 


ilSHElsi; 


C«ff.    Clmli, 


SER^HTS^ 


.^s0^ 


24^ 

399 


tile  IU«A^  Snakes  ■        ' 

llie  Loi%  JUackSMke.  Stri(«ed  jorGirftrSivike. 

%  Wftttr  Sotke.    lilpDg  Ss^f;.    Oteen  Snake,   M> 


Ttie  tborft  utt  mdn^    $pei^  ^Mmg 


Baiklf^^  Tmohmdi^ 


t$i 


MZARDS.  f 


INSECta 
tlif  saH^ona*    ToUccoWorm.    Bee.  X<^^  ^^ -' 


*     CHAFTBR  X13L 
Oft^Treft,Sii&feil,Roet%Iierbf»lloveii»i^^  UB 


TU£8. 


tIeOik, 


t 


I  irniT-Mriai.i 


CONT^TS^ 


256 


The  Pine  Tree,    Maple     Afhi, 
'f%e  Hemlock  Tree.  Baf$  or  White  Wood   Wfck.    , 
pi^,orSuck«rcek     BajtoiSf  Wffloi,     -  2«V 


NUr  TREES 
The  Butter,  or  Oil  Not.    Beech  Kat.  Peeaa  Nuti  9SS 


FRUIT  TflEEi, 


^^■^■.■. 


The  Vine,  :.  *  ^    >  j«S 

The  MiilbQi^  Tree    Ctmb  Apple  Tree.    Kita  . 
■  '-Tree,      :;.:■:?-■:■:.:    /:v'<,^  •  ^-r-'^jn.v,-:./-  -x,.::--.    ■  ;S59 

TheChenylVwi.    $«febG»m  ri«ri  1^^ 


■  ^  ■ ».  (>'., 


-Cfi.lUii'BS.' 


TheWillom    I^JflWiod.    Si^f^»,      '  «61 

1%9  FfieiElr  AOi.    Moofe  Weoii  H%doQ>  Wiio4      i 

TheShmhOalc,  4v  86^ 

1  he  Wludi  Hwle. .  Myitle  Wju^t^ie.    Wilier 

«Gieen.    Fever  Bofii.  ^*  '^-   ;     f69 

0»ftberrf  Bafli^    Chaak  Berrrr  ill* 

'•  ■  "         -'  '''*•    'r    -         r, 

ROOTS  AND  ^ AN  fS. 

. ..     •  ,    ..-  - 

Sfikenird.  ;     ^i 

SarTiparillt.    Ginfang.    G4>m  thtetd.  fi65 

£olomoa'i  $e«l.    PevU't  Bit.-   BUhhI  Root,    ''      ^6 


HERiSi 
Itattlt  ^«kt  Pl«QK«it*    l^ct^  lU^in't  Plantain. 


# 


^- 


If 


1^  nottHda.    K'^kUmfP^    P4^»  ^ 


fL^iriRs. 


^  >•-■;, 


IN^,^  Indian  Coni. 


«7a 


f 


'" '  -  'iiiii  tmmimmmtMttliim 


"•►•wft; 


Sflfcr*^ 


•«*s*  '• 

"■^iSr^i 

.•#^- 

■  -twmmvip 

isa 

9imimiA 

c^ 

.«« 

finite 

1  ,  ■ 

GdirtMd. 

iil«i'.lii 

,' 

^*lj£& 

^^S 

■■ 

«9lteM 

fim^i 

'■-*'^-''w' 


'''■■'*','      4-I 


"  ■  ■  rev  • 


%.- 


#li^i 


••i*  T  ' 


rP--,.^--.,''illil|«|5 


ii»t«tlitnw   WMb«r  thttettti^on  ^tfiiit  I^&  In 

^wiMpM^  horn  wM^kMf^^h  md§A  m  mMfiti. 
.  ^$mmoi  ^191  «e  jKf^Ol  hid  bM  miify  diwlttj 

t^m0^O^m^hk  lf«$i ht  hid iMMteiecr 
5J«t»'^t#|e  «^^  r  hoc  no  ibmi  wii  k  tilcin* 

Nil6  ^  im  ediif kM  ii»t1t  had  acqiMrtd  tft  r««<e<^ 


<^ 


♦  iit 


t 


■m 


n: 


u 


1» 


j!i?lt0i»t;pT^0ji. 


•<; 


■       .  ■■'        —t  '  ■  '  ■  '  :  ■-%>■■■■■'.  -  ■  ■ 

^ecuritfjr^om  filfervpona/glna  ot^tby  its  poiftffTofti 
and  fltt^t^  £ayc  htih^  ^jktyeftA  denpni  with  a  few  four 
Ipoitiitftra.    )^tfi#  {ti  ^atiOB^  wliidi  watreprefented  to 
he  fo  ver^  a<tvatiti^«M||»  w»s  lomid  to  ow«  it»  advanta* 
ges  to  the  ftme  fotirce;    It  <aiiQOt1io  dedM  trot  duic 
ibm«  J^fNi  of  i(MlcoiiiitFW|iii|Vvte9.^^ai)lt0M!id  bf  tlio 
^iench  wlili'ari  apprmiBce  of  ncQomejr ;  ^tit  diciiB  »re. 
^  2b  Anfiul  a  fiae  and  dmwn  on  fo  minute  a  |csde»  ibat 
t^jr  are  nearlj  ioef^licable.    The.  ibpfcies  of  the  MiiiU 
%^  I  .^  jdfert/nHii  my  o^w  esyij^eMiek^ftii  greatly 
||w9^«a  (for  when  1  had  exploftd  ihem,  and  compar* 
jQ^l^ir  iitiMllloii  wiUi  the  French  Chartt.  1  found  them 
'  veiji^  frroneiQiiSy^prdbiltedr  and  apm  ratts$ed  that  thefe 
'  wei^'oidf  copied  j&oyii  ihe  rnde  fl(etches.Qf  Uie  Indians* 
EvenKKlaid^jr  ^s  their  e«acaati<M»ofC;anada^thefepn« 
iinttted  tb^>  fehetm^^  to  de^tre  f  iea«U>g  n^  traces  hf 
which  any  lilnowled|^>  might  o^enr. to  tMrc^nqnerors  I 
lor  iitj^longh^ey  were  well  a^qiiainfied  with  all  thf 
Lakdit  psirti^kirly.with  LahtSupeHor^fi^toqtet*. 
ly  a  teCel  of  coidMen^  hlir4enihere<^«  yet  their  plans 
of  ^lem  nit  v)^  ia«brfe4l .    { >dk(<:iQ>fefed  mf^y  trxort  in 
'"the^demt^tioitspyea  therein  of  its  Ifia^d*  and  bays, 
duribg  a  prQ;(|iff»  of  eleyen  hundred  mUies  thafc  I  eoiiAeC 
it  in  canoes..   !^^y  liheit}j^«^#n  gi^g  op  the  po(ieffii|n: 
of  ttfem»  toohcanc^io  If^ve  the  jmcs  wj  hadpeenpiedf 
in  th0  M»  uncuttiiFatcd  fUte  v^  hid  found  Uiejnpi » at 
the  f^nie  tflne  :defte^in^  att  thrir  aa%al,  forciik    1  obier* . 
ii«d  xafUtjfwt^  ^  hjiik^  a  !rosy  large  leii^l,  burnt 
to  the  waterV«^>}i;^  at  liM^^ptiiiag  trom  ^  $tra||«^ 
of  Bt  Marie  into  the  liS^* 

l*hele  dlfficttlttes*.  however  w«fe  notltiftdent  to  deter 
me  from  the  andertaklngrand  I  ntade  prepnmticMiS  < 
fettif^ out    WVti i^blRy hsdilii viewti awtr  i^ah^ 
aknOwlidg0;CN|^»  J|^^     cq^mmi  hii^piges^  i 
&ndiK^nraI  rt«Nla#i(^s  i^di^  f^iopeiit  aia^ltl i#^^^^^^^ 

h^^':iheJ)»bk.of;thift'  iPlfif^v^v^  v^^a^smmm^ 

breadith  of  that  fl^ft  cfuMiUfMt^  whi^  extiid*  mii  a« 
Atla«^  fb  iStm  tactile  Oci«  a*  In  its  bfoaiM  fai|  he^ 
twecnJS(and40^  4c0mnor^i9f«^^lati|Ri^a.  ^^tad J  bim 
able  10  a^onplUh  3»ib>  lintciid^  to  hite  firf^^id  (» 
:go?ernmefttlo  eftabUAi  a  ^  inlb»e>^iiio6  IM>  # 


tmemmttm 


a(lil-t%:rv>. 


X^TJtOmjGTlC^!!. 


i« 


.?«• 


covered  by  ^iirftft^HPtii^ioC  ^eottiitf  lieloog  to  ||^ 

4lirirftfcofer]^io£,«>loithw«4  ]^'t<£tg6^^^        qommpiucai^ 
tt(»  Jbfftin»edr  H«d(«ii*^  l^'BiKclfic  <)eeim.  ■,  ^^ 

fetd«i«ieiic  on  thstHWtiiemity  of  Aira^     ^h>U  ^trn^ 

iiOMpiem  0f  it  iidi^  oecftil^t    for  it>^id  not'  onl|r 
liU'Mf.llow  fi;mf€e|t>f  tr«^»  1^  j|s||iy  iiA^tti 

ftble4EOiictt|nfen#:of  fat«^  But  chat  ilio  oom»i 

^yiiim0i^0»m^»  i4l«ve  tl^^c^or of  ^ft^pnniiiff 

msyMri^a^iilK^ -^^  that  «t 

pt^m^tm^  htitmmk&mmirBi^m  tmAi^^metm*  it 

will  |Mri»bii%     femp  feiri  befoit  the  atljii9if>ic  i«  ref^Mj^ 

I  «(t|^ln^  «i|i9fM  the  exeeiitioii  o|S  carne^ 

eaifi^  jpHpop-i^tyr^^^  Co  fortt^ii^^  At  to  %^ ' 

ll^t^liill^  tfifi^  findloi^ 

'  expf|utlof»*    A«dyrl|i^th^j|>hr^ai#el^^ 

I  dati^Mift  niMl  1^N$og»  on:  the  .|«rroii  #^0  i|riS  poHijted  ^mt 
t&ievt^. .  'ih«fe«  ihou^  ^t  nlOiadtfWf  reeom* 
»r  til  aif  tmK  I  %ail  rea^ft  wUh  pliafiire; 

ifweir  or  aathoritr  i^>f  «ew  imNl4  iviftW 
ift  alter  it  ^  mnlim  |r0a^v  ;p9^^ 
)  tiiiiJE«  abot  ebn  dtfimf.    Btirsi  fhei^ 

m  ti|||9  MB»tteill0|«il)Hb^4^ 

riovKudi  ^  wefty  tljHire  isiio  do^tbt  but  that 

<tiit&  w9<l<nied«it  ana  flpDely  sal^ceii  and  fol^BA 
"^  I,  winli  f  vukted  4>im^M)>i>^  (1^  «Ei|N»  Ti^>|i3^^;> 


nl  1 


■'.#"■ 


i:J. 


.,'  * 


ii " 


imiiMft^^ 


or  ^^^v^^«^  ^^^  thit  j&iltlii^to#^(Mni». 

i^ibiil  ^Mtai^nuwkiiiaiirthcrewoieft  B^i^'  f^, 

^enGovimoi^  (Plit.  ^  hxnm  nit  Wf&  a.i>i|)iK»  IPBHrt- 

dio tittekl im^fidii to {M^  Br^^ ^^ owy ^IhI^ : 
|»ttt|^ii^edtofii]^iiiewith|0elia«tSB  Memn* 
when  J^««*id  Oi^  Fa»i  of  SifliiJ  Andw.  M^ 
W«rdskfUiii4thfit^€(«^^tnior  folffiiillit  f^^^m 
er^ftiintftll»M)^tobed4|Mr«ii  tooit).  tiMi«ft  to 
wki^^j£intrt^e^tlleitf»  ii^dtfj^  t^Mnteto^ 

Mf  or4 


eiitttdtaftiK  Int  a»v(Hntoito^         HHf 


V  . 


luriii^i^cTioK. 


$t 


m. 


the  fl^iningpf  tfaeycur  176fr,  and  fining  my  ps^greft 
to^f^eweftwatdtliias  recar^ie^t  1 4fftteiinioMi  i»  ditm  n|7 
^u«^  ii0rt|i««rd.  I  took  tliU  1%  i|!i(h.  a  view  (tf  $4^» 
ing  « jlgJC^niH^^  tiif{M»ll  of  liie  Mifltfippi 

M0,iai»  S^^parioTr  in  or4^jo  jpipMit  the  gfto^Por* 
flIMriNi  llii  Moftk  welt  fide  of  tlMpRke,  tbe  tradeini  ^t 

0£^e|  iiigiRii^to  1^^  ^pj^i^imdlliai^  pi]^ 
l||i  #]^  |i»ptu^  jf imi  chat  quatteKb^i  ^»J  w  j^  ts^s 
dafttti^lDrtihelsySiKl  Oiimpi^li  to  ^lieads  ^  »t 
iil^^lllie  weJ$«  «liieb»^iit  1  Iia^  i«d1»cfoie.  Mi  iaio 
die%int«of  Aimua»  uur  lerammoBof  n^  Int^aded. 


QUI-  ^sffiief- 


..» 


defigii»  Mid 
lU^isciSf  Ihe 

I ,  lottttd  nii^o 


-••■pp*  ■PMiM»*w*'^.  ^i^»»  ^  1HVIA  *"i!l!''?*'|P-.  ■  'Jw*-^-*e, 

i  to  ferangl  *6  4»e  Mwi^  ,.. ^^  -  -^^^,- 

.^Mfirbadriitifeinv  '     ■  ^' ?^^c^.. 
lAit^siEliii^  b#^|MSted  thail  jftiMi^  ky  Jp^^  tlie 

f^itiuiwi^to-f  «?er9e  oiie  wIh>  lit»'lu^  ^ifmmMoM  with 
Aittiri^,liiieiio|teB  im|>t^ed«»l^^^  aot* 

ME  ilUi#Of MMKifed* ' 

[  Wt^wtMfhkeiuii^  of 

MlMi  ji|i^hniit.-iB('lp^4oidi;'  -^MBwIgliatfK  of  imdo- 

\kmm^^  Imtili&eim^^^U^  of fanmeh  ^ 

«OfliMt0^lMliSiiy^tt  ltle|^  jwdteed  me  to  appear 
M|fCliiil»0iM^  ^I^MiiiMl^ge  I  obeyed*  aad  liadeiw 


R  ;l, 


i 


Kv,n 


■  '^ 


i 


#. 


ts 


mTROEiicmoN. 


^ioii  of cfi^  ^d  pffient     When  it  waf  ficufhfid,  t 

i^6Qc;lid(|i!ati(m  the  firft  l6rd  re plie^  that  I  mig^t  pub  - 
m'tiieMi%heiievt^  I  pteafi^d.  In  C!(mfe4|Qeiice  i)f  t^h 
l^ili!^&^  I  dHpofi^  of  the^to  a  bubleimr  t  bm  tKrhen 
ilty  v^tSMailr  re^^  the  |)rei^ia  oNlet  ^ai^if> 
ftildMti  tf^  bn^  Wr^^  req^riiif  im  to  dj^lWer, 
iihoi^  dfilay,  ihtb  dii  jjlatilatidiv  6^  ill  mf,  Ckutt 

kiiH  I  hid  lildft.  t  iiik  oiti^  i^  ohur  ^1  i^niafi^  I 
Iras  olhHg^d  to  fijMrt^al^iJimn 
^frf  |^'^y^4^  ahd^^eSW^  lliit  ^^  ctii^ 

bilirieioent  I  endea^oi^id  to  giet  annex^  to  thieiceboM 
X%ul  illiidf  iciil^  ii  ite  d)#tia^llwM  denied 
^iidl!»lt|i#^iiM;^l  h4t  isnty  a<Ml  in  tht  di^pofid 

^%i  howd  ol^'tride^   TWa  Mk^  ^cb 
a  ^r#r)r  e(^d<^Mt^C<«^ 
4li«i  to  fidi  l^tM  iHlth  itt  iiMcinifiealic^  for 
lef^^^MDMi.^'-  ■■'«  ■A-"'.-;-^:.  ,-;^-■ 

/^llifit«ia$Mi»])[^  odf  nfeiN^BMriM*  fixitt  tiit^l^ 
'iiir  o^a; fitisloiiis  j^W  r^  dfej^^  Ihatt^^^t^  lo»* 
Aiinleati^lllif  Pia^  Mmi^  andiOl^M^ii^ciii^  of 
which  I  tockllT  b^ie^icsf  wbiii^I  d^v«9^^m 
all  hito  t^<^  ^^iliik  dike,    i!^  diitl  ^  die  more 
faadilf,  al"  f  h^  Aef  «re  ^liiaid  Mod^iciia  Uiaoj^^b- 
abilitf  of^&eh'  ev^  Wng  ^lt#i^    To  thofe  ivho 
«i»ioiarlllid  in  thif  eoneem^  of  ilic  Ittt^Nr  fSta  of 
M^rth  Aamcaflikymth*  eontlgu^  of  ^^ 
^r  eoiaiaurieli^  cagaieiiienti,  my  wltt^  a«iM 
itt)»aiMtll%  ttpaywliii^a^ 

To  Uioib  whb,  IfMB  a  linidabk  «tirio^i  ^&^%a  ac* 
^[iMdiitod^plth  jliaiMM^  ^  cQ^toinlof vaetf  ii^abit.  I 
aiit  olihii  i^i^bef  ite  a^Gootiit  heir  g^ 
^ni  aa^om  $hat  ^hablt  :fi>  valt  Mitttt  of  il^^iii^iilitry 
ii^noatoirM^^  aniMiv  ^nd 

llf  aasttfiHgieiit^  and  i^ta^  Ihair  idoft  ^^lMig|ldsu 
aibiii.  i  Ao#  1  fbmt  iexi^  iS^  hk  ai  nurop  { 

Mf  feeehvd  ^  tha  piib^c,4iatddb%^oiii  ^oC  JIhwds,  1 
^irliicfa  aioid  no  other  eninlainiil^tiiiii^^^^^^ 
iroab  littiriioviet^l  aaitf  diftov«ili^ilittf  ii^ 


^(MMMMMMWil 


*.v 


INTRODfUCTlON. 


89 


ife  imjfew  advantajf^s  to  this  country,  tiiough  acquir- 
cd  at  an  immeiila  expence. 

To  make  the  followiofl;  i»ork  as  compreheafibe  and 
caifrtaintng  as  poffible,  I  ihall  firft  gire  my  readers  ah 
|«iC(d|;|int  of  the  route  I  pnrfoed  over  this  inunenfe  con- 
d|HM^  and  aa  1  pafs  oOi  difcrtbe*  the  number  of  inhab* 
mtttSi  tbli  (ituajtion  of  the  rnrerv  and  lakesi  and  the  pro- 
dodions  of  thecodntry.  Hairing  done  this  I  (hall  treaty 
|b  diftinft  chapters,  of  the  inanners«  cuftoms  and  Ian* 
g««ie9  of  die  Indians. 

imhere  it  is  n^ceflsurjr  to  befpeak  the  candor  of  the 
tearM  part  of  my  readers  in  the  pemfal  of  it,^  it  is 
jW^|todiiAion  of  a  peifon  nnn^d^  from  oppofite  avoca- 
llantt  to  ii<(^rary  jpnriuits.  Hetherpfor^bA^sther  would 
im  ffsamine  itwith  too  critical  an  etejeipiciauy  when 
^|i  i^ris  tbim  that  his  uttitiitton  has  b^n  more  em. 
'  >i^  on  giving  a  jufl  description  of  a  coontry '  that 
11^,  in  ^mefutilre  periods  "to  be  an  inexhauftibli 
<e  dv  riches  to  that  people  who  fhall  be  fo  fortunate 
|l|<|oJpoflel«  it,  dian  on  the  ftileof  co^pbfition;  and 
ea<«^  to  Kt^r  his  laagtiage  iiitcll^ 
watt  Toiootb  and  %)rid^ 


/  - 


Ibj  way  of 
aibrtfitu 
anddiftan 

bttermoft 
fidei«4  it 
covld  beg 
|to  t)iereg 
Referri 
Ifitant  for 
that  from 
beenfreti! 
defcriptioi 
ing  wen  1 
knowta. 
Ibaimdi  c{ 
(xtrataga 
ellm,  to  e 

BIT   CjWn 

^atioint,  bi 


JOURNAL 


OP  mr 


TRAVELS, 

WITH  A 

DESCRIPTION. 
t?  Tm 

COUNTRY,  LAKES,  &c. 


I 


^A^uiie  1^^>  I  fet  ooi  ^k  Bofton.  ihd  jpsocee^ie^ 
^7  way  of  Albany  and  Niagara,  to  MiqhiHimackihaei 
i  ibrt  (itttated  between  the  lakes  Huron  and  Michigan^ 
anddiftant  from  Bbftion  ISeO  aniles.  This  beine  xht 
tdttennoft  of  oUr  faAories  towardi  tbe  north  wel^»  1  <on* 
fidere^  it  at  the  Inoll  convenient  place  ftom  whence  I 
coald  begin  toy  intended  progreftt  andehter  at  once  in- 
to tlie  regions  I  dfcli^ned  to  caplore. 

Referring  aiy  readers  ^o  the  publications  already 

citant  for  an  account  of  thofe  |>arts  of  North  America, 

that  from  lying  adjacent  to  the  back  fettlements,  htiii 

been  fre(|uently  defcribedi  I  (hall  confine  nyfelf  |o  a 

defcription  bf  the  more  int^tibr  parts  of  it,  which,  hai^ 

ing  Wen  hut  feldcin  Tifitedi  are  cbnfequently  ^ut  little 

knowto.    In  doing  this,  I  Diall  in  no  inftant e  exceed  the 

bennds  of  truth,  or  have  rccourfe  to  thbfe  iifeltrfs  and 

xtrat agant  exagcrations  too  often  made  ufc  of  by  tray 

Uers,  to  excite  thecutifffity  of  the  public,  Or  to  increaA 

k  qwn  importance.    Nor  (hall  I  infert  any  obfer» 

itiojust  but  fnch  as  1  hare  made  tnjMft  Or  mm  tkl! 

€ 


m 


26 


CARVER'STRAVELS. 


i 


credibility  of  thofe  by  whom  they  were  related,  am  em* 
a^led  to  vouch  for  dicir  authenticity. 

.  Michillimackinac,  from  whence  I  began  mv  traYels, 
is  a  fort  compofed  ofa  ftrong  ftockade.  and  is  ufually 
defended  by  a  garrifon  of  one  hundred  men.  It  con« 
tains  about  thirty  houfes,  one  of  whtcL  belongs  to  the 

fovemor,  and  another  to  the  ^mniiiTary,  Sei^eral  tra- 
ers  alfo  dwell  within  its  fortifications,  who  find  it  a 
convenient  fituation  to  traffic  with  the  neighboring  na» 
tions.  Michillimackinac'in  the  languaee  of  the  Chip* 
eway  Indian,  fignifies  a  torjtoife  ;  and  the  place  is  fup- 
pofed  to  receive  its  ujime  ftd^  aii  Ifland,  lying  about 
fix  or  feven  miles  to  the  north  eaft,  within  flight  of  the 
fort«  which  has  the  appearance  of  that  animal. 

During  the  Indian  war  that  followed  foon  after  the 
conqued  of  Canada  in  the  year  1763^  and  which  was 
carried  on  by  an  army  of  confederate  nations,  compof- 
ed of  the  Hurons,  Miamies,  Chi  pe  ways,  Ottowaws, 
Pontowattimies;  Miffiifauges,  and  fome  other  tribes, 
linder  the  direction  of  Pontiac,  a  celebrated  Indian 
warrior,  who  had  always  been  in  the  French  intereft, 
it  was  taken  by  furprize^  in  ihe  following  mann^  i  the 
Indians  haVing  fettled  thieir  plati,  tlrew  hear  th^  fbh, 
and  began  a  game  at  mil,  a  paflthnt  rhuch  ufed  among 
them,  and  ndt  unhke  temfis.  tnthe-hdght  of  their 
game,  at  which  fome  of  thd  £ngliih  ofHeets,  ndk  M- 
pecting  any  deceit,  ftood  looking  on,  they  ftrttck  ihe 
ball,  as  if  bv  accident,  oV^r  the  ftockaide  {  this  they  n^- 
peated  two  or  three  timek,  to  make  the  dteeption  more 
complete  ;  till  at  length,  having  by  this  means  lulled 
every  furpicion  of  the  fentry  at  the  fomh  gate,  a  par* 
ty  ruflied  by  him  ;  and  the  reft  foop  followirt^,  they 
took  pofleffioft  of  thie  fort,  without  meeting  With  any 
oppoOtion.  Having  accc<mpli(hed  their  defigi^,  the  )n« 
rlinns  had  the  humanity  to  fpare  thelites  of  ifhe|*teat- 
f  ft  part  of  the  garrifon  and  traders,  but  thty  ihade  them 
all  prilbniirs.  artd  ciirried  them  off  However;  fome 
time  after  they  took  them  to  Montreal,  whetethey  were 
redeemed  ni  a  good  price.  Thd  fort  alft)  wai  given  up 
ngain  to  the  ^ngliOiat  the  peace  mad^MihPbntiac, 
by  the  commander  of  I>etroit  the  year  following. 


CARVER'S  TItAVi;LS.  ^ 

Having  here  inade  4li(e  neceifary  dirpcfitiofls  fojr  pur- 
r^ingnij  traych,  4nd  obtained  a  credit  from  Mr./Reg- 
er4, (^governor, on  foine  Engtlil)  and  Canadian  trad- 
er$»  who  were  going  to  trade  on  the  MiflSfippi,  and  re- 
ceived alio  from  hlni  a  promife  of  a  fre(b  fupplv  of 
goods  when  I  reached  the  falls  of  St.  Antfcony.  I  left 
t))e  fort  on  the  3d  of  September,  in  company  with  th£[fe 
traders.  It  was  agreed  that  Uiey  (hould  farhiih'.  rpe 
wHh  fuch  goods  as  I  might  want,,  for  ipref^ts  to  ihe 
Xn^uhchif^fs,  during  my  continuance  with  them,  a^rec- 
a^Ie  to  the  gov^nor's  order,  fiut  when  I  arrived  at 
^e  intent  oftheir  route,  I  was  to  *^d^  other  guides;  and 
to  ^epe^d^  on  the  goods  the  governor  had  promifcd  to 
fiipply  m^  witB.  ' 

We  accordinrbr,  f^t  out  tojrnher,  and  on  the  1 8th 
arnveflfttort  La  Bay*  This  fort  is  fituated  on  the 
fouthem  ~ext;reroit]r  of  a  bay  in  the  lake'Michigan,  term- 
ea  by  tl.e  Prencli,  the  bay  of  I*Uknts  j  but  v^ich  fmce 
the  Englim  l^ave  gained  poflefliohof  all  the  fettlemerits 
on  this  part  of  the  continent,  is  called  by  them,  the 
Green  Bay.  The  reafon  of  its  being  thus  denominat- 
ed, is  from  its  appearance ;  for  on  leaving  Michillimack* 
Inac  in  Uie  fpring  feafont  though  the  trees  there  have 
not  even  put  form  their  buds,  yet  you  find  the  country 
around  La  Bay,  notwithftanding  the  paiTage  has  net 
exceeded  fourteen  days,  covered  with  the  fineft  verdure, 
and  vegetation  as  forward  as  it  ^ould  be  were  it^  fum- 
mer. 

This  fort  is  alfo  only  furrounded  by  a  ftoclcade,  and 
being  much  decayed,  is  fcarcely  defenfihle  againil  fmall 
arms.  It  was  built  by  the  French  for  the  protection  of 
their  trade,  fometime  before  rhey  were  forced  to  relin- 
iqui(h  it ;  and  when  Canada  and  its  dependencies  were 
furrindered  to  the  Englilh,  it  was  immediately  gafrri- 
foned  with  an  oMcer  and  thirty  men.  Thefe  were 
made  prifoners  by  the  Menomonies  foon  after  the  fur- 
prife  of  Michillimackinac,  and  the  fort  has  neither  been 
garrifoned  or  kept  in  repair  fince. 

The  bay  is  about  ninety  miles  long,  but  differs  mnch 
in  Its  breadth ;  being  in  fome  places  only  fifteen  miles, 
Ui  others  from  twenty  to  thirty.    J  t  Ues  nearly  from 


$i 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS 


■>*!'fHY'/V  !♦?.(" 


north  eaft  to  foutb  weft.  At  tli^  enuinct  of  it  froin 
the  lake  are  a  ftring  of  Iftands,  extending  front  i^f^ 
to  fouth,  called  the  Grand  traverfe.  Thefe  alh:  a^&t 
thiitf  mites  m  length,  and  ferve  |o  facilitate  the  plf. 
fage  of  canoet»  ak  they  (helter  them  from  the  winds, 
which  fometimes  come  with  riolence  acro£&  the  lalee. 
On  the  fide  that  lies  to  the  fouth  eaift  is  the  neared  and 
beft  nayigation. 

The  l£mds  of  the  Grand  Trarerie  are  moltly  ditiall 
and  rockf .    Manr  of  the  rocks  are  of  an  amazii^g  ^|te, 
and  apMr  as  if  th^  had  been  fafiuc/ned  br  the  hi^s 
of  artifts.  Oji  the  largell  and  bed  of  thefe  liandt  l|a^ds 
a  town  of  the  Ottowawi ,  at  ti^ich  I  Ibimd  One  of  ^ 
moft  confiderable  chiefs  of  that  nation»  wlitt  rcctt^d 
ne  with  every  htior  lie  coiild  fofSbif  ,flip w  ,tb.  f\  ftran- 
ger.  .  Bm  what  appeiired  extremely  fingtitaf '  to  itie  at 
the  time*  aqd  maft.|{<>  ^^  ^^  every  perCbn  unacqnainted 
with  the  cuftoms  of  the  Indians,  was  ^i^  reception  I 
met  widi  on  landing.    As  our  canf>ef  apfiroacoed  the 
Ihore,  and  had  readhed  within  about  ihrtfe  fco»e  rodf  of  | 
it,  the  Indians  began  a  fue-de^joy ;  in  which-  they  iTred 
their  pieces  loaded  >»ith  balk;  but  at  the  fame  time  I 
they  took  care  to  difcharge  them  in  fuch  a  manner  as  | 
to  fly  a  few  yards  above  our  heads :  during  this  they 
ran  from  one  tree  or  ftump  to  anotheri  (heuting  and  be- 
having as  if  they  were  in  Uie  heat  of  battle     A  t  firft  I 
w«s  greatly  furprifed,  and  was  on  the  point  of  ordering 
mj  attendants  to  return  their  fire,  concluding  that  their  I 
intentions  were  hoftile ;  but  being  undeceived  by  feme 
of  the  traders,  who  informed  me  that  t^is  was  their  uA 
ual  method  of  receiving  tlie  chiefs  of  dthcr  nations,  I 
confidered  it  in  its  true  light,  and  was  pleafed  with  the  | 
refpect  thus  paid  me.  \ 

I  remained  here  one  night.  Among  the  prefents  I 
made  the  chieft,  were  fome  fptrituous  liquors ;  with 
which  they  made  themfelves  merry,  and  all  joined  in  a 
dance,  that  lafted  the  greateft  part  of  the  night.  In  the 
morning  when  1  departed,  the^hief  attended  me  to  the 
ihore,  and,  as  foon  as  I  had  embarked,  offered  up,  in  ao 
audible  voice,  and  with  great folemnity,  a  fervent  praj- 
er  in  my  behalf.    He  prayed  <Vthat  the  Gt  eat  Spirit 


twenty 

found  I 

The 

but  f 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


2D 


would  fiTor  me  with  a  profpermis  royage ;  that  he 
would  give  me  an  unclouded  (ky,  and  fmooth  waters 
by  day.  and  that  I  might  lie  down  by  night,  on  a  beav- 
er blanket,  enjoying  uninterrupted  fleep,  and  pleafani 
dreams ;  and  alfo  diat  I  might  find  continual  protec- 
tion under  the  great  pipe  of  peace  "  In  this  manner 
he  continued  his  petitions  till  I  could  no  longer  hear 
them. 

I  mud  here  obferre,  tliat  notwithftaAdiag  the  inhab- ' 
itants  of  Europe  are  apt  to  entertain  liorrid  ideas  of 
the  ferocity  of  thefe  favages,  as  they  are  termed,  I  re- 
ceived from  every  tribe  of  them  in  the  interior  parts, 
the  mod  hofpitable  and  courteous  treatment ;  and  am 
convinced,  that  till  they  are  contaminated  bv  the  exam- 
ple, and  fpirituous  liquors  of  their  more  rehned  nei^h« 
bors,  they  retain  this  friendly  and  inoffenfive  conduct 
towards  ftrangers.  Their  inveteracy  and  cruelty  to 
their  enemies,  1  acknowledge  to  be  a  great  abatement 
•f  the  favorable  opinion  I  would  wi(h  to  entertain  of 
tkem ;  but  this  failing  is  hereditary,  and  having  receiv- 
ed the  fanAion  of  immemorial  cudom,  has  tiken  toa 
deep  root  in  their  minds  to  beeafily  extirpated. 

AmoBg  this  people  I  eat  of  a  very  uncommon  kind 
of  bread  The  Indians,  in  general,  ufe  but  little  of 
this  nutritious  food :  whilft  their  corn  is  in  the  milk,  as 
they  term  it,  that  is,  jaft  before  it  begins  to  ripen,  they 
flice  off  the  kernels  from  the  cob  to  which  they  grow, 
and  knead  tbem  into  a  paftoi  1  his  they  are  enabled 
to  do  without  the  addition  of  any  liquid,  by  the  milk 
that  flows  from  them ;  and  when  it  is  effe^ed,  they 
parcel  it  out  into  cakes,  and  enclofing  them  in  leaves 
of  the  baHwood  tree,,  place  them  in  hot  embers,  whery 
they  are  foon  baked.  And  better  flavored  bread  I  nev- 
er eat  in  any  country. 

This  place  is  only  a  fmall  village  containing  about 
twenty  five  houfes  and  fixty  or  wventy  warriors.  I 
foand  nothing  there  warthy  of  farther  remark. 

The  land  on  the  fouth  eaA  fide  o(  the  Green  bay,  i«' 
but  very  indiferent,  beiag  overfpread  with  a  heavy 
growth  ol  hemlock,  piac,  fprace,  and  fir  trees*    Tha 
%pfliimication  bctwtcn  lake  Michigan  inJ  the  Grctii 

c  t 


'  '-^  J,-' 


u 


30 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


V'' 


bayi  has  been  reported  by  fometo  be  impracticable,  for 
the  pafTage  oF  any  vtflels  larger  than  canoes  or  boats, 
ou  account  of  the  fhoals  that  lie  between  the  1  (lands  in 
the  Grand  Traverfe ;  but  on  fuondtng  it  I  fcund  fufli- 
cient  depth  for  a  veiTel  of  fixty  tons,  and  t^e  breadth 
proportionable. 

The  land  adjoining  to  the  bottom  of  this  bay  is  very 
fertile,  the  country  in  general  level*  and  the  perfpective 
view  of  it  pleafing  and  extenfive. 

A  few  families  live  in  the  fort,  which  lies  on  the  weft 
Hde  of  the  Fox  river,  and  dppofite  to  it,  on  the  eaft  (ide 
of  its  entrance,  are  fome  French  fettlers  who  cultivate 
the  land,'  and  appear  to  live  very  comfortably. 

I'he  green  bay  or  bay  of  Puants  is  one  of  thofe  pla- 
ces to  which  the  French,  as  I  have  mentioned  in  the  in. 
troduotion,  have  given  nicknames.  It  is  termed  by  the 
inhabitants  of  its  coafts,  the  Menoroonie  Bay  ;  but  why 
^French  have  denominatad  it  the  Puant  or Stinicing 
bay,  t  know  not.  The  real^n  they  themfelves  give  for 
it  is,  that  it  was  not  with  a  vieii^  to  midead  ftrangers,  but 
that  by  adopting  this  method^  they  cuuld  converfe  with 
each  other  concerning  the  Iiidian:>,  in  their  prefence 
w i chout  being  underftood  by  them.  For  it  was  remark- 
ed by  the  perfons  who  firft  traded  among  them,  that 
whtn  they  were  fpeaking  to  each  other  about  them, 
and  mentioned  their  proper  names  they  indantly  grew 
fufpicious,  and  concluded  that  their  vifitors  were  either 
fpeaking  ill  of  them,  or  pkitting  their  deftruction.  To 
remedy  this  ihey  gave  them  lome  other  name.  The 
only  bad  confequences  ariiing  from  the  practice  then  in< 
troduced  is,  that  Englilh  and  French  geographers,  in 
tileir  plans  of  the  interior  parts  of  America,  give  differ- 
ent names  to  the  fame  people,  and  thereby  perplex  thofe 
^ho  have  occafion  to  refer  to  them. 

Lake  Michigan,  of  which  the  Green  Bay  r  fi  pftrt, 
is  divided  on  this  north-eaft  from  Lake  Hurur.  by  the 
Siraits  of  Mlcbillimackinac  ;  and  is  fituated  between 
forty  two  and  forty  fix  degrees  of  latitude,  and  between 
eighty  four  and  elj^hty  fevea  degrees  of  weftlon^tude. 
Its  gxeateil  lensth  is  two  hundred  and  eighty  miles,  its 
breadth  about  fortXt  and  its  circumference  nearly  fix 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


31 


ofe  pla- 
i  the  in- 
1  by  the 
)ut  why 
)ttaking 
give  for 
ers,  bat 
rfe  with 
jrefence 
remark- 
m,  that 
It  them, 
grew 
re  either 
To 
The 
then  in- 
lerSf  in 
e  differ- 
ez  thofe 

a  pkrt> 
by  the 
between 
between 
gitude. 
niles,  iti 
arly  fix 


hundred.  There  is  a  remarkable  (Iring  of  fmall  Id. 
ands  beginning  over  againd  Afkin's  farm,  and  running 
about  thirty  miles  foutn.well  into  the  lake.  Thele  are 
called  the  Beayer  Iflunds.  Al  heir  fituation  is  very 
pleafant,  butthefoil  is  bare.  However  they  aiford  a 
beautiful  profpe^l. 

On  the  north  weft  parts  of  this  lake  (he  waters 
branch  out  into  two  bays.  That  which  lies  towards 
the  north  is  the  Bay  of  Noquets,  and  the  other  the 
Green  Bay  juft  defcribed. 

iht  waters  of  this  as  well  as  the  other  great  lakes 
are  clear  and  wholefome,  and  of  fu&cient  depth  for  the 
navigation  of  large  ihips.  Half  the  fpace  of  the 
oouniry  that  lies  to  the  eafib,  and  extends  to  Lake  Hu- 
ron, belongs  to  the  Ottawaw  Indians.  The  line  that 
divides  their  territories  from  the  Chippeways,  runs 
nearly  north  and  fouth,  and  reaches  almoft  from  the 
fouthern  extremity  of  this  lake,  acrt>fs,  the  high  lands* 
to  MichiUimackinac,  through  the  center  of  which  it 
paiTes.  80  that  when  thefe  two  tribes  happen  to  meet 
at  the  factory,  they  each  encamp  on  their  own  domin- 
ions, at  a  tew  yards  diftance  from  the  ftockade. 

The  country  adjacent  either  to  tl)e  eaft  or  weft  fide 
of  the  lake,  is  compofed  but  of  an  indifferent  foil,  ex- 
cept where  fmall  brooks  or  rivers  empty  themfelves 
into  it ;  on  the  banks  of  thefe  it  is  extremely  fertile. 
Near  the  borders  of  the  lake  grow  a  great  number  of 
fand  cherries,  which  arc  not  lefs  remarkable  for  their 
manner  of  growth,  jhan  for  their  r^xquifite  flavor. 
I  I'hey  grow  upon  a  fmall  (hrub,  not  more  than  four 
feet  high,  the  boughs  of  which  arefo  loaded  that  they 
lie  in  ciufters  on  the  fand.  As  they  grow  only  on  the 
jfand  the  warmth  of  which  probably  contributes  to 
bring  them'  to  fuch  perfe^ion  ;  they  aie  called  by  the 
iFrenchi  cherries  de  fable,  or  fand  cherries.  The  fize 
lof  them  does  not  exceed  that  of  a  fmall  mufket  ball, 
|lmt  fiity  are  reckoned  fuperior  to  any  other  fort  for  the 
jurpofe  of  fteeping  in  fpirits.  There  alfo  grow  around 
[the  lakei  goofeberrtes,  black  currents*  and  an  abun- 
dance of  juBiperi  bearing  great  quantities  of  berries 
Df  the  fiaelt  liirt. 


te 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


Snmack  likewiie  grows  here  in  great  plenty ;  the 
leaf  of  which,  gathered  at  Michaelmas,  when  it  turns 
red  is  much  eHeemed  by  the  natives.    They  mix  about 
an  equal  quantity  of  it  with  their  tobacco,  which 
caufes  it  to  Imoke  pleafantly.    Near  this  lake,  and  in- 
deed about  all  the  great  lakes,  is  found  a  kind  of  wil« 
low,  termed  by  the  French  bois  rouge,  in  Englifli,  red 
wood.     Its  bark  when  only  of  one  year's  growth,  is  of 
a  fine  fcarlet  color,  and  appears  very  beautiful ;  but 
as  it  grows  older,  it  changes  into  a  mixture  of  grey 
and  red.    The  Aalks  of  this  ibrab  srow  many  of  them 
together!  and  rife  to  the  height  of  ux  or  eight  feet,  the 
laigeft   not  exceeding  an  inch  diameter.     The  bark 
being  fcraped  from  the  fticks,  and  dried  and  powder- 
ed, is  alfo  mixed  by  the  Indians  with  their  tobacco,  and 
is  held  by  them  in  the  higheft  eftimation,  for  their  win- 
ter fmoaking.     A  weed  that  grows  near  the  great 
lakes,  in  rocky  places,  they  nfe  in  the  fummer  feason. 
It  is  called  by  the  Indians  Sn;ockimac,  and  creeps  like 
a  vine  on  the  ground,  fometimes  extending  to  eight  or 
ten  feet,   and  bearing  a  leaf  about  the  fixe  of  a  filver 
penny,   nearly  round  ;   it  is  of  the  fubftance  and 
color  of  the  laurel,  andl  is,  like  :he  tree  it  refembles, 
an  evergrieen.    Thefe  leaves,  dried  and  powdered,  they 
likewife  mix  with  their  tobacco  i  and  as  faid  before, 
fmoke  it   only  during  the  fummci*    By  thefe  three 
Aiccedaneums,  the  pipes  of  the  Indians  are  well  fup- 
plied  through  every  feafon  of  the  year  ;  and  as  they 
are  great  fmokers,  they  are  very   tareful  in  properly 
gathering  and  preparing  them. 

On  the  ttOth  of  September,  I  lelt  the  Green  Bay, 
and  proceeded  up  Fox  river  (  ftill  in  company  with  the 
traders  and  fome  Indians.  On  the  25th  I  arrived  at 
the  great  town  of  the  Winnebagoes,  fituated  un  a  fmall 
iiland,  juft  as  you  enter  the  eaft  end  of  the  lake  Win* 
nebago.  Here  the  queen  who  prefided  over  this  tribe 
inftead  of  a  Sachem,  received  me  with  great  civility/ 
and  eittertained  me  in  a  very  diftinguiflied  manner, 
during  the  four  days  I  continued  jvith  ner. 

The  day  after  my  arrival  I  heldn  Council  with  the 
chieff,  of  whom  I  aiked  permiffioD  tQ  pais  thAugK 


fl^tj 
#;bii 

dirvStv 
arenit^i 
hoippei] 
then  i't 


man,  if] 
herdre] 

Iihb«re 
Itrlywi 
qtiirehf 
meavc 
i&iles  (] 
ttoh  I  pi 
Thfe  I 
Vfft  obi 
le^ing  t 
isin,  la 
thefe  eni 
Winnel 
ees  beh 
from  th« 
or  by  tl 
refuge  i] 
ago. 

Myrt 

from  th^ 
fie  Indii 
cor  du^ 
Jiiefent 
tant  froi 
Seconl 
tther  Inf 
^ciouthl 
Wiilattel 
UMisia 


eARVEIt'S  THAl^JEa.^. 


§$ 


mtrf  on  my  tnj  to  more  remote  nations  6h 
^fi^  of  tninortsuice.  This  was  readily  granted  me 
^e  r)%3eft  bdng  efteemed  by  them  as  a  great  compli- 
meot  paid  to  tlieir  tribe.  Tbe  queen  fat  in  the  coun- 
4^^  but  only  adeed  a  few  queftions  or  gave  fome  trifling 
diredibni  in  matters  relative  to  the  ftatc  ;  for  woioen 
ale  n#ver  allowed  to  fit  in  their  councils*  except  they 
Imppen  t<»be  invefted  with  thefupreme  authority,  and 
dxenitis  not  cuftomary  for  them  to  make  any  formal 
^eechesas  the  chiefs  do.  She  m^s  a  very  ancient  we..^ 
man»fmainik  ftatare,  and  not  mu  diftinguifhed  by 
hisrdrelsftdmieveral  yotMg  women  that  ^tttended  hei^. 
tl^e  her  ittenda^u  ^nied  gte^tly  (leafed  whenever 
I  (howed  any  tokens  of  refped  to  their  queen,  panictf- 
htrly  when  I^ttCed  her,  which  1  frequently  did  to  ac- 
^i^n  her  fai^or.  On  theie  occsfiont  the  good  old  lady 
l^eaTOred  to  afliime  a  juvenile  gaiety,  and  by  her 
iioiles  (hoWed  (he  wai  equally  pleafed  with  the  atten< 
ttdh  t>i!d  her. 

The  time  I  utried  berr^  1  employed  in  makfng  the 
beft  obfertatioris  poflSble  on  the  country  aind  in  cot' 
leAtng  the  moft  certain  intelligence  I  could,  of  the  or- 
iffin,  language  and  cuftoms  of  this  people.  From 
thefe  enquiries  I  have  reafon  to  conclude*  that  tfai} 
Winnebagoes  originHlly  refided>in  ibme  of  the  provin« 
ees  belonging  to  New  Mexico ;  and  being  drivi^ 
from  their  native  country,  either  by  mteftine  divitions, 
or  by  the  extenfrons  of  the  Spsnifli  conquers,  they  took 
refuge  in  thefe  more  northern  parts  about  a  century 
ago. 

My  reafons  for  adopting  this  fnppofition,  are,  firili 
from  their  unalienable  attachment  to  the  Naudowef- 
lie  Indians  (<«ho,  they  fay,  gave  them  the  earlieft  fuc- 
cor  during  their  emigration)  notwithftanding  their 
piefent  refidence  is  more  than  fix  hundred  miles  dif* 
tant  froih  that  people. 

Secondly  that  their  dialed  totally  differs  from  every 
ither  Indi.in  nation  yet  dtfcovered ;  it  being  a  very 
4itide>uth,  guteral  jargon,  which  none  of  their  neighbors 
Will  attempt  to  learn  They  converfe  with  other  na* 
ilMis  in  the  Chippcway  tongue,  which  is  the  prevailing 


$i 


CAI^VER'S  TRAVELS. 


Iang«(»ge  (brQUghaiit  all  the  tnfa|jes»  fro|n  the  Mpl^a^^s 
Hi  Canada,  to  mofe  who  ihhahi^  the  ^4^pi  ^f  the 
Mtiin4>pi/;iiid  from  the  Hjarpni  and  >l]^iaoiir>t6  ittch 
AH  dwell  near  Hudfpns  ®ay. 

Thirdly'*  from  iheit^  inyeterMe  ha|rc»4  tM>  die  Span- 
iards.   Some  of  them  informed  mir  ihi»t  thef  h^d  mi^fiy 
excurfion^  to  the  Couth  weft,  which  took  up  feveral 
moons.    An  elder  chief  mor$  particul^ly  acquainted 
mei  that  aboutibrty*iix  wiutei^s  agQ,  he  marched  at  the 
head i  of  fifty  waniors,  towards  ^the  fouth.  we^,  for 
ihree  id^ns.     ^'hat  during  ihisr  ^xpecfition)  ]»r}fHft  tl^y 
¥^eW  crciiHng  a  jpJiMn,  ihey  4if<ioveced  a  \^xt^f  oi  tptifi 
)Qn  lioHe  back*  who.  belonged  to  the  Black  Feppb; 
for  ib 'they  call  the  Spaniards.    ASifooiji  as  the/  per- 
4;«ived  them,  they  proceeded  witli  taation,  at^*  con* 
4ealed  themfelves  till  night  <!ime  on  ;  «rMn  thsy  drew 
Cone«ras  to  be  able  to  difcern  the  Aumber  anc^,  iiusa- 
tion  of  their  enemies.     Finding  they  y^tM  ]  ^ot  able 
to  cope  with  fo  great  a  fuperiority  by  d^y  Itghtp  they 
waited  till  they    had   ijetired'  to  reft;    when  they 
/  rulhed  upon  them,  andi  after  having  killed  the  great, 
eft  part  of  the  men>  took  eighty  hcrfes  loaded  with 
what  they  termed  white  ftone.      luis  1  fuppdfe   to 
have  beeti  filveri  as  he  told  me  the  horfes  vwere  (hod 
.with  it,  and  that  their  bridles  were  ornamented  with 
the  fame.     When  they  had  fatiated  their  reveiigei  they 
carried  off  their   fpoil,   and  being  got  fo  far    as  to 
be  out  of  the  reach  of  the  Spaniards  that  had  efcaped 
their  fury»  tRey  left  the  ufeleff  and  ponderous  burthen, 
and  with  which  the  horfes  were  loaded,  in  the  woods, 
iCad  mounting  themfeltes,  in  this  manner  returned  to 
their  friends.     The  party  they  had  thus  defeated,  I 
coodude  to  be  the  caravan  tKSt  annually  conveys    to 
Mexico,  the  (ilver  which  the  Spaniards  find  in  great 
quantities  on  the  mountains  lying  near  the  heads  of 
the  Coleredo  River  :  and  the  plains  where  the  attack 
was  made,  probably  fome  they  were  obliged  to  pafs 
over  in  their  way  to  the  heads  of  the  river  St.   Feei,  or 
Rio  del  Nord,  which  falls  into  the  Gulf  ^of  ^e^i<^  to 
the  weft  of  the  Miffifippi.  .,  ft 

The  Wianebagoes    can  raife  about  twa'haii4red 


CARIVBR^'a  TRAVELS*/ 


^UttttHi     Tlidr  town  cQiptains  about  fifty  libufesi^T 
which  are  ftrongly  built  with  pallifad^Syand  the  ifland 
on  ^ihk  i< 'Atuated,    nearly  fifty   aeries.     It  lies 
thiitf  ^6  liiiles^  '/eckooitig  according  to  the  couHe  q£ 
thftfiv4if»<fibiti'the<  Oneen  Bay. 

'Tbiriverfoi'^boiit  four  or  five  miles  from  the bay^i 
hai^^g^n^6«iirr«at  $  after  that  fpate»  till  )ou  arrive 
atHte  Winnebago  I;ake»  it  is  full  of  rOcks  and  very 
rajlitf;  At  nnitUiy  plftces  we  were  obliged  to  land  our 
I  caniixMt'  aad  carry  theih  a  confidenible  way.  Its 
{brdiidthvingen&ral)  from!  the  Greeii  Bay  to  the.Winne* 
ba|^  X.ake,ji$  between  feventy  and  a  hundred  yards : 
I  the  land  on  its  bonders  Very  good^  and  thinly  wooded 
|w2l]t'hiekiry»  oak  and  hazel. 

.  'the  Wiiinebago  Lake  is  about- fifteen  miles  long 
IfWhn^iifttoweQ:,  atidfix!  mttds  wide.  At  its  fouth^ 
{eaftto^tier,  ariver  falls  into  it  that  takes  its  rife  near 
jfoitie6f  the-  Eidftheni  branches  o£  the  IlUnois  River,, 
I  This  1  called  the  Crocodile  River,  in  confequenc# 
or«>ftory  that  prevails  among  the  Indians,  of  their 
hai^tig  defiroytd  in^  fome  part  of  it,  an  anilnal,  whicli 
from  their  defcription  muft  be  a  crocodile  or  an  alliga* 
I  tor.'" 

*  Iceland  adjacent  to  the  Lake  it  very    finrtile,  a* 

[bounding  whh  graphs,  pluhis,  and  other  fruits,  which 

UrOW  >  fpontanJeoufiy.    The  Winnebagoes  raife  on  it 

a  gi[eat  quantity  of  Indian  corn,  beans,  pumpkini^^ 

fqumheis  and  watermelons,  with   fome  tobacco.    Thjt 

Lfiteitfelf  abounds  with  fiib,  and  in  the  fall  of  ths 

yeafi  with  geefe^  ducks  and  teal.     The  latter,  which 

refdri  to  it  in  great  number s*  are  remarkably  good 

and  extremely  fat,  and  are  much  better  flavored  than 

Ithbfethatare  iBund  near ^he  feat  as  they  acquire  their 

lezeefiiveifatnefs  by  feeding  on  the  wild  rice  which  grows 

|fo|lemififc!Uy  irithefe  parts. 

mti^  made  fome  acceptable  prefents  to  the  good 
|old:q!ie^n,«nd  received  her  blefiing,  1  left  the  town  of 
tb^  Winnebagoes  on  the  29th  of  Septemlier,  and  about 
RM/li^^  miles  froiU  it,  arrived  at  the  place  where  tk9 
|F9f>  Rivet:  enters  the  Lake,  on  the  north  fide  of  it. 

t'liM^ceeded  up  this  river^and  on  the  7th  of  O^uber 


■ 


\i 


l!S 


it! 


Jsi" 


'\ ! 


[i',\ 


:m 


l\ 


^ 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


reached  the]  sreat  Carrjinf  Place,  which  dWides  it 
from  the  Oaifcoiilm. 

The  Fox  RiTer,  from  the  Green  Baj  to  the  carrf * 
ing  place*  it  about  one  hnndred  and  eighty  milet. 
From  the  Winnebago  Lake  to  the  Carrying  Place  the 
c«rrent  it  gentle,  and  the  depth  confiderable ;  notwith* 
Aaoding  which,  it  it  in  fbme  ^cet  with  difficiilty  that 
canoct  can  psift  thromgh  the  obftradiont- they  meet 
with  from  the  rice  ftalkt,  which  are  very  large  and 
thick,  and  grow  here  in  great  abundance.  The  coun- 
try around  it  it  very  fertile,  and  proper  in  the  higheft 
degree  for  cultiyationi  excepting  in  fome  placet  near 
'  the  river,  where  it  it  rather  too  low.  It  it  in  no  part 
very  woody, andyetcan fupply fufficient to anfwer  the 
demandt  of  any  number  of  inhabitantt*  Thit  river  It 
thegreateftrefort  for  wild  fowl  of  every  kind;  that  I 
met  with  in  the  whole  courie  of  my  travdt  i  frequent* 
ly  the  fun  would  be  obfcured  by  them  for  fome  Qiin* 
utet  together. 

About  forty  milet  up  thit  river,  from  the  great 
town  of  the  Winnebagoet,  ftandt  a  fmaller  town  bo* 
loneing  to  that  uatton. 

Deer  and  Beart  are  very  numerout  in  thefe  partt, 
and  a  great  many  beavert  and  other  fmt  are  taken  oil 
the  ftreamt  that  empty  tbemfelvet  into  thit  river. 

The  river  I  am  treating  of,  it  remarkable  for  hav^ 
ing  been,  about  eighty  yeart  ago»  the  refidence  of  the 
united  bandt  of  the  Ottigaumiet  and  the  Saukiet, 
whom  the  French  had  nicknamed,  according  to  their 
wonted  cuftom",  Det  Sackt  and  Det  Reynardt,  the 
Sackt  and  the  Fozet,  of  whom  the  following  anecdote 
wat  related  to  me  by  an  Indian. 

About  fizty  yeart  ago,  the  French  Miflionariet  and 
tradert  havmg  received  many  iofttltt  from  thit  people, 
a  party  of  the  French  and  Indiknt,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Capt  Morand  marched  to  revengo  their 
wrongt.  The  Captain  fet  oi^t  from  the  Green  Bay  in 
the  winter,  when  they  were  unfufpiciout  of  a  vifit  of* 
thit  kind,  and  purfuing  hit  route  over  the  foow  to  their 
villaget,  which  lay  about  fifty  milet  up  the  Fox  Riveri 
came  upon  them  by  furprife*    Unprepared  at  thtf 


CARVER'S  TgAir^LE 


itertfht  found  them  an  eafy ;  conqueft,  and  con/V<pcl}%^;  ' 
}y  klUed  or  topk  j>rifonert  ibe  gieaf eA :  part  oi*  ^em- 
On  the  return  oif  the  French  ur  the  preen  Bey.e&e 
of  t^Tlndtaa  Chicks  in  j||Ance  wi^  them*  who  had 
a  cenfidorahle  ^nd  of  m^mionen  under,  his  care, 
ftoppf d'  to  dfinlc  at  a  bioek  $  in  the  Rin^n.  tiine 
i^s  ecmM^iflons  iranc^^^^^^^^^^  io^<m94  bi^ 

one  frf  M»:  wopwte  whom   they ^  had  made .  captive^. . 
(he  lui^iy)v feiaed  liini  Mth  bptli hcir.handt^  v1^tft| 
heiftPQ|>ed  to  chrlnki  by:|peKi|fii(!tri]r  iu^ceptiUepart^ 
and?l(f{d  him  M  till  Jlieapivad  on  the  ipot.     At 
^  Chief  fr^m^  e)(trtmeii»ttiiTe  he  Aii&ied,:  waa 
U9ahlelocaUobt«tohisfnfads»<»r  lO;  gt?ci  any  aiarmfv 
tb^ tilled  m  ^lth0ut  kripwing  i«Wr>|iad   happen* 
tii  and  thewomfUi  baYing  cut  the^  jbandf  ^of  tho^ 
of  her  fellow  ffrironera  vtSo  were ,  in  the  r^r  «i# 
thenrH»aie'  her  efi^pe.    This  benoine  vat  ever  aftf^ 
tic^tld >bf  her  nation  m  their  deliver^  and  made ^ 
^iefcsi  in  her  o«n  right,  with  liberty  to  entait  the 
fail^  l^nor  5n  h^  deilH^daHtsi^^antinttsaal  diftinaiOn* 
aodipermitted^only  on^wraordinary  o^caiion*  /%.;;% 

About  twdive  miles  before  I  reaehjrd  the  Carf^tn|; 
Hafef  I  obsetted  i^ep ad  fmatt  mo^tainf whi^  exteii>' 
ded  quittto  it*    IJ^  indeed  wou^  only  be  c^^Sfi^^r 
asiadt^llsi  when  compared  with  thoie  oYi  the  back  «f 
the^Ql<^s»  bsif  antbljy  were  the  firft  L  had  seen  fii>ce 
roy'^ving  Ntagaia^  a  track  of  near%leven  hupi^ed^ 
mites,  leoiddnQ't  leave  them  iinnn^ced. 
.  The  FoiiUfer,l»h#e  it  enters  the  Winnebagn^^l^^ 
is  aboue  fifty ^ardsixride^'but  it; gradually  decream  f(P 
die  C^i!i7if^  Phce,  whei«^^tsno  mote  thiin  five  y^^ 
oyer,  except  in  a  few  placet  where  it  widens  into  fmalt 
lakes,  f hotigh  §ill  ti  a  conttderable  depth.    I  cannot 
recdlk^  any  thing  elfe  that  is  remarkable  in  this  rtyer, 
except  d)at  it  is  fo  ierpentiAe  lc»>  6ve  miles,  as  enly  to 
gain  in  that  phtee  oneqeliiler  of  amile. 

The  Carry ing  Place  l^tween  the  Fox  ar^d  ihc  Ouili 
cottfin  Rivers  is  in  breadth  not  more  iKan  a  rnile  and 
ditte  qt^arter s,  4liongh  in  foir.e  map&  it  is  fo  ddmca^ci^ 
as  Kiapp^  to-be  ten  miks^  Af^d  h«3«  l  C»piai^l|i 
i^li^MM«3«t  tkM^#^i^map$  of  thcfe  patts»  I  h»vf  ev«lr 


|';>! 


T  1 


'■%-^-' 


S3 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


-  feen,  are  very  erroneous.  The  rivers  in  general  are  <kf. 
cxtbed  as  running  in  dtfierent  jdireAions  from  what  they 
n^aflydo,  and  many  branches  of  thenit  particularly 
the   Mtififippi,  omitted,     jpie  difls^aces    of  places, 
likewife,  are  matly  mtiivprefented.    Whether  this  is 
done  by  the  French  geographers  (for  the  Englifli  maps 
are  all  espied  from  ubeirs)  through  defign,  or  for  want 
«f  a  jufl  knowledge  of  the  covntryi  I  cannot  fay  ;  but 
I  am  iatisfied  :hat  travellers  who  depend  opoa  tfcem  in 
the  parts  1  vifited,  will  find  themielvei  much  at  a  lols. 
'  l4ar  one  half  of  the  way,  between  the   rivers^  is  a 
morafs  overgrown  with  a  kind  of  long  grafs,  the  reft 
iof  it  plain  with  fome  few  oak  and  pine  trees  growing 
thereon.    I  dbferved  here  a  great  number  of  rattie- 
foakM.     Monf.  Pinnifance,  a  French  trader,  told  me 
a  remaikable  ftory  concerning  one  of  thefe  reptiles,  of 
#hich  he  fald  he  was  eye  wttnefs.    An  Indian  belong- 
ing to  the  Mcnomonie  nation,  having  taken  one  of 
thtmt  found  means  to  tame  it  (  and  when  he  had  done 
this,  tteated  it  as  a  Deity  ;  calling  it  his  Great  Father, 
and  carrying  it  with  him  in  a  box,  wherever  he  vent. 
This  the  Indian  had  done  for  feveral  fummert,  when 
Monf.  Finnifance  actidentally  met  with  him  at  thii 
Carrying  Place,  juft  as  he  was  fetting  off   for  a  win<^ 
ters  hunt.    The  French  gentleman  was  furpriied,  one 
d^y,  to  fee  the  I|kdtan  place  the  box  which   contained 
hb  Qod,  on  the  gtound*  and  opening  th.«  door,  gave 
1  his  liberty  ;  telling  him  whilft  he  did  it,  to  be  fore 
uttd  return  by  the  time  he  himfelf  ftiould  t>e  back, 
which  was  to  he  in  the  month  of  May  following.    As 
th*s  was  but  in  OAober  Monfieur   told    the   Indian, 
\vhofe  fimplicity  aftuniihed  him,  that   he  fancied  he 
might  v.ait  long  enough  when  May  tirrtvcd  for  the  at- 
rival  of  his  great  father,     'ilie  Indian  was  fo  confident 
of  hii  creature's  obeoicnce,  that  ho  oiFered  to  lay  the 
Frenchman  a  wnger  Of  two  gallons  of  rum,  that  at  the 
time  appointed  he  would  come  and  crawl  into  the  box. 
'Cliis  \v.i>  aj*ret'd  on,   and  the  fecond  week  in  May  fol* 
lou  inp,  ftxt d  lor  the  c'etei miratirn  of  the  wager,    y^i 
that  pvriod  they  both  mttr  there  again  {  ^hevs  the  In^ 
W>;>r. ittdcwn  htsbox;  trd  (ailed  £r>r  his  great  fatj^. v 


OARVER'vS  TJIAVELS. 


m 


The  fnake  heard  him  not ;  and  the  time  being  now 
expired,  he  acknowledged  that  he  had  loih  However, 
withoat  feemiitg  to  be  dtfconraged,  he  offered  to 
double  the  bet»  if  his  great  father  came  not  wjtbin  tw^ 
dHyr  more.  'VhH  was  further  agreed  on ;  when  be- 
hold on  the  second  day  about  one  o'clock,  the  fn^rke  an 
rived*  and  of  hts  own  accord  crawled  into  the  boy, 
which  was  placed  ready  for  htm.  The  French  Gentle- 
man vouched  f^r  the  ttuth  of  this  ftory,  and  from  the 
aceoanttl  have  often  received  of  the  docility  of  those 
creatures,  1  fee  no  reafon  to  doubt  his  veracity. 

I  obferved  that  tte  main  body  of  the  Fox  river  cane 
iirbm  the  foath  wuf^  that  sf  the  Ouifconfm  from  the 
north  ead  ;  and  alfo  that  Tome  of  the  fmall  branches  of 
theie  two  rivers,  in  defcending  into  them,  doubled  ^'jHu 
Iq  a  few  feet  of  «ach  oth«r,  a  little  to  the  fouth  of  the 
Carryinff  Place.    That  two  fuch  rivers  fliould    take 
their  riwfo  near  each  other,  and  after  running  fuch  dif* 
frreOt  courfcs.  empty  tbcj^felves  into  the  fe.%  at  a  dis* 
tance  fo  amazing  (for  the  former  having  patTed  through 
ieveml  great  lakei,  and  run  upwards  of  two  thoufand 
miles,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  oth- 
er, after  joinine  the  Mifliiippi,  and  having  run  an  equal 
number  of  miws,  difcmbogues  itfelf  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mesieo)  is  an  inftance  fcarcely  to  be  met  in  the  exten* 
five  continent  of  North  America.     I  had  nn  opportu* 
nity  the  year  following,  of  making  the  fame  obferva- 
tionsonthe  afhnity  of  feverat  head  branches  of  th« 
wat^s  of  the  St  Lawrence  and  tlie  Mifliiippi  to  each 
ether ;  and  now  bring  them  as  a  proof,  that  the  opin- 
km  of  thofe  geographers,  who  aflert,  that  riVers  t.iking 
their  rife  fo  near  each  other,  mu(l  fpring  from  the 
iame  fource,  is  erroneous.    For  (  preceiveJ  a  vidbly 
diftind  feparation  in  all  of  them»  notvrithftvindtng,  in 
feme  places,  thty  approached  fo  near,  tliat  I  could  have 
Aepped  from  one  td  the  other. 

On  the  8th  of  Odober  we  got  our  canoes  ioto  the 
OuifconiUi  River,  which  at  this  place  is  more  than  a 
hundred  yaids  wide ;  and  the  next  day  arrived  at  t-ia 
great  town  of  tlie  Saukies.  This  is  the  Urged  and  heft 
baik  Indian  town  I  ever  faw.     It  contains  about  ninety 

/  • 


«d 


aiRVEIVS  TKATELa^ 


hbufes  Mch  large  enoygyi  for  feveral  famiUei.  Thefe 
nt^  built  of  hewn  plank,  neatly  jointeti  an^  covered 
with  bark  fo' compiiaiy  at  to  keep  out  the  iioft  pene. 
trating  laias.    Before  the  doors  ^ire  placed  comfortable 


near  the  town  in  Tery  good.  In  theiir  pUnutidns*  whtch 
Ht  adjacent  to  thehr  hoiiies,  and  whith  are  ne«%  laid 
ont,  they  raife  grtat  qiiantitiet'of  Indian  com,  beans, 
^dbtb,  9it^  k  tkiit  this  place  is  eaeemed  the  Ull  ihar* 
ketfbrtraderfctofiirntihiheml^ives  with  prOvrnvu:,  of 
iny  Ai^tthin  eight  himdred  mil^t  of  it. 

'  The  Saukies  can  rail^  about  thierlmndred  warriors, 
^oare  generally  employed  every  faikinier  in  making 
f^curflons  into  the  t^ritoriet  pf  the  llUnoti  niid^  ^^- 
nee  natioiti«  from  whence  i^ey  return,  with  a  |;itat 
Huinber  of  flav^i.  But  thole  peoj^e  frequently  retai. 
M^t  andrin  their  turn,  deftroy  many  of  the  Satil^i^s, 
jrhich  t  judge  to  be  the  rcaf<^n  that  Uiey  inire:^  no 
iaftcr.  '  ^ 

Whilft  I  ftaid  here  I  took  a  view  offdme  mounutns 
that  \k  about  fifteen  miles  to  the  fouthward,  and  abound 
in  lead  ore.  1  afcended  on  one  of  jhe  highetl  of  theii?, 
and  hkd  an  eitenftve  view  of  the  country.  For  many 
ftiilea  nothini^  was  to  be  feen  but  llifer  mountains, 
which  ap|ieared  at  a  diA^nce  like  haycocks,  they  being 
free  from  tJtes.  OnUa  few  groves  of  hickory,  and 
Hunted  oaki,  covered  feme  of  the  ▼allies.  So  plenti- 
itiUi  lead  hete,  that  1  faw  large  quantities  ot  it,  lying 
about  the  flreets  in  the  town  belonging  to  the  Saukiei, 
and  it  ieemed  to  be  ai  |{ood  as  the  prpdwce  of  other 
cOttotries*  ^  ^    .  (i; 

On  the  10th  pf  OSobe^  we  proceeded  dbwitll»  riv- 
er, and  the  neat  day  reached  the  firft  town  of  the  Otti. 
nun^ies.  This  Wnn  contiined  about  fifty  houfr^  but 
we  fottiMi  knoft  of  thim  deferted  on  account  of  an  epi- 
d^4d  ilHWrdler  thiit  hfid  lately  rtg^  aiViOjig  them, 
mi  emMoff  mtn  thin  one  bftSf  of  die  ttihabiiaiitb 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


41 


The  greater  part  of  thoTe  who  iarviTedt  4ia^  retired 
mto  tie  woods  to  avoid  the  contagion. 

On  the  15th  we  entered  thateztenfiTe  river  the  Mti^ 
fifippi.  The  Ouifconfint  from  the  Carrying  Place  to 
the  part  where  it  fUIs  hito  the  Miflifipit  flows  wttk  a 
fmootliy  but  Arong  current ;  the  water  of  it  k  exceed- 
ingly clear,  and  through  it  jou  may  percHeve  a,  fine  and 
iandj  bottom  tolerably  fiee  from  rocks.  In  it  are  a  few 
iiands,  the  foil  of  which  appeared  to  be  good*  thongh 
jCbmewhat  woody.  The  land  near  thJr  river  alfo  feem.* 
•d  to  be,  in  generate  excellent  i  but  that  at  a  difUnce  is 
very  full  of  monntatns,  where  it  irfaid  there  are  many 
lead  mines. 

About  five  mites,  from  th^  jundion  of  the  rivers,  I  ob|*- 
ftrved  the  ruins  of  a  larM  town,  in  a  very  pleaflog  (itu- 
ati«n.  Onencpiiring  of  the  neighboring  Indians.  wh.]r 
it  Wm  thT^s  deierted,  I  was  informed,  tl^at  about  thirty 
yeare  agp,  the  Qrestt  Spirit  had  appeared  on  the  top  o€ 
m  pftamidof  rocks,  which  lay  at  a  little  diftaace  from  it, 
toward*  the  wefl,  and  w&rned  them  to  qaiift  thair  habtta* 
tioiU  ;  for  the  land  on  which  they  were  built  beloogei^~ 
to  bim»and  be  had  accafion  for  it  As  a  proof  thatAe, 
who  gave  them  thefeordcn,  waA  really  t^^c  iSreat  Spir* 
it,  be  further  told  them,  that  the  grafs  (hould  immedi- 
ately iping  up  on  thoie  very  rocks  from  whence  he  now 
addreifed  them,  which  tlicj  knew  to  \fe  bare  and  barreiw 
The  Indians  obeyed  andioon  alUr  difsovered  that  this 
airaculoot  alteration  had  taW  pla^.  1  hey  fliewed  . 
me  the  fpot,  but  the  growth  of  the  grafs  appeared  nf>- 
ways  fiipematiiral.  I  apprehend  (hit  to  have  been  a  ft r;  t. 
Mem  of  the  French  or  Spaniards^t*  anfwer  fome  felfiflv 
tiiw  I  but  in  what  maaner  they  dM»d  their  purpoles^ 
I  know  not*. 

Thispcoplcr  ibon  af^er  their  wmovil,  butlt  t  tow»  4 
on  tht  bank  of  the  MtifiUppi,  near  the  ntwath  of"  the  Ou*- 
iikoiift%ata  plicecallfd  br  tba f rtacht La  Prairiet  let 
Qucm,  wMi  figoiiH  the  Dog  PliiM  I  it  is  a  laifi  towa 
aad  contalni  about  thtte  hundrad  faoiQiee  1  the  houiet 
art  wtU  bttttt  albr  th*  Indian  nuuuit%  ai^  i^ttlandy 
Iteuatad  on  a  vtij  ridi  fbU,  from  whicli  thiy  rM  eve- 
*y ntciikgy 9imh gift abondamai    IQmhmtu^ 


*>» 


ii 


\~ 


d/llVlft'S  TiAVELS; 


ay  tmtki  0f  ft  good  fize  and  (hape.  l%is  town  is  the 
great  man  where  all  ilie  adjacent  tribesi  and  even  thofe 
who  ii^4bited  the  noft  remote  branches  of  the  Miffifip- 
pi,  afmnalif  aflemble  abont  the  latter  end  of  May,  brings 
ing  with  ihemtheirCort  to  dtTpofe  of  to  the  traders.  But 
it  IS  not  always  that  thcjr  cohclode  the  falehere ;  this  is 
determined  bjr  a  reneraltjounctl  i?|the  chieft,who  conl^t 
whether  it  wonld  be  more  condocive  to  their  intereft,t6 
leH  thehneoods  at  this  place  or  carjy  them  on  to  Looiriana« 
or  Michiiimackinae.  According  to  the  dtdfion  of  th^ 
council,  they  either  proceed  further,  or  return  to^eir 
different  hoities. 

The  Mi^ifippi,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Ouifconfin,  near 
which  (lands  a  mounuin  of  confideraWe  height,  is  a- 
bout  half  a  mile  over  j  but  eppof^tc  to  the  kfV^eatioii- 
ed  town,  it  appears  to  be  more  than  a  mHe  wide,  and 
fiiH  of  IfFands,  the  foil  of  which  is  extraotdinary  rich,  a&4 
>biit  thinly  wopdttii  ' 

Alittlefurtheif  to  the  wtft.on  thecontiary  fidei  afVnalt 
rivdr  fails  into  the  MtjSrifipi,  which  the  French  caH  Le 
JaQiilltyiere,or  the  Y«Ubw  Rrrer.  here  the  tradert 
who  ha<l  accompanied  me  hitherto,  to9k  op  their  re(U 
dence  ior  il^^intef  1  then  bought  a  canoe«  and  with 
two  fervants*  one  a  French  Canadian*  and  the  othet  a 
Mohawk  of  Canada,  on  the  i9ih  proceeded  c»P  the  Mif- 
fifippi.  ■  • 

About  ten  d^ys  after  I  had  patted  from  Ui^iraders-I 
landed  as  I  ufnallydid^  every  evcntng,  and  having^piftfh* 
ed  my  tentt  I  ordered  my  men,  #ben  nirhf  come  on,  to 
lay  tfiemfelves  down  to  flee^.  By  a  li^  that  I  kept 
burning  I  then  fet  dOw»  «o  fOpf  the  kiltttttei^l  bad  ctfk* 
en  In  the  courfe  cf'^e  pfceedSng  day  *  iMiOat  ten  o'clock^ 
having  jaft  flniflie^  my  memorandoms,  1  ftepneil  «Mif^ 
myltntlolbtw^t  fii^4ther  iiwiMb^  At  l-emt^^J^ 
totn^ditka  baakof'ilie  river,  I  iho^hl  I  fii«  by  tht 
light  af  Itit  a«rt,^i»M6h^  &(BDMe%iybit,lbi»athhkf  ihai 
had  the  appeaianca  of  a  liard  of  btaRt»  tmakm  doitfa  # 
defcciKatibaaiM««ca|  vhHft I  f«»^^aadfnif  arltal^ 
they  eoatd  ib0t  oaa  of  iht'  imaftbei Ihdili^]^  Qaubg'iipi 
arMldt^WPVcrcd  to  alt  Reform  kalian*    laapMattt'^ 

'£<•)•  wen^^  tliitr  lii%  an^  i  €9M^$^m^mmiim 


OARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


4S 


git  twehrc  of  them  lucming  towards  me.     I  xmrnidhtelj 
reeotrntrd  the  tetit^  and  Iiaviog  awakened  my  men,  or- 
dered tiiem  to  t«^  tl^eir  avms  and  follow  ine.     As  m^ 
BrSt9.fprthetifkotis^Vf€te  £or  niy  canoe,  I  ran  to  the  wa* 
ter^  ftAi  and  fontid  a  jaartf  of  Indians  (for  fuch  I  now 
difeovet-edthemmlve}  on  ^e  point  of  plundering  it. 
Befortf  I  reached  tfaem4coiiEiaianded  my  men  not  to  fire 
til^  I  had  giten  the  word,  being  unwiUin^i  to  begrn  hof- 
tilitiestmlds  oi^difioaabibl^ely  rented*     Xaccording* 
ly  advanced  with  refolution,  clofe  to  the  poitits  of  their 
fpetrs»  th^)c^faad  >io  other  westponS)  Apd  fa^kndiihhki^  Iny 
hanger,  aiked  them  with  a:ftern  voice,  what  .ihef  want^ 
ed  ^^ey  were  daggered; a^.tditt,.. and  percetving  the||. 
were  like  to  meet  wish  a  #sirai  receptioo,  turned  abouir 
and  ptedpitatelf  teireateflb    We  parfiied  them  to  a» 
adjacent  wood,  wbiich  ihey  eirfter^,  ancl  we  iaw  no  moiir. 
I  «f  them:.*    Howev^t' for  fear  c^  theii^  retiltn*  we  watch> 
ed  aliernatelf  dnt^og  the  reminder  of  tfae^ght:    The 
next  diif  ittf*  fervknti.weri^.  under  Igieat'  epprehenfioiis»' 
and  eftmeiUf  enteeatcd'  ineto letnre  to  the  traderi  we' 
ha^  lately! Ifeftv    But  I  toM  diem,  that  if  they  would  soft 
beefteemed  old  1rbiiim(^termof  tbegreatell  lepc^idi 
Jamoog  the  Indiani)  they  le^ifeUow ale  rforl  pinde-- 
termined  fie  purfsemymtendedrbnlcuit  m  BngltilhteaMi^) 
|whenoiiee  engaged  iamn  adeeetnre  tever  retreated;  Oa 
'lis  they  got  into  the  eaMM^#  and  L  tiialkediaa  the  ihore 
|to  gpard  thei»4r<^  any  &rtfaer  attaclu    Thephrty  of 
Indians  whoi  had  ^s  intended  to  |]ilttDder  roe,  I  afteiu 
rardi  found  to  he  fome  of  thoi£  ftregglt^i^  hands,  that 
ivitig:  beai.'*dri!#en  c  tvom  among  the^tfieteut  .tribei  im- 
rhteh  tht^  heieogedy  for  Various  crimett  now  aflbciated 

ifelvei'tbgetlyeMndi  Hvio^  by  pfalfdei'  proee  very 
lOtttMttue  to^trif  elters  viho  {aA  this  way -t  nor  iu%e¥i 

IndiiiMef^eveirytx^fpatedhytheiii.    The  tt aiiei¥ 
^«d.hef«ra€atilbnediiiejt(ibettpoe;iii$i  goenl  a^fmiMl 
bent;  Mi  f  weald  rcfait-thej  &iM  eaiitieiE  toiboSm, 
rhofe  buAntls  Aight  call  them  roto  theie  pent, 
Oir^  lit  ef  n^WiMher  f^mrrifed  ai  ^Mee  BMii 
"fihiin#v«B(iztthiiNfc  iatt  ef  tbeJIiifetrMUillfpv 

►fh^iWiiUlrtni  dies  jliMirtinifeH,>hortitirttlMinit> 
wmtAmihiOmoahB^    Th*lfi«li|ipiiiriQ#r 


t'ili 


-    I 


■If 


m 


.i.,i 


44 


OARVER'S  TRAVELS 


this  lake*  flows  with  a  gentle  current,  but  the  breadth  of 
it  is  ve^  uoeertain.  in  fome  places  it  being  upwanls  of 
a  mile»  in  others  not  more  than  a  quarter.  This  river 
haf  a  range  of  monntains  on^ea«^h  fide  thro0ghoat  the 
whole  of  the  way  ;  which  in  particular  parts  approach 
near  to  it,  in  odiers  lie  at  a  ereater  diftance.  The  land 
betwitt  the  monntatnst  and  on  their  fides,  is  generally 
covered  with  grafit,  with  a  few  groves  of  trees  interfperf* 
ed*  neat  which  large  droves  of  deer  and  elk  are  freqUenU 
)yi^  feeding. 

In  many  places  pyramids  of  rocks^ppearedy  lefemb'' 
ling  old  ruitioos  towers ;  at  others  amaaing  precipices ; 
and  iphat  is  very  remarkable,  whilft  this  fcene  prefented 
itfelf  on  one  fide,  theoppofite  fide  of  the  fame  monnrain 
^as  covered  with  the  fineft  herbage,  which  gradually 
afotndedto  its  fummit  From  thence  the  mofi  beauti- 
ful and  extenfive  profped  that  imagination  can  form, 
opens  to  your  view.  Verdant  plaiui*  fruitful  meadows, 
¥  j^uunerous  jflands,  and  mil  dicfe  abounding  with  a  varie- 
ty of  trees'tbat  yield  amaaing  quantities  of  fruit  without 
care  or  cultivation  t  iUch  as  the  nut  tree,  Ae  maple 
which  prodncef  fugar,  vines  loadld  with  rich  grapes^ 
and  plumb  tsees  bending  under  their  Uoomiug  burdens, 
but  above  all,  the  fine.nver  ilowing  gently  beneath,  and  | 
raiching  as  f^  at  die  eye  can  catmd,^  by  turns  attraA 
your  admiration  and  excite  your  wonderv 

T  he  lake  is  about  twenty,  adlei^long,  and  fwar  fix  in  j 
breadth;  in  fome  places  it  it  very  deep,  and  abounds 
with  various  kinds  of  fiflL  Great  liumbers  of  fowl  fre- 
quent alfo  this  lake  and  the  rivers  adjacent  |;  fuch  as 
«  ftorks,:fwani,  gcef^,  brants  and  ducks  t  and  in  the  groves 
are  iovad  great  pteintyol  turkeys  and  partridges.  On  I 
the  plaint  are  the  lar^ft  bufiiloct  o£any  in  America. 
Heit  I  obferved  the  rums  of  &  Fsendi  factory,  where  it  I 
iiiaid  capt  St  Pierre  refided^  and  carritd  on^  |i  very] 
glint  trade- trith  the  N«udoweffiet>.befQit  the  rtdudioB.| 
Sir  Canada 

BtAbonrfixty  adlet  bebw  thitkke  b  a  mAuataiii  re* 
.  ViarlolUf  fitoated  i  for  it  Aandt  by  itielf  txj^ly  In  tl» 
adddbof  tiw  t«ver»  and  k>9ki  at  if  it  had  fflBdenfroaj 
tkt tdJMtut  flme into  ihtftmiltt.    It  caanoi  W 


* 


CARVER'S  TRAVEJLS. 


^ 


ccl  An  iftAmi,  as  it  rifes  immediatelf  from  the  brink  of 
the  water'  tQ  a  confiderable  height.  Both  the  Indiatis 
and  the- French  ^all  it  the  Mpantain  in  the  RiTi^r* 

One  diyhxf'mg  landed  on  the  Ihore  of  the  MUlldppi. 
fome  miles  below  Lake  Pepin,  whi^  my  attendant^  were 
preparing  my  dinnerv  I  walked  oat  jto  take  a  view  of 
the  adjacent  country.  I  had  not  proceeded  fat  be- 
fore I  came  to. a  fine, level,  openplain, on  which  I  per- 
ceived at  a  little  diftance  a  piurtiaf  elevation  that  Md^H^ 
appearance  of  an  intrenchminit.  Ona  nearer  infpelkidn 
I  had  greater  reafon  to  fflpps^  th^t  it  hadre«a%  beeii 
intended  for  thiit  many  ceintuf ki  ?g«<  j^p^Hlmdiiii^ 
it  wasinOnrrcoYcred  with  gralib  I  coa^  pl^4]^  aifq^ 
that  it  iiaddflCftboen  a  bnaii  wopj^qf  ao»al|ui*r  fsc^^ja- 
height,  extending  the  beft  ^mi  of^  i9ile,^i|4,^aiftit. 
ly  dipsUibus  to  cover  Bfe  lhoSifand'tn*«:  iH  %>»  y?l» 
fomewhait  circtdar,  ahii  its  flunks  rea<|hed  tb  dl|fe,4irai|. 
Though  vkvxk defaced  by  time, ev^y* angk wasdim^r 
gmifiu&le,  and^app^ared  asregiilar,  an^  fafiuoned  i^i^ 
as  mncferailiurf  ikIlU  as  if  pjT^aned  hf  VattbahhimfetfT 
Thedit»hwas  n^  vifiblft,  bat  I  tl|0jaghi  on  exaiaiiHiig 
more  carioiifly,  tha|r  Ivtoaldrp^reeiwe;  there  fertaiiilfhiid 
been  One.  From  its  frtuation  alfa#  |  aoi  convinced thft 
It  muft  have  bfeeir  defigped  for  thisipnrpofe^  It  ftonted 
the  country,  and  the  rear;  Was  cohered  by,  the  river  j.lwr 
was  there  any  rifing  ground  fwr  a  confiderable  way,  th^ 
commanded  it;  a  few  Ars^gling  oaks  were  alone  tabe 
lieen  near  it.  In  many  {Places  fmall  trads  were  worn  a- 
crofs  it  by  the  .cet  of  the  elks'  and  deer,  and  from  the 
depth  of  tlie  bed  of  earth  hy  which  it  wis  covered, 
I  wt«  able  t**  draw  certain  conclnfions  of  its  great  anti- 
^it> .  I  examined  all  the  angles,  and  every  part  with 
great  attention,  and  have  often  blamed  myfelf  fince,  for 
not  encamping  on  the  fpot,  and  drawing  an  exM  plan 
of  k.  Tft  fliew  that  this  defcription  is  not  the  otfbpring 
of  a  heated  imagination,  or  the  chinoerical  taU  of  a  mij« 
taken  tfavellervi  find  oiv  enquiry  fince  my  return,  th^t 
Mons.  St.  Pierre^  and  fiSveral  traders,  have,  at  different 
tii^  xahen  noiiict  of  fimilarappearanieH  on  which  ^^ 
have  fomtd  the  (ame  conjeduras,  but  without  eiam- 
ji^y  them  fo  mnuiiif  ai  1  did.    How  «  work  like  this 


K^ 


46 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


.»?■ 


h ' 


kind  ccmldexift  in  acenntry  that  bat  hithtrto  (accordin|^ 
to  the  general  rec^ivedl  (p^inion)  Wen  the  (eat  of  War  to 
ontutpred  lindians  alone,  whofe  whole  ftocli:  of  miliury 
knowledge  has  only,  till  within  two  jpentnries>  ainount* 
tjil  to  driiwing  thet>d^i  amd  whdfeonly  breaftwork,  even 
at  pr^t,  it  the  thicket  I  know  not  I  hate  given  as 
ezaA  ^n  account  at  jpoffible,  of  tht»  fingnlar  appearance, 
and  leave  to  foture  explorers  of  thefe  diftant  regions,  to 
dii<:over  whether  it  is  a  produ^ion  of  nature  or  art 

Perhaps  the  hints  I  ha^e  hbre  gtten,  might  lead  to  a 
%npij^  lll^ear  inveftigaticn  of  it,  and  give  us  very  diflEer- 
•Q^  ims  pi  the  ai;icienf  ftite  of  reafam  'th»t  we  at  pref» 
^b^ievji  lohayie  been  frmii  the  earlieft  period  only 
thi^habitalioni  of  lavages. 

'  The  Miffinpm,  as  lar  as  the  entrance  of  the  River  St. 
Ci«»i«»  thirty  miles  above  Lakelfepin,  is  very  ftiQ  of  ifl- 
mii$ ; '  Ibme  of  whtdi  aire  of  a  confideraUe  length.  On 
iii#fi!l  ali^^'gfow  great  nambffrs  of  the  ipaple  or  iVgar 
tiee,  ai^d  aronnfl  tBem  tines  loaded  with  grapes  creep, 
tng  ll^eir  tqry  tops.  From  die  Lake  ^pwatds,  few 
mpiints^  ane  to  fie  {e^n,  and  thofe  bntfiiSidl  Near 
the  Riter  St  Crbix,  rtfide  three  batdt  of  thi  Nandowef- 
ie  Indians,  caUed  tbP  Rtter  Bands. 

This  natifm  {%  cotnpolbd,  at  prefent  of  cleten  bands. 
Tbey  were  origin^tt  twelte  ;  but  the  ^ffinipoils 
fome  years  agoi  letoiting,  and  i^parating  themfthes 
fitnn.tbeoUiers,  there  remain  onVy  at  this  time  eleten. 
Thofe  t  met  here jare  termed  the  Riter  Batids ;  becaufc 
tbey  chiefly  dwell  near  the  ba»ks  of  this  riter :  the  oth- 
er  (^ht  are  generati^f  diftingoiibed  by  the  title,  Naudo- 
weflSes  of  the  Platnt,  and  inhabit  a  country  that  lies  mort 
to  the  wdft  ward.  The  names  of  tifie  former  are  the  Ne* 
bogauwonahsfthe  Mawtawbauntowahs,  and  the  Shalif. 
weesRiwahs;  and  cohfift  of  about  four  hundred  warriors. 

A  Kttle  before  I  met  with  thefe  three  bands,  I  fell  in 
wttb  a  pairty  of  the  Maw  uwbanntowahs  amounting  to 
fbrty  warriors,  and  thefr  famtiif s.  W  itb  thefe  |  reQded 
iimr  Wtwp^  during  which  time  five  or  fix  of  their 
^io^mir  who  had  been  ontonanezcmfion,  rctumed  ia 
p^  &a^  and  a<;quaintad  their  companions  that  a 
uirgt  party  of  ChipfMSway  wanriori»  **  caoo|h/'  «|  tbef 


^ 


•ARYEIL^S  TRAVELS. 


'  ''^'f- 


e 


4P^r^0ed  themfelvesy  « to  {wallow  them  all  Uf*'  wtr* 
doTe  at  their  heels,  aild  on  the  point  of  at  tacking  their 
li^  camp.    The  chiefs  applied  to  m^e  and  defired  I 
nottld^put myielf  dt  their  h^idi  and*  zd  them  out  ta 
eppofe  their  enemies.    As  t  was  a  itianger,  and  unwil- 
ling to  excite  the  anger  of  either  nation,  I  knew  not 
how-to  a^ ;  and  never  found  mjielf  in  a  greater  dilem- 
ifia.    Had  I  refofed  to  a0i(l  the  Naudoweffies  I  fliould 
have  drawomn  m^yfeK  their  difplieafiire,  or  had  1  met  the 
Chipewsiys  widi  hoftile  intentions,  t  ftiould  have  made 
dtat  people  my  foes,  and  had  I  been  fortunate  enough 
to  have  efcawd  their  arrows  at  this  timft,  on  foment* 
[tore  occafion  mould  probably  1|^ve  experienced  the'fe> 
verity  of  their  revenge.    In  this  extremity  I  chofe  the 
[middle  courfe,  and  defired  that  the  Naudoweflies  would 
fnffer  me  to  meet  them,  that  I  might  endeavor  to  avei^ 
diiir  ibry.    To  this  they  retu^antly  aiTented,  being  per- 
linded,  from  the  inveteracy  which  had  long  prevailed 
Iklween  them,  that  my  remonftrances.  would  be  in  vain* 
Tiding  ray  Frenehman  vith  me,  who  could  fpeak 
Itheir  language,  I  hs^ened  towards  the  place  where  t^e 
Chipeways  werp  AippoTed  to  be*    The  Naudoweflies« 
{.dttring  this,  kept  at  a  dtftance  behind.    As  I  approach^ 
them  ^ith  the  pipe  of  peaces  a  imall  party  of  Uieir 
Lchi^  confiding  of  about  eight  or  i^  came  In  s»  friend- 
[If  msnner  towards  me  ;  with  whom,  by  the  means  of  my 
liBterpreter,  I  held  a  long  convcrfation  i  the  refult  of 
Men  was,  that  t^eir  rancor  being  by  my  perftiafioos  la 
poaie 'meaiure  molltfied.  they  agr^d  to  turn  back,  with* 
loot  ac^ompliihihg  their  favage  purpofes.    During  iMir 
Idiicourfe  t  could  perceive,  as^  they  lay  fcattered  aboi|t# 
Itbitt  thp^party  was  very  immeroms,  and  many  of  tbea 
larmed  with  muikets.  :     ,  ,■ 

Having  hapily  fucceeded  in  my  undertaking,!  return* 
led;  ^N^^ut  delay  to  tht  Kaudow^flies,  and  defired  they 
l^ld  in(bntly  remove  tl^ir  camp  to  foroe  otter  part  of 
Itht  e»umty«le|^their/eneaailesfiiouldrepentof  the  promtfii 
mty  had  given,  and  nut  their  Sntsniions  into  esecutifn« 
|?hey  accordingly  fdllewed  my  adtice,  and  ifl^iMdiatf • 
'pte|iar€d  to  Artke  their  tents.  V/hi!ft  they  weie  d<i«^ 
|pi|  <lits,  they  loaded  me  with  thaoki ;  and  when  I  h«l 


*.  I 


i 


41^ 


eiSRVER's  'mA^mui^ 


&' 


To  Hjw  iMlveriinre  li/wis  «hl^7  ifi(M»JC^  for  the 
f^ea^  i«i!cptiott  I  afterwardt  met ^iOi  frtm  the  Nshi- 
<fowefl|es  <jrf  the  ^l#n«»^M^thc;^f^^    imd' honors  I 

AndMeti  lioiked  UtAiif  niond|#^«fter  at  the  Oiip. 
|je«»ay  vHUgfi^^iiei^  il^-^^^  found  tliat 

iiifvfiinieiuiMiif«idigd  ^ha^i|^^  Th« 

<^wefs  rtcetv«d  .nie>^hiipJ?at  icdrdia4Uy,4iidtl^^ 
di^ipart  of  thfem  ^lyini^ '  me  >^  *^e  ■  D^ifchief  I  lifld 
|)^eTefit«d^^^lliibflii^^  war  toween 

theiriiatbiiBiitttlie  piii^ii>^ 
dm  hli^f)in#tlon  foptt  they 

iipt  long  wiii^  «i  pat  an  «fid  toic,  hat  tim  wat  geaer- 

^vfi^a^dnot  fflMelihei^  a»lo^  diay;  iMt 

"^rhinrli^  diff^  Botdd  befftappy>iC<ibii»i  chief  oT  the 
l^^^^ge^icM^alt^ts^^f^^        iRi^  mSk9^  an 

tMi^^atiniittftet^fein  die  natoi^  ^r %  t|ie  inteiiktnce 
'    ilfuaii  a  |)arl^»  a^^  which  en  their 

cMtrtn^^tt^eidy  delf»4>ni^  he  hco«^  iihcmt 

at^lHch  i^ar^bfl  tl»Hlef#  ida^  aii^^  J  J?ft  Xaiej 

]Mlir4a^f^aiiEahlk^v^<^  The 

lndMri«iwiii^^(M|«Belie»4^is^^d^ 

mUki  ^ah^ght^il  6«e  £^*    "l^l^iai^liri^ 

^amii^  lii|^aiii^iM>t  tl^ 

oliii^aili  of  fint  ^ittr  Ami    JMio&t?ia^f^  lee* 
-from  the  entrance  hej^ins  a  laht,  th»  w%ri<#^y8(^ ti I 

thgtitearebfi  amd  cii9n4i^«i  all  nnlean^hl^  4^^ 
*  /or-j£«'d:£^nef8-of  thi»€aivftinp«i^»aH>ia# 

«giB«a«  l^iiledge  of  It;:  %l|ijar  m''feigmnfwi|^ 

i^^^liMar  paris  of  Itii^W^ 

jn|riiiW«ii)f  a^all  fiae,  it  cavM  a^  i^Mfhii^ .^nd 
|{hkiiiifi!|fhaticmhei«ted^if«^ 

smgm.  l^fiMinJ  ill  ^  «aM  Ib^^Ib^ 


k 
i«-' 


CAEVER^S  TRAVELS. 


I# 


j|jfbict»  wb^h  afimtpecl  veiy  Micieiitv  for  tim«  liad 
■nearly  coTered  tfaem  with  mofs,  fo  that  it  vna  with  ciif* 
.ficolty  Icould  trace  thein>  They  were  cut  in  a  nsdt 
mannerViipoii  the  infide  of  che  waUs,  which  wetecom- 
pofedof  a  ftonefo  eztreiodx  ibft  that  it  mtgki;  ealily  be 

gtn^tiatfd  with  a  knife;  a  ftone  ererj  where  to  be 
Qfid  near  the  Miffifippi^  The  cave  is  onlj  acceffible 
I  by  afcending  a  narrow,  fteep^siTage,  that  Ket  near  the 
i^rink  of  the  river. 

At  a  little  diftaoce  from  thU  dreary  cavern*  is  the  ba# 
Irying-^aceof  fetreralbancUof  UieNaudoweflie  Indians  s 
though  ^eie  people  have:  no  fixd^refidence,  Uvi«^g  in 
I  teats  and  abiding  but  a  low  months  on  one  fpot,  yet 
li&Y  always  br^  the  bones  of  theirdead  to  this  place ; 
#hi£h  ^ey  tfakethe^opportanity  of  dcung  when  the  chiefs 
iB$et  to  hold  their'  ^  eonncilst  and  to  iettle  all  public  af- 
£^  fi>r  the  entiling  fammer. 

Ten  miles  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony*  the  TiTfr 

^tiBSerre/cafied  by  the  natives  ^e  Waddapawoien. 

[efotor,  falls  into  the  MiQiiippi  from  the  Weft.     It  is  not 

men^'on^d  by  iidier  H«nnipeni  although,  a  largie  f;^r 

riveii  this  oauffion  I  conclude*  muft  have  proceeded 

i#em  a  ^aUifland  that  is  fituated  exadly  »t  its  entrance, 

by  which  the  fight  €^  it  is  intercepted,    lihculd  not 

jhivediiRrOveref. this  river  myfelf.  had- 1  not  taken  a 

\wm*  when  I  was  4earchtng  for  it,  from  ^he  ^gh  ;|ancls 

Oppofite,  which  riie  to  a^reat  height.    -     -      f 

tieariy  over  agatnA  this  river,  I  was'0^iged  toiieaye 
my  dimoe,  on  account  of  the  ice  and  travel  by  land  to 
the^allf  of  St  An^ny,  where  I  arrived  on  the  l7th 
dT  November.  The  Miififippi  ^om  tlie  St.  Pierre  to 
;thUf]ace,  is  rather  more  rappid  than  I  had  hifhert* 
<%|iitit,  and  without  tlands  of  any  ^tonfideration. 
V'Beffre  1  left  my  canoe  1  overtook  a  young  prince  of 
thftjjmBebago  Indians,  who  ^^as  going  on  an  embao 
H^H^e  of  thebands'of  the  Naudowefiles  Finding 
fpHintended  to  take  a  view  of  the  Falls*  he  agreed 
Waceeffipany  me,  his  cufioiity  having  be<in  often  exci* 
ttd  by  <tbe  accounts  he  had  rtceIved'4rom  ||me  of  his 
chiefs  :  be  accordingly  left  h»&  family  (^r  the  iftUiart 
fl^  lrttf«l  witboot  their  houiholdft)  at  tbSafla«t|  vm* 


M 


.1 


im 


lid 
I  ill 


^\i 


;ii 


10 


CAftVER'S  TRAVeII 


^^pr  the  eare  of  my  Mohawk  fenrantj  and  we  proeeed 
r«|;ether  by  land,  attended  onlf  by  my  Frenchman,  tol 

^4his  celebrated  place. 

We  could  diftinAly  hear  the  noiie  of  the  wate^  full 
fifteen  miles  before  vre  reached  the  falls;  and  1  wail 
greatly  pleafed  and  furprifedi  wheii  I  appi^oacbed  thi^ 
aftonifliing  work  of  nature  ;  but  I  waft  not  long  at  lil 
•rtf  to  indulge  the(e  emotionst  my  attention  being  cal 
led  pfF  by  the  behaviour  of  my  companion^. 
;  The  prince  had  no  foenec  gained  the  point  that  over«| 
looks  this  wonderfut  caicadevthan  he  began  with  an  ai 
jdible  voice  to  addrefs  die  Great  Spirit,  one  of  wholi 
places  of  refidence  he  imagined  this  to  be-  He  tdd 
him  ihat  he  bad  come  a  long  way  to  pay  his  adori 
tions  to  him,  and  now  woold -make  him  the  beft 
ings  in  his  power.  He  accordingly  firft  threw  his  pij 
into  the  ftream ;  then  the  roll  that  contanied  his  tobaccoj 
after  ^efe,  thie  bracelets  he  wore  on  his  arms  and  wi^ftsj 
next  an  ornament  that  encircled  his  neck,  com  poiedi 
beads  and  wires  ;  and  at  laft  tbft  ear-rings  from  hit  ears ; 
in  ihort  he  pefented  to  his  god,  erery  part  of  his  dreii 
that  was  valuable  ;  during  wis  he  frequetly  fmoie  hiJ 
breaft  with  great  iriolence  threw  his  arms^  abon^  an4 
appeared  to  be  much  agitated.  ^ 

All  this  while  he  continued  his  adorations  and 
length  concluded  them  with  fervent  petitions  that  th^ 
Ojeat  Spirit  would  confiantly  afford  us  his  prd^ir 
ifn  our  travels,  giving  us  a  bright  fun,  a  blue  iky^  ai 
clear,  untroubled  waters  ;  nor  would  be  leave  ^plac 
Itll  we  had  fmdked  together  in  honor  of  ^e  Grea^  S^\x\ 

It;" 

!  was  greatly  ftirprifed  At  beholding  an  inftante 
fuch  elevated  devotion  in  fo  young  an  Indian,  ittd  ii 
^ea{!!t>f  ridiculing  the  ceremonies  attending  it,  as  f  ' 
ierVcd  ri>  fervant  tacitly  did,  I  looked  on  th^l^flf 
^ith  a  greater  degreifc  of  refpeit  for  thefe  ilncerr|||0ol 
he  gave  of  his  piety  ;  aad  1  doubt  not  but  that  nS  oSA 
ferings  Rud  prayers  were  as  acceptable  to  the  untverfal 
Parent  x^inankmd  as  if  they  had  been  made  wit* 
greater  p0iT)p,  or  in  a  confecratcd  place. 

Indeed^  the  whole  cnnduA  of  this  young  prince 


OAitVElf S  TRAVEM. 


^1 


}tm  amazed  and  charmed  me.  ~  Dur*mg  the  few  dats 
^e  were  together,  his  attention  feeined  totally  to  be  em- 
)ioyed  in  yielding  me  every  alliltance  in  his  power  {  and 
(ven  in  fo  ihorc  a  time,  he  gave  me  imiumerable  proofs 
}f  the  moft  generous  and  d^ifmterelled  friendlhip ;  fo  th  at 
)n  DDF  return  I  parted  from  him  with  great  reluftanct. 
\Vhilft  I  beneld  the  artlefs,  yet  engagmg  roannej  s  of 
khis  unpoUfted  ravage,  I  couH  not  help  drawing  a  com* 
^rriron  between  him  and  fome  of  the  more  refined  in- 
ubitants  of  civilized  counuies,  not  much,  I  own,  in  (-m^.. 
?or  of  the  latter. 

The  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  received  tiielr  hamc  frofl|^ 
father  Louis  Hennipen»  a  French  miflioni^ry,  who  irav** 
bUed.into  thefe  parts  about  the  year  1^90,  and  was  the 
irft  European  ever  feen  by  th«  natives .     This  amazing 
body  ot  waters,  which  are  above  250  yards  over,  form 
I  moft  jpleafing  cattaraft;  they  fall  perpendicul«rly  a- 
)Out  thirty  feet,  and  the  rapids  below,  in  the  fpace  of 
SOO'yards  moire>render  the  defcent  coniiderably  greater  j 
fo  that  when  viewed  sit  a  di^ance,  they  appear  to  be 
mch  higher  than  they  really  are.   i  he  above  mentioned 
raveller  has  laid  them  down  at  above  fuiy  feet ;  but  he 
las  laoadf  a  greater  error  in  calculaUsg  the  height  of  the 
falls  of  Kiagara  ;    which  he  alTerts  to  be  600  -feet ; 
rhereas  £i^oia  l^ter  obfer  vations  accurately  made,it  is  well 
poiown  that  it  does  not  exceed  140  feet.     But  the  good 
l&ther  1  fear'too  often  bad  no  other  foondation  for>  his 
lApcounts*  than  report,"  or,  at  beft,*a  ilight  infpeilion. ,.  '-■■, 
!   In  the  middle  of  the  Falls  ftaads  a  fm^ll  ifland,  aboW 
forty  feet  broad  and  fomewhat  longer,  on  which  grow 
I  few  cragged  hemlock  and  fpruce  trees  ;  4nd  about 
1^  way  between  this  ifland  aud  the  e^iftcrii  fhore  is  a' 
rock,  lytnj  at  the  very  edge  6f  the  Fall,  in  %n  oblique 
ifitton,  that  appeared  to  be  about  five  or  fix  feet  broad, 
d  thirty  or  forty  long.    Thefe  Falls  vary  much  from 
th^  |idiers  I  have  fiSn, a»  you  may  approach  dofe  to 
I  y^eni  without  an)  intervening  hill  or  precipice^ 
The  country  around  thesr  is  extremely  beautiful.    It 
t  not  s|n  nninterrupted  plain,where  the  eye  B^dsno  relief, 
||»nt  compbied  of  many .  gentle  afcents»  whic^  in  th^ 
«9  covered  with  the  fineft  verdurei  ahi  iat«ii^ 


:W 


.;:  it 


Bt 


eARVEIt»S  TItAVXM. 


Iperfed  »rth  IjttljS  groret,  that  pw  a  pTeadhf;  Tilnety 
to  the  pfofp^;  On  the  whole,  when  the  Falls  are  iri* 
eluded,  which  may  be  feen  at  tfie  diftrince  of  four  iiitlel,i 
more  ^leafine  and  pi^urefqiie  tiew  cannot4"bellef%,be 
ibund  thrOtt]^  the  QntverCe,-  I  could  have'  wiflied  that 
I  had  happened  to  enjoy  this  gloricu'  C\g}xt  at  a  niore 
feafpnable  time  of  the  year,  v?hU(t  the  trees  and  hiUocki 
were  clad  in  nature's  gjyeft  lirery^  as  this  mud  haye 
greatly  added  to  the  pleafure  1  received  ;  however  evea 
then  it  exceeded  my  warmed  expe^ations.  I  hav^  en- 
deavoied  to  give  the  reader  as  juft  an  idea  of  this  en* 
chanting  fpott  as  pcffible  ;  but  all  defcrpition»  whether 
of  the  pencil,  or  pen,  muft  fall  infinitely  mqi't  of  the  ori* 
ginal 

At  a  little  diftance  below  the  Falls  ftandt  a  imall  ifl. 
and,  of  about  an  acre  and  an  half,  on  which  grow  a 
l^eat  5fumber  cf  oak  trees,  every  branch  of  whicn  able 
to  fbpport  the  weight,was  full  of  eagle's  nedt.    The  rea- 1 
foa  that  thiB  kind  of  hi^ds  refort  in^  fiich'  numbers  to  j 
this  fpot-  is»  that  thev  are  here  fecute  from  the  attacks 
cither  of  man  or  bead,  their  retreat  being  guarded  by  | 
the  rapids,  which   the  Indiana  never  attempt  to  paf$,| 
Another  rcafon  is,  that  they  find  a  condant  fupply  of 
food  for  tbemtelves  and  thehr  young,  from  the  aniniah 
and  B(k  which  are  daflied  to  pieces  by  the  Falls  and  | 
driven  on  the  adjacent  fliore. 

Having  fatistfied  my.  curiofity,  as  far  as  the  eye  of| 
man  can  be  fatisfied,  I  proceeded  on,  dill  accompanied 
by  my  young  friend,  till  I  had  reached  the  river  St. 
Francis,  nc^  dxty  miles  above  the  falls.  To  this  river 
father  Hennipen  gave  the  name  of  St*  Francis,  and 
this  was  the#<tent  of  his  travels  as  well  as  mine»towards 
the  north  wed.  As  the  feafon  wa» ib  advanced,  and  the| 
ivcatherfo  extremely  cold,  I  was  not  able  to  make  fo 
many  obfcrvatiooft  on  tliofe  parts  ai  I  otherwise  .(hett1d| 
liave  done. 

It  might  Ifawcver,  perhaps,  be  mctiTary  to  obfervel 
lliat  in  the  little  tour  I  aiade  about  the  falls,  after  travel* 
Img  fourteen  mites,by  the  fide  of  the  MiffifipptJ  came  to 
■  river  nearly  twenty  yards  w*Je,  which  ran  from  thf 
aord)  f  ad|Ca11ed  Rum  River.    And  the  on  SOth  ef  Not* 


CARVER'S  tRAl^ELS. 


55 


9inber  came  to  another  termed  Goofe  River,  about 
iwefVe  yards  wide.  On  tke  Slil  I  arrived  at  the  St; 
Francis,  which  is  about  thirty  yards  ^wide.  Here  the 
liri^^l^i  ti^elf  grows  nanow,  being  not  more  than 
inioety  yards  over  {  and  appears  to  be  chiefly  coropofed 
•f  fmali  blanches-  The  ice  prevented  me  from  noticing 
th^  dej^th  of  any  d  thefe  three  rivers. 

The  country  in  fome  places  is  hilly,  but  without 
large  ii)oan..ains  ;  and  the  land  is  tolerabfy  good.  I  ob< 
i^nred  here  many  deer  and  carriboos,  fome  elk,  with  a* 
Sundance  of  ^  beavers,  ottm.  and  other  fors.  A  httle 
aboVethis,  to  the  north  eaft,  are  a  number  of  f mall 
lakes  called  the  Thoufand  Lakds  )  the  parts  a^ut 
which,  though  but  little  frequented,  are  the  beft  vrithin 
snznf  miles,  for  hunting*  as  the  hunter  never  fails  of  re* 
lorning  loaded  beyond  his  expectations 

The  Miffifippi  has  never   Wen  explored  higher  np 
than  the  the  river  St.  Francis,  and  only  by  father  flenni* 
pen  and  myfelf  thus  far.     So  that  we  are  obliged  folely 
to  the  Indians,for  all  the  intelligence  we^rc  able  to  give 
rtlatiVe  to  the  more  northern  parts.     As  this  river  is 
not  navigable  from  the  fea  for  v^elTels  of  any  confidera* 
ble  burthen,  much  higher  up  thanthe  forks  nf  the  Ohio, 
aad  f  v'eh  that  is  acc«mpliflied  vrith  great  difficulty,  ow- 
ing to  the  rap7dity  olf  the  current,  and  the  windings  of 
W  liver  (  thofe  fettlements  that  may  be  made  on  the 
interior  branches  of  it,  mud  be  indifputahly  (ecure  from 
the  attacks  of  a,i\y  maritime  power.     But  at  tic  fania 
tiine  tlie  ftttlerk  will  have  tlie  advantage  of  beiii.^  able 
Kocontey  theirproducetothf  feaports, with  great  facility, 
tbe  currpnt  of  tlie  river  from  its  fource  to  its  entrance  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  being  extremely  favorable  for  doing 
thisinfmall  craft,     this  might  alfo  in  time  be  facilita* 
titd  in  canals  or  (Iiorter  cuts  (  and  a  commttnication 
•iesed  by  water  with  New. York,  Canada,  &c.  by  w«f 
«  the  lakes.    I'he  forks  of  the  Ohio  are  about  nine 
hundred  miles  from  the  mcfteth  of  the  Miflifippi*  follow- 
bg  the  fonrfe  of  the  river  t  and  the  MiCoun  t#ro  hm^ 
drad  miles  above  thefe.    From*  the  Utter  if^ia  about 
Meatjr  Siilct  to  the  lUinois  River,  aad  fro»  tiUU  to  thi 


fir 


CARVER'S  tRAVEL& 


Ouifcoofin  whiciv  I  kavA  giren  aa  account  of,  atxmt 
•ight  hundred  more. 

On  the  25th  I  retnrned  to  my  caaoe,  which  I  had 
left  at  the  month  of  the  riYerSt.  Pierre  ;  and  here  I 
parted  with  regret  from  my  young  friend  tlie  prince  of 
the  Winnebagoef .  This  river  being  clear  of  ice,  by 
reafon  of  its  iouthern  fituation,  1  found  nothing  to  ob* 
ftruft  mv  paiTage.  On  the  28th,  being  advanced  about 
forty  mile«,  I  arrived  at  a  fmall  branch  that  fell  in  to  it 
from  the  north  ( to  whichaas  it  had  no  name  that  I  could 
.dtftinguifli  it  by,  I  gave  my  own.  About  fortj  miles 
higher  up  I  came  to  Forks  of  Verd  and  Red  Marble 
Rivers,  which  join  at  (bme  little  diftance  before  they  ea- 
ter the  St.  Pierre,^ 

The  River  St.  Pierre,  at  its  junaion  with  the  Miffifip. 
pt,  is  about  a-hunred  yards  broad,  and  continues  that 
breadth  nearly  all  the  way  I  failed  upon  it  It  has  a 
great  depth  of  water,and  In  fome  places  runs  very  bridt-^ 
iy*  About  fifty  miles  from  its  mouth  are  fome  rapids, 
and  miK:!i1iiiglier  up  there  are  many  others* 

1  proceeded itp  tVrs  river  about  two  hundred  miles  to 
Uie  country  of  the  Naudowedies  of  the  plains,  iirhich 
lies  a  !ktle  above  the  Forks  formed  by  the  Verd  and 
Marble  Rivers,  jnft  mentioned,  where  a  branch  from 
iho  fumh  nearly  joins  the  MidTouri  River.  By  the  ac* 
vounti  I  recived  from  the  Indians,  I  have  realon  to  be- 
lieve that  the  River  St.  Pierre  and  Miilbttri,  though 
they  enter  ihe  Miflinppi  twelve  hundred  Miles  fbom  each, 
ntkcr,  take  their  rife  m  the  fame  neighborhood )  and 
thii  within  the  fpace  of  a  mile. 

The  River  St.  Pierfe*s  northern  branch  rifes  firom  a 
r.unil>frof  lakes  near  the  (kining  mountains  ^  and  it  is 
from  fome  of  thcfe.  alfo,  that  a  capital  branch  of  the 
lltver  Bourbon,  which  runs  iatO'Hudfoo's  Bay,  has  iif 
iburccs. 

From  the  intelligence  I  gained  fiom  the  Naudowef- 
flc  (nJians,  amons  whom  1  arrived  on  the  7th  of  De- 
von) ber,  ayd  who£  language  I  perfedly  acquired  dur- 
« iiin;  a  refidence  of  five  months  }  and  aUt  from  the  ac- . 
counts  I  afterwards  obtained  from  the  Ai&nipotYs»  who 
Ipeak  the  fame  tongue;  being  a  rtTolied  bm  of  tilt 


eARYEll*S  TR^Eti 


Hftddoweflies ;  and  from  the  Killiftinoes,  oeighbors  of 
thei  Atidnipoils,  who  fpeak  the  Chipeway  language,  and 
inhabit  the  heads  of  t!ie  river  Bourbon  ;  I  fay  from 
thefi^  nations,  together  witli  my  own  obfervations,  I 
Iiav<^  learned  that  the  four  moA  capital  rivers  on  thf 
continent  of  North  America,  viz,  the  St.  Lawrence,  ihn 
M^^fippi,  the  rivtfr  Bourbon,  and  die  Oregon  or  tlie 
river  of  the  Wed  (as  I  hinted  in  my  Introdudlion)  have 
their  fources  in  t^c  fame  neighborhood.     The  waters  of 
the  three  former  are  within  thirty  miles  of  each  others 
the  latter,  however  is  rather  farther  wefl. 
,  This  ,  (hews  that  thefe  parts  are  the  higheft  lands  ia 
North  America  ;  andjt  is  an  inftance  not  to  be  parallel* 
led  on  the  ocher  three  quarters  of  the  globe,  that  four 
riveri  9f  fttch  msignitude  ihonld  taice  tkeir  rife  together^ 
and  each,  after  running  fepaiate  cottrfes,difcharge  their 
waters     into  different  oceans  at  the  diftanee  of  two 
thoafanJ  *. :'lei  from  tl^eir  Icmrces.    For  iu  their  paflaee 
frtm  thiv  ^        1  the  Bay  of  St.  Lawrence,  eaft  (  to  tht 
Bay  of  M-       ^  buth  ;  to  Hudfons  Bay,  north  ;  and  to 
the  Bay  at  tn^  Straits  of  Annian  we(l,  each  of  thefe  trii> 
vf rfe  upwards  of  two  thoufand  miles. 

I  (hall  liert  give  ray  readers  fuch  reflexions  at  occur- 
red to  me,  when  I  receifed  this  intcrefling  information^ 
and  had  my  numbcrlefs  enquiries,  afcertamed  the'trutil 
of  it  {  that  is,  as  far  r.s  it  was  poifible  to  arrive  at  a  cer* 
tainty  without  a  perfonal  invedigation. 

It  11  well  known  that  the  colonies,  narticularly  thuft- 
if  New  England  and  Canada,  are  greatly  aflPeded,  about 
the  time  their  winter  fets  in,  by  a  north  weft  wind,  which, 
continues  for  feveral  months,  and  renders  the  cold  much 
more  intenfe  there  than  it  is  in  thi  interior  pirts  of  A- 
mtrica.  This  I  can,  from  niy  own  knowledge,a/fert,M 
I  ^und  the  wintmr,  that  I  paffed  to  the  weftward  of  th« 
MiAfippi,  far  from  fevere ;  and  the  north  weft  wind 
Vlowii^  oa  thofe  countries  confiderable  more  temper* 
itf  than  1  have  often  experidiced  it  to  be  atarer  the  coaft. 
And  that  this  did  not  arife  from  an  nnceruinty  of  tht 
feaibns,  but  was  annually  the  cafe,  I  conclude,  botb 
hpm  the  faall  quantity  of  fnow  that  fell,  and  a  total 
ARlleoffbaw  flioM  bjr  thtfe  lodiansi  wiJioatwhi^ 


S'i*!; 


ii 


H 


X^Ml^S  Tigvt^l^ 


npne  ofthe  m»re  eatlern  natio|[i&  can^fidbly  tfa?el  diir^ 
iiig  U»e  winter. 

As  naturalids  ebferve,  that  air  refembles  water  in  ma- 
ny refpei^bst  particularly  by  often  flowing  m,a  compaft 
body  ;  and  that  this  is  generally  remarked  to  be  widi 
the  current  of  large  ^reams,  and  feldom  atprofs  them, 
may  not  the  winds  that  fet  violently  into  the  Bar  qi 
Mexico  about  the  latter  end  of  the  yea^,  take;  meir  courfe 
oyer  the  continent  in  the  fame  diredWn  a^  the  Millillppi 
does  ;  till  meeting  with  the  north  winds '  (diat  from  a 
fimilar  catife  blow  up  the  Bourbon  from  Hudfoa's  Bay) 
they  are  forced  acrofsthc  great  lakes,  down  the  current 
ofthe  waters  oT  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  united,  commit 
thofe  ravages  and  occafipn  thofe  fevere  wintefl,  experi- 
enced in  the  before  mentioned  countries  I  Durfng  their 
progrefs  over  the  lakes  they  become  expanded,  and  con- 
fequently  affefl  a  gieater  traift  bf  ladd  than  they  other- 
>Rpi{is  would  do. 

According  to  ;liy  feanty  knowledge  of  natural  phiU* 
fophy,  this  aoes  not  appear  improbable.  "Whether  it  is 
agreeable  to  the  laws  enabliOied  by  natur^lifts  to  account 
for  the  operations  of  that  element,  I  knq#  npt.  How- 
ever,  the  defcription  here  giVep  6f  the  fitnation  of  thefe 
vaft  bodiet  of  water,  and  their  n^ar  approach  to  each 
other,  with  my  own  undigeft^diuppdfitions  •(  their  ef. 
fe^  on  the  winds,  may  prove  pei-hips.  in  abler  hands,  the 
means  of  leading  to  many  ufefnl  ciifcoveries. 

On  the  7th  of  December,  I  arrived  (as  Ifaid  before) 
at  the  utmoft  extent  of  my  travels  tow^ards  th^  weft } 
where  (  met  with  a  large  patty  of  the  Naudoweflie  In- 
dian!, among  whom  I  refided  (even  months.  Thefe 
cohftitttted  a  part  of  the  eight  bands  6f  the  Naudowef- 
fies  of  the  Plains ;  and  are  termed  the  WawpeentO'V« 
atii,  thel'intons,  the  Afrahcootans,  the  Mawhawi,  and 
the  Schians.  The  other  tliree  bands,  whofe  names  are, 
the  Scbiaaefe,  the  Chongoufceton,  and  the  Waddapaw. 
jeftiq,  dwell  higher  up,  to  the  well  of  the  rivdr  St.  Pi- 
erre^  on  plains  tliat,  according  to  their  account,  are  un- 
bovndea:  and  probably  terminate  on  the  coaft  of  the 
F^ific  ocean.  I'he  N;|ttdoweflie  nation,  when  united, 
cpftCU  of  more  than  two  tboufaad  wiuttor*.    The  M' 


eARVF4^S  TRAVELS. 


S7 


fiB!|X>|ls,wbo  rtTolted  ft6m  them,  aiiK>unt  to  aboat  iktm 
haodred  ;  and  league  with  the  KUHftinoesk  who  live  in  a 
cotttiQual  ftate  of  enmity  with  the  other  eleteii  bands. 

At  I  proceeded  op  the  river  St.  Pierre,  and  had  near* 
If  reached  the  place  where  thefe  people  were  encampec^ 
lobfcrved  two  orthree  canoes  coming  down  the  dream; 
bat  no  fooner|had  the  Indians  that  vfw  on  board  them,* 
difeo?er«d  us,  than  they  rowed  toward  tiie  land,  and 
leaping  afhdre  with  precipitation,  -left  their  canoes  to 
float  a$  th^e  current  dreve^  them  la  a  few  minutes  1, 
perceived  fome  others  i  who,  as  foon  at  the  j  came  Ji>^ 
fight,  followed  with  eqi^l  fpeed,  the  example  of  the^ 
eountrymen* 

I  how  thought,  it  neceiTikTyto  proceed  with:  cautton  f 
and  therefore  kept  on  the  fide  of  the  river  oppofitr  to 
that  on  which  the  Indians  had  landed.  However,  I 
ftin  continued  my  courfe,  futisfied  that  the pipeof  peace* 
wbieh  was  fixed  at  the  h«ad  of  my  canoe,  and  the  En* 
gU(h  colors  thai  wer^t  flying  at  the  fteriu  would  prov» 
ihy  fecurity.  After  rowing  about  half  a  mile  furtherfr 
ia  turning  a  point,  I  dtfcovered  a  great  number  of  tenti« 
and  more  than  a  thoufaiid  Indians,  at  a  liriW  diftancc 
from  the  (bore.  Seine  now  nearly  oppofite  to  themr  I 
ordered  my  men  to  poU  diredlly  over,  as  1  was  wUlii^^ 
to  convince  the  Indians  by  fach  a  ftep)  that  I  plaM 
foine  confidence  in  them       » 

As  foon  as  1  had  reached  the  land,  two  of  the  chiefs 
prefented  their  hands  to  me,  and  led  me,  amidft  the  tS» 
tohiflied  multitude,  who  had  mod  of  them  never  feen  a 
whiti*  man  before,  to  a  tent*  Int.o  this  we  entered,  and 
according  to  the  ciiftom  that  nniverfilly  prevails  amon^^ 
every  Indian  nation,  began  to  fmoke  the  pif^e  of  peace. 
We  had  not  fat  long  before  the  crowd  became  fo  great, 
both  around,  and  upon  thC'tent,  that  we  were  in  danger 
of  be|n|^  cro(hed  by  its  fall.  On  this  we  returned  to 
the  plain,  where,  having  gratified  the  curiofity  of  the 
common  people,  their  wonder  abated,  and  ever  after 
they  treated  me  with  great  rcfped 

Ftom  the  chiefs  I  met  with  the  mod  friendly  and 
bofpitable  reception  ;  which  induced  me,  as  the  fei(bn 
fo  far  advanced,  to  take  ap  my  reftdence  tmoag 


\ 


i-M 


$9r 


CAKVER'S  tJlAVELl 


them  daring  the  wiiiter.  To  render  8iy  ftajr  at  ^dnu 
fortsible  as  poflibl^  I  firft  endeafored  to  learn  their  Ian- 
^uase.  This  I  foon  did  To  as  to  make  iay^,lf  perfedlr 
inteSigtble,  having  before  acquired  ibme  flight  knowi. 
edge  of  the  lai\g)tage  of  t^fe  Indians  that  live  on  th» 
back  of  the  fettlem^nts  $  and  in^con|e%uence  nuet  with 
everf  acconmiodation  their  manner  (^  living  would  af« 
ford.  Nor  did  I .  urantibr  fach  amoiiMDents  m  tended 
to  make  fo  long  a  period  pa&  cheerlolly  away.  I  fre- 
quently jiuntea  with  theim  {and  at  other  times  beheld 
with  pieafiire  the!*'  recreations  and  paftimes,.  which  I 
ihall  deCcribe  hereafter*     .^^.  .^  -^  ^^ ? i    ;; : 

^metimes  I  fat  with  the  chiefs*  and  whilft  We  fmok- 
ed^  friendly  pipe,  entertained  them,  in  returner  tib* 
accounts  they  gave  me  of  their  wars  aa4  excurdons^ 
with  anarattve  o(  my  own  adventores,  and  a  defeription 
of  all  the  batdes  fought  between  the  Englifh  and  French 
in  Americut  in  many  of  which  I  had  a  peifonal  fliara^ 
They  always  paid  great  attention  to  my  details,  >nd 
•aiked  many  pertinent  queftions  relative  tqi  tlie  £uropetii 
methods  of  making  war. 

I  held  thcife  converiatioos  with  them  in  a  great  mea£> 
nre  to  procure  fWkm  them  fome  infirination  relative  to 
the  chidf  point  1  had  conftantly  in  view,  that  of  gaining 
a  knowledge  of  tlie  fituation  and  produce,  both  of  their 
own  country,  and  thofe  that  lay  to  the  weft  ward  of  thea. 
Nor  was  I  difappointed  in  my  defigns  i  for  i  procured 
from  theu  much  ufefal  intelligence*  They  likewifb 
drew  for  me  plans  of  all  the  countries  with  which  ihey 
were  acquainted  ;  but  as  I  enteruined  no  great  opinion 
of  their  geographical  knowledge,  I  placed  not  much 
dependence  on  themi  and  therefore  Uiink  it  unneceilary 
to  give  diem  to  the  public.  They  draw  v/ith  a  piece  of 
burnt  coal,  twken  from  the  hearth,  upon  the  infide  bark 
of  the  bitch  tree  ;  which  is  fmooth  as  paper,  and  an- 
fwers  the  fame  purpofes,notwithftanding  it  is  of  axellow 
caft.  Their  (ketches  are  inade  in  a  rude  manner,  but. 
they  (eem  to  give  us  as  juft  an  idea  of  a  couat«'y,altkpugh 
thf  plan  is  not  fo  ezad,  as  more  experienced  draftlme;^ 
«ould  dvo. 

1  Ifft  Uie  habitation  of  thcTe  hofpiuble  lAdiaoi  tbt 


€ARVEll»S  TRAVELS. 


99 


litter  end  of  Apni  1767;  butdidtiot  partftomtlieiii 
for  ##^1  days,  as  I  was  accompanied  on  my  journef 
l^nfif iliree  hundred  of  them,  am^ng  whom  werema-^ 
itf  tKiMsy  to  the  mouth  of  St.  Pierre.  At  this  feafon, 
mefir'  l»tnds  annually  go  to  the  Great  Cave,  befort 
ilkiniiOBed,  to  hold  a  grand  council  with  alt  the  other 
bands ;  wherein  they  fettle  their-  operations  for  the  en- 
fttiiig  year.  At  die  fame  time  they  carry  with  them 
lleir  dead»  for  interment^  bound  up  :n  buffaloes'  %ins. 
Befides  thofe  that  atc^  ^r  ^d  me»  others  we^*^  «">c;« 
before,  and  the  reft  Wv. .  to  t     >w. 

Never  did  I  travel  with  fo  cheerful  and  happy  a  com* 
pany.  But  their  mirth  met  with  a  fudden  and  tempo- 
rary alloy  firom  a  violent  ftorm  th^  overtook  us  one  day 
^  our  pafTage.  We  had  juft  landed ,  and  were  prep^r« 
ing  to  let  up  our  tents  for  the  night,  when  a  heavy  cleud 
overfpiead  the  heavens,  and  the  moft  dreadful  thundert 
Jigbtning,  and  ram  iffued  from  it,  that  ever  I  beheld. 

The  Indians  were  greatly  terrified,  and  ran  to  fuch 
fiieh^r  as  they  could  find ;  for  only  a  few  tents  were  as 
ydtereQed.  Apprehenfive  of  the  danger  that  might 
enfue  fi'om  ftanding  near  any  thing  which  could  ferve 
Sat  a  cbn^udor,  as  the  cloud  appeared  to  contain  (Ucfa 
an  uncommon  quantity  of  electrical  fluid,  I  took  mj 
ftahd  as  far  as  poiBble  from  any  covering  ;  chufing  rath- 
''er  to  be  expoied  to  the  pehings  of  the  ftortii,  than  to  re» 
citve  a  fatal  ftroke.  At^his  the  Indians  were  greatly  fur* 
pr'ifedtand  drew  conclufionsfrbm  it  notunfavorabletothe 
opinion'they  already  entertained  of  my  refolution.  Yer 
I  acknowledge  that  I  was  never  more  affedled  in  my  Iife{ 
for  nothing  Icarcely  could  exceed  Uie  terrific  fcene.  The 
peals  of  thunder  were  fo  loud  that  they  (hook  theeard!; 
and  the  lightning  flaflied  along  the  ground  in  ftreamsof 
fajphnr;  fo  that  the  Indian  chiefs  Uiemfelves,  althouffh 
their  courage  in  war  is  ufually  invincible,  could  not  hd|l 
trembling  at  the  horrid  combuftion.  As  foon  as  mt 
ftorm  was  ov^r,  they  flocked  around  me,  and  informed 
me^  that  it  was  a  proof  of  the  anger  of  the  evil  fpirits,, 
whom  they  were  apprehenfive  that  they  had  highly  o^ 
fended. 

When  we  Arrived  at  the  Great  Cavci^d  tbt  Indi^ 


m' 


%■  N 


CAHV^a'S  TR4ViX$. 


..iff' 


had  dcpoiited  tlie  i^msuns  of  their  dsceafed  Irieiids  la 
the1>urial  pljico  that  ftanrds  adjacent  to  U*  they  held  their 
gi^at  counciljnto  whtch^i  Was  adiDitted>aad  at  the  fame 
time  had  the  honor  to  be  inftalled  or  i|dopted,  a^l^i^  of 
their  bandi  On  this  occafion  I  made  the  foUoi^iiig 
iTpeech,  whieh  I  infertt  to  give  my  readers  a  fpeomen  of 
the  langaage  and  maoner  ia  which  it  ir  nece^ry  t»ad^ 
^refs  the  Indians,  fo  as  to  engage  their  atteD,tion»  and  to 
reefer  the  fpeaker's  expreflion  coofooant  to  thek  ideas. 
It  was  deh'v^vd  on  the  ftrft  day  of  May  1767* 

**  My  brothers,  chiefs  of  the  numerous  and  powerful 
Kaudoweffies  I  I  rejoice  that  through  my  long  abode 
with  you,  I  can  now  fpeak  to  you  (though  after  an  im* 
perfe^  manner)  in  vour  own  tongue,  liie  one  of  your 
own  children.  1  tejSx  alfoithat  lliaTe  had  an  opportu- 
nity fp  frequently  to  inform  you  «f  the  glory  and  fuowcr 
of  the  Great  King  that  teigns  over  the  Englifli  and  oth* 
.er  nations ;  'who  is  defcended  from  a  Tcty  ancient  ract 
of  fo^Fereigns,  old  as  the  ea^rth  and  waterf ;  whofe  feet 
fta^d  on  two  great  rflands,  larger  than  any  of  you  have 
jCver  ieen,  amidft  thegreateft  waters  in  the  world; 
whefehead  teaches  to  thie  fun»  and  whdTe  arms  encircle 
the  whole  earth :  the  number  of  whofe  warriors  are#- 
qual  to  the  tiees  in  the  vallies,  the  ftalks  of  xice  in  yon- 
lier  marflies,  or  the  blades  of  grafs  on  your  great] 
.|>lains :  who  has  hundreds  of  canoes  of  hib  own,  of  fuch 
amazing  bignefs,  thai  all  the  waters^  in  your  couiftry 
would  not  iuffice  for  one  of  them  to  fwim  in  $  each  of  I 
which  have  gtms,  not  fmall  like  mine,  which  you  fee  e« 
lore  you,  but  of  fuch  magnitude,  thata  hunJ:ed.of  your  I 
ftouteft  young  men  ^ould  with  di^culty  be  able^o  car* 
ry  one.^  And  thefe  are  equally  furprifing  In  their  0{^e*  | 
ration  againft  the  great  king's  enemies  when  esga* 
ged  in  battle;  the  terror  they  carry  with  them,  yeur 
language  wants  words  to  exprefs.  You  may  remember 
the  other  day  when  we  were eneamptng a£  Wadawpaw> 
menefotor,  the  black  clouds,  the  wind,  the  fire,  the  ftu* 
pendous  noife>  the  horrible  cracks,  and  the  trembling  of  | 
the  earth,  which  then  alarmed  you.  and  gave  you  reafon 
to  think  your  gods  were  aagry  with  you^  not  ualikt 


CAItVtR^5TRAVEl;S. 


6t 


miCs  ^t?  die  warlike  jmplehients  oiTrhe  EDgliflj,  Whed " 

rthcy  ?w:e  Mjting^theJ>iittles  of  their  gr^at  kmg,  ':;. 
**  Sey^ai  of  tb^  chiefs  of  yoar  bands  have  often  told 
me,  in  tifl^es^paft*  F^f li  I  di^eU  "with  you  in  your  tents* 
that  th^y  miich  wi%d  to^he  counted  among  the  chili 
dfen  find  allies  of  theigreat  king  my  mafter.  yoo  haay 
remenilkr  how  often  youliave  clefired  me,  when  I  returrt 

lagain  Co  my  own  country,  to  acquaint  the  great  king  of 
your  good  diipofitib?*  towards  him  and.  his  fuhjetJls,  and 

I  that  you  wiflied  for  traifeirs  fiom  ths  Englilh  to  come  a. 

Imoneyou, 

I  «  Being  now  about  to  take  my  leave  of  you,  and  to 
Iretorn  to  my  country,  a  lorg  way  towards  the  rifirg  fun, 

II  again jiik  ypu  to  tell  me  whether  you  ccnjinue  of; the 
Ifanje  mi^d  as  wh^n  X  fpoke  to  you  in  coupcil  laft-wia- 
Iterj^astfi^re^renow/everalbf  y«ur  chiefs  here,, 
jwho^came  from  th0 great  pkinst  the  felting  of 
pbe  fuo,  whom  I^ayeneTeripoke  with  in  council  before, 
H  aik^wi  to  let  me  kiiow  if  you  are  wilhng  to  acki-owir 
ledge  yottrfelves  the  children  of  my  great  mafter  the  king 
F  ^  ?ng»fl»  and  other  nations,  as  1  (hall  take  the  firS 
^pporjijoiiy  to  acquaint  him  of  your  defires  and  eood 
Bntentipt|S.:       ;  ^      v 

L "^ %g«  y9«  nw  to  glvehecd  to  ^diecorts  i  {^ 
Ihere.ai*  wicked. birds  flying  about  among  die  ne'sh- 
fcoripg  nations,  who  may  whifper  evil  things  in  your 
to  agamft  the  Englilh,  tontrary  to  what  1  have  told  ^ 
you  s  you  muft  not  believe  them,  for  I  have  told  you  ilie 
iiucn*  „ " 

t„  "  %  ^^  l^%  ^  »bat  »re  abokt  to  go  to  Mich- 
pimackiiiac,  I  tbUl  take  care  to  make  for  them  and  their 
IJite.  a  flrait  toad,  fmopth  wareis.  and  a  clear  iky  ;  that 
K^  «**3[  fiP  ibere^  and  fn^ke  the  pipe  of  peace,  and 
relt  lecure  on  a  beaver  blanket  under  the  ibade  d  the 
■jreat  tr,ee  of  peace^  FareweP  !'* 
.T6  this  focMh.  I  r^cived  the  ftllowirg  anfwer.  frcni 
be  mouth  of  the  principal  chief. 

bWK  ;k        y^*"^}  }  ?"*  now  abcut  to  fp-  ^  to  yorf 

ll«i  ^HT^'^'  ""^^h^^  ^y  ^'^^^«''^»  chiefs  of  the  eight 
ftnds  of  the  powerful  naticn  of  the  Naudoweffies.  We 
eheve  and  are  well  fatisficd  in  the  ttuih^f  every  thirg 

r 


w 


; 


$2 


€ARV]^R'S  TRAVELS. 


you  bava  tol4,us  about  your  great  nation,  and  th$  great 
king  our  grcateft  father  ;  for  whom  w^  fpread  this  bca. 
ver  blanket,  thattiis  fatherlyproteftion  may  eter  reft  ea-j 
(j  and  fate  amongft  ns  his  children  :  your  colors  and| 
your  arms  agree  with  the  accounts  you  ha^e  given  us  a. 
bout  your  great  nttf ion.    We  defire  that  when  you  re- 1 
turn,  you  wijH  acquaint  ths  great  king  hoijr  much  the 
Naudoweffies  wiQi  to  be  counted  among  his  good  chil 
dren.  -      . 

**  You  may  believe  us  when  we  tell  you  that  we  willl 
not  open  our  ears  to  any  who  may  dare  to  f peak  evil  of  I 
our  great  father  the  king  of  the  Engliih  and  other  naJ 
tions. 

•*  We  thank  yeu  for  what  you  have  done  for  us  in] 
tnaking  peace  between  the  NaudoweiOes  and  the  Chip!  I 
cways,  and  hope  when  you  return  to  lUs  again,^hat  Jroaj 
will  complete  vhis  good  work  i  and  quite  difpelling  thu 
clouds  that  intervene,  open  the  blue  iky  of  peace,  andl 
caufe  the  bloody  hatchet  to  be  de6p  buried  under  th«| 
roots  of  the  great  tree  of  pegcb. 

"We  wifli  you  toi'emcmber  to  reprefent  to  pur  great! 
father  how  much  we  deliie  that  tiaders  may  be  fent  to| 
abide  among  us  with  fuch  things  as  wie  need,  that  the 
hearts  of  ou«  young  men,  our  wives  and  children  may] 
be  made  glad.  And  may  peace  fubiift  betwf^n  iis,  fol 
loBg  as  the  fun,  the  moon,  the  earthi  and  the  waterj 
fliallendare.     Farewell  !»*  i^] 

I  thought  it  necefTary  to  caution  the  Indfaas!  againUl 
giving  heed  to  any  bad  report  that  may  reach  thenl 
trom  the  neighboring  natioRS,to  the  difadvantage  of  the] 
Engliih)  as  1  had  heard,  at  different  pllces  throughl 
which  1  pafled,  that  emilTaries  were  iftUl  employed  by  thel 
French  to  detach  thofe  who  w<irc  friendly  to  the  EnglifljJ 
from  their  iptereft.  And  I  faw,  myfelf,  feveral  belts  of 
Wampum  that  had  been  delivered  for  this  purpofe  t«| 
fome  of  the  ttibes  I  was  umong.  On  the  delivery  ort 
each  of  thefe,  a  talk  wa>  held,  wherein  the  Indians  werel 
told  that  the  Englifli,  who  were  but  a  petty  people,  hadj 
llQlen  that  country  from  their  great  father  the  kmg  cf[ 
France,  whiift  he  was  aileep  ;  but  that  he  would  ioon 
awake,  ac^  take  them  again  under  his  proteAtoii,'  The'' 


CARVER'S  TR A. VELS. 


6S 


I  foun4  were  lent  from  Canada,  h^  perfons  who  app2ar- 
I  ed  to,  bs  well  aflfeded  td^cards  the  government  under 
Uvhich  they  hyed.  *  i      ' 

Wh'ilft  I  tarried  at  the  moutfi  otlie  river  §t.  Pierre, 
I  with  thefe  frlenidly  ludianis,  I  endeaA^olred  to  gaig  intellt* 
gehce  whether  any  goods  had  been  fent  towards  the  falls 
of  St,  Anthony  for  my  ufe,  agreeable,  to  the  prcmife  I 
I  had  receiveld  from  the  governor,  when  I  left  Michilli. 
mackinac.  But  finding  from  fome  Indians,  who  pafled 
by  in  their  returt)  from  thofe  parts,  that  this  agreement 
Jiad  not  been  f^ifilleiJ.  I  was  obUged  to  give  up  all 
thou^jhts  ofproceeding  farther  to  thendrth  weft  by  this 
route,  ajccbrdtng  to  my  oiiginal  plan  I  therefore  re- 
turned" to  Li  frairie  le.  Chien,  where  X  procured  as  ma- 
ny goods  from  the  traders  I  left  there  the  precceding 
'year,  as  they  could  fpaxe* 

As  tfrefe,  hov/ever,  were  not  fail;  Jerit  to  enable  mc 
to  renew  my  Hr ft  dcfign,  1  determined  te  endeavar  to 
jtaake  my  way  acrofs  the  country  of  the  Chi  pe ways  lo 
Lake  Superior ;  in  hope*  of  meeting  at  the  Giand  Por- 
tage on  the  north  fule  of  it,  the  traders  that  annually  go 

from  MichiUimackinac  to  tlie  north  weft  j  of  whom  ,t 
doubted  not  but  that!  (hbuld,  be  able  to  procure  good* 

Icnoiigh  to  jmfvyer  my  purpole,  and  alio  to  penetrate 
through    thofe  more  northern  parts  to  the    Straits  of 

lAnniah. 

And  I  th^  more  readily  returned  to  La  Prairie  le  Chi. 

[en,  a»I  could  by  that  means  the  better  fulftl  the  engage. 

Iment  I  had^njade  t6  the  Naudowefllies  mentioned  at  the  ~ 

|eonclafton  of  my  Ipeech.  ^    ■  ^  * 

Biiring  my  abode  with  this  people,  wiffiing  to  fecui;« 

I thfepi  entirely  in  the  intereft  of  the  Englifh,  1  had  advif- 
ed  foroe  of  the  chiefs  to  go  to  MichiUimackinac,  where 
they  would  have  an  opportunity  of  trading,  and  of  hear- 
ing  the  Wouuts  that  I  had  entertained  them  with  of 
irty  countrymen,  confirmed-  At  the  fame  time  i  had 
furnifhed  them  with  a  recommendation  to  the  govern- 

|or  and  given  them  eVery  djreftion  neceflary  for  their 
voyage. 

In  confequence  of  this,  one  of  the  principal  chiefs,  and 
twenty  five  of  an  iiifcjcipr  rank»  agreed  to  go  to  the  en- 


G^ 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


Ik 


Aiing  Aimmprr  This  they  toolc  an  opportunity  of  do. 
ing)  Tvhca  they  ct^me  with  the  reft  of  their  bund  to  attend 
the  grand  council  ^t  the  mouth  of  ilie  river  St.  Pierre. 
Being  obliged,  on  aceoaivt  of  the  dirappbmtment  I  ^had 
juft  been  trferxned  of,  to  return  fo  far  down  the  Miifi« 
iipp7,  C  could  from  thence  the  more  eaftiy  let  tKem  oq 
their  journey. 

As  the  intermediate  parts  of  thi^  ri^cr  are  much  fre< 
queoted  by  the  Chipeways,  with  whom  the  Naudow, 
eilie^  are  continually  at  jt'or,  they  tbcocht  it  more  pru. 
dent,"being  but  a  fjiiaU  party,  to  taV<rtno  advantage  of  j 
the  hight  Sianto  trayeWith  me  b}  da/;  accordingly 
ro  fooner  WHS. the  grand  council  broke  up,_  than  1  took 
a  friendly  leave  of  thefe  people,  from  whom  I  had  re« 
celyed  innumerable  civilities,  and  purfued  once  more 
ray  voyage. 

I  reached  the  eafter^  fide  of  Lake  Pepin  the  fame 
jii^ht,^  where  1  vcent  a^ore  and  encamped  aV  ufual, 
'llie  njxt  morning,  when  I  had  proceeded 'fon(ie  niles 
further*  I  perceived  at  a  diltapcp  before  me,  a  fmoke,  i 
>v|iii«U  4ea«^^  UiAi  jr<M|)e  Ind       were,  asajc  i  »ad  m% 

ihprt  tui;if  UUcovereii  ten  or  twelve  tents*  »9]t  far,  from 
the  bink  ot  the  river.    As  1  was  «pprehen(ive  that  this 
«?as  A  party  of  the  Kovers.I  Wd|>e{ore  met  with.l  knewl 
not  what  courfe  to  purfae      My  attendants  purfuaded  [ 
me  to  endeavor  to  pafs  by:  them  on  the  oppofite  fide  of 
the  river  :  but  SIS' I  had  hiUicrto  ioundthat  the  bell  w;,J 
^(0  enfure  a  frienJjy  r reception  from  the  Indi^^  Js  to 
meet  tlwra  boldty  and  witliout  *howing  a^y  tolcens  of 
fear,!  woulcfr  by  no  means  confent  to  their  propofal. 
Inftcad  of  this  I  crofted  dire<t'y  over,  and  Jakded  in 
the  midft  of  tliem*  for  bj  this  time  the  greatejft  part  of 
them  were  (landing  on  the  (bore.       - 

Tile  Hrll  I  accofted  were  Chipeways  inhabiting  near 
the  Qitowaw  Lakes  ;  who  received  me  with  great  cor* 
diality,  and  fliook  me  by  the  hand  in  token  of  friend* 
ihip.  At  ibme  little  di(lance  behind  thete  Rood  %  chief 
remarkably  tall  and  well  made,  but  of  fo  fterti^an  aW 
pe£t,  that  the  mod  ifn^auiited  perfon  could  not  b^old 
him  without  feeling  fom«  degree  of  terror.  He  feera* 
ad  to  have  pa|ied  the  meridian  of  Itfe,  and  by  the  mode 


CARVEIt>S  TRAVELS. 


U 


nee  more 


in  which  lie  was  painted  and  tatowed,  I  difcovered 
Urat  he  was  of  high  rank.  However,  t  approached 
him  ilka  coarteous  manner,  and  ex pefled  to  have  met 
with  the  fame  reception  i  had  done  from  tie  oth* 
trs  {,  but  to  my  great  furprife,  be  v^'ithheld  his  hand) 
and  looking  iBercely  At  me^  faidi  in  the  Chipeway 
tengue,  **  Cawin  nilhifbin  fagaAolhi"  that  is,  "  The 
Englifh  are  no  good.''  As  he  had  his  toinahawk  in  his 
hand^  I  expeAed  thavthis  laconic  fentence  would  have 
been  followed  by  a  blow  ;  to  prevent  which,  I  drew  a 
pittolfrom  my  belt,and,  holding  it  in  a  carelefs  pofition^ 
pafled  defe  by  himr  to  let  him  fee  1  was  not  afraid  of 
him.  j 

I  learned  foon  after  from-  the  othet*  Indiaps,  -.liat 
this  was  a  chief,  called  by  the  French  the  gtand  Sauter,. 
or  the  great  Chipeway  Chief,  for  they  denominate  the 
Chipeways,  Sauters.  They  likewife  told, me  that  tie 
had  always  been  a  (leady  friend  to  that  people,  and 
when  they;  delivered  up  Michil^imackiiiaq  to  the  Engliili 
on  their  evacuation  of  Canada,  the  grand  Sauter  had 
fwotn  that  he  would  ever  re:7)aitt  the  avowed  enertiy  of 
its  new  poffefTors,  as  the  territories  6a  which  the  fort 
is  buil^  belonged  to  him> 

Finding  him  thus  difpofed,  I  took  care  to  be  con- 
ftantly  on  mjr  guardwhiiil  1  AsSd  f  but  thiit  he  might 
not  ftippofe  L  was  driven  i^ way  by  his  frowns^  T  tpok 
wsp  my  abode  there  for  the  night.  4  pitched  my  tent  at 
fome  dtl^ance  from  the  Indians,  and  had  no  fooaer  laid 
royfelf  down  to  reft,  than  I  was  awaked  by  my  French. 
feryaat.  Havhig  been  alarmed  by  the  found  of  In- 
dian nnuAc,  he  had  run  to  »he  outfide  of  the  teiii  i/here 
hebieheld  a  party  of  young  favages  dancing  tcv\.. ids  us 
in  an  extraordinary  manner,-  each  carrying  in  his  hand  a 
torch  fixed  on  the  top  of  a  lopg  pole.  Bin  I  fliali  defer 
any  further  accouiit  of  this  uncommon  enter tainmeat» 
which  at  once  furpiire(i  and  alarmed  ok,  till  I  treat  of 
the  Indian  dances. 

The  next  morning  I  tootinued  my  voyage,  and  be- 
fore night  reached  La  Prairie  le  Chien  j  at  which  place 
the  jiarty  of  Naudoweffies  foon  overtook  me.  No£ 
long  aftefi  the  Crrand  iyautor  alfonrrived,  and  befor^t 

€  2 


C*i^ltVJB!t*S  TllAVELS. 


the  Naudoweffies  left  that  pkce  to  continue  their  jour- 
ney to  Michillimackinac,  he  found  means,  in  conjunc* 
tion  with  fome  French  traders  from  Louidana,  to  draw 
from  n-.^  about  ten  of  the  NaudoweiHe  chiefs,  whom  he 
prevailed  npoQ  jito  go  toward  thofe  parts. 

The  remainder  proceeded,  according  to  m^  direc- 
tions, to  the  Englifti  fort }  from  whence  I  afterwards 
heard  that  ihey  returned  to  their  own  country  without 
any  unfortunate  accident  befalling  them,  and  greatly 
pleifed  wiih  the  reception  they  had  met  with.  Whilft 
not  more  than  half  of  thofa  who  went  to  the  fouth. 
r'ard,nhrongh  the  difference  of  that  fouthern  climate 
from  their  own,  lived  to  reach  their  abode.  And  fince 
I  came  to  EngUnd  I  have  been  informed.that  the  grand 
Suutor  hjiving  rendeied  himfelf  more  and  more  dif- 
guftful  to  the  Englifli,  by  his  inveterate  enmity  towards 
iliem,  was  at  length  *ftabbed  in  his  tent,  as  he  encamped 
near  Michillimackinac,  by  a  trader,  to  whom  1  had  re- 
lated tht  foregoing  ftorv. 

I  Ihould  have  remarkeU,  that  whatever  Indians  hap* 
pen ^to  meet  at  La  Prairie  le  Chien,'lhe  great  mart  to 
which  all  who  inhabit  tlie  adjacent  countries  refort, 
though  the  nations  to  which  they  belong  arc  9t  war 
W!th  each  each  other,  yet  they  are  cl^Hred  to  reftrain 
their  enmity,  and  to  forbear  all  hcftile  a&s  during  their 
flay  there,  This  regulation  has  been  long  eftablifhed  a- 
mopg  them  for  th^r  mutual  convenience,  as  without  it 
no  trade  could  be  cairicd  on.  'i  h^  fame  rule  is  obferved 
alfo  at  the  Red  Mpuntaln  (afterwards  difcribed)  from 
whence  they  get  the  ftone  of  which  ihey,  make  their 
pipes  ;  thefe  being  indifpenfable  to  the  accommodation 
cf  every  neighboring  tribe,  a  Gmilar  reIlri6ion  becomes 
needful,  and  is  of  ^public  utility. 

The  river  i>t.  Fieri e,  xrhlch  runs  through  the  territo- 
lies  of  the  Naudowc0iek,flovvii  through  a  mod  dcliKhtful 
tountry,  abounding  with  :ill  the  ntcefTarics  of  life, 
tJ).tt  grow  fponta«i;ouflyr ;  and  with  a  little  cultiviition 
it  n/ight  he  made  to  pioduce  even  the  luxuries  of  life. 
Wild  rLe  grows  Iiertvia  sreat  abundance;  and  every 
p.ut  i*.  tilled  ^Aith  trees  bending  under  their  loads  of 
iruils,  fuch  as" plums,  grapes^  and  applas  g  the  mead* 


CARVtil'S  TRAVELS. 


9«rs  are  covered  wiih  hops,  and  many  forts  of  vegita- 
bles  ;  whild  the  ground  is  ftored  with  tHeftil  roots;  with 
angelica,  fpikenard,  and  ground  nuts  as  large  as  hen's 
eggs.  At  a  little  diftance  fronj  the  fides  or  the  river 
are  eminences,  frpm  which  you  have  views  that  cannot 
be  exceeded,  even  by  the  moft  beautiful  of  thofe  I  have 
already  defcribed  ;  amidft  thefe  are  delightful  gioves, 
and  fuch  amaziag  quantities  of  maples,  that  they 
would  produce  fUgar  fufficient  for  any  number  of  in- 
habitants. 

A  little  way  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  on  the 
north  (ide  of  it,  ftands  a  hilJ,  one  part  of  which,  that 
towards  the  Miffifippi,  is  compofed  entirely  of  white 
(lone,  of  the  fanie  foft  nature  as  that  I  have  before  def- 
cribed ;  for  fuch,  indeed  is  all  the  ftone  ia  this  country. 
But  what  appears  remarkable,  is,  that  the  color  of  it  is 
as  white  as  the  driven  fnow.  The  outwaf d  part  of  it 
was  crumbled  by  the  wind  and  weather  into  heaps  of 
fand,  of  which  a  beautiful  com^ofition  might  be  made  ; 
or,  I  am  of  opinion  that  when  properly  treated,  the 
ftone  itfelf  would  grow  harder  by  tinacj  and  h*ve  a  very 
noble  efifeifl  in  architeilure.  *' 

Near  that  branch  which  is  termed  the  Marble  River, 

is  a  monntain,  from  whence  the  Indjaas  get  a  Ibrt  of 

ftone,  out  «f  which  they  hew  the  bowls  ot  their  pipes. 

In  fome  of  thefe  parts  is'found  a  black,   hard  clay,  or 

rather   done,' out  of  which  the  Naudoweffies  make  thn» 

fimily  utenfils.     This  country  likewife  abounds   with  a 

I  milk  white  clay,  of  which  china  ware  might  ke  made 

I  equal  in  j3;ood«efs  to  the  Afiatic  ;   and  alu)  with  a  blue 

clay  that  ferves  the  Indians  for  paint,  with  this  lull  they 

contrive,  by  mixing  it  wi«h  red  ilone  powdered,to  paint 

Ithemfelves  of  different  colors      Thole  that  can  get  the 

{blue  clay  here  mentioned,  piint  themfelvps  very  much 

widi  it  ;  particularly  when  UK»y  are  about  to  begin  their 

rparts  and  partimes.  It  is  alfo  elleemed  hf  them  .i  mark 

of  peace,  as  it  has  a  refembla.jce  of  a  blue  (ky,  which 

wlch  them  is  a  fymborof  it,  and  rn  ide  nfe  of  ia  their 

fpeeches   as  a  figurative  exprelHon    to  denote  peace. 

VVhenlh'ty  wi(h  to  (how  that  their  inclinations  are  pa« 


pi  t 


■§ 


::/:rHi'1 


M 


!  1- 


i 


68 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS, 


cifiic  towards  other  iribesi  they  greatly  ornament  both 
tketnielvts  and  ihcir  b^lts  with  it. 

Having  conch) dcd  ray  bufmefs  at  La  Prairie  le  Chein, 
I  proceeded  once  more  up  the  Miflifippi,  as  far  as  the 
place  where  the  Chi pe way  River  enters  it,  a  little  be. 
low  Luke  Pepin.  Here,  having  engaged  an  Indian  pi' 
lot,  1  dire^cd  him  to  fteer  towards  the  Ottowaw  Lakes, 
vhich  lie  near  the  head  of  this  river.  This  he 
did,  and  1    arrived  at    them  the  beginning  of  7u« 

The  Chipeway  River,at  its  junAion  v^ith  the  Miflirip. 
pi,  ii  about  eighty  yards  wide,  but  is  much  wider  as  you 
advance  into  it<  Near  thirty  miles  up,  it  feparates  into 
two  branches,  and  1  took  my  courfe  through  that  which 
Ii6s  to  the  eaftward. 

The  CO untijr  adjoining  to  the  river,  for  about  fizty 
miles  is  very  level,  and  ou  its  banks  lie  fine  meadows, 
where  larger  droves  of  buffaloes  and  elks  were  feeding, 
than  I  obierved  in  any  other  part  of  my  travels.  1'he 
track  between  the  two  branches  of  this  river  is  termed, 
the  road  of  war  between  the  Chipeway  and  Naudowef* 
fie  Indians. 

The  country  to  the  Falls  it  almoft  without  any  tim* 
bfr,  and  above  that  very  uneven  and  ruggad,  and 
clofely  wooded  wiih  pines,  beach,  maple,  and  birch 
Here  a  rooft  rtmarkable  and  aftonilhing  fight  prefented 
ftfelf  to  my  viffw.  In  a  wood  on  theead  of  the  river, 
which  was  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  in  length,  and 
in  depth  further  than  my  eve  could  reach,  I  obferved 
that  every  tree,  many  of  which  were  more  than  fix  feet  | 
in  circumi'erence,  was  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  torn  up 
by  the  roots.  This  appeared  to  h;»ve  been  done  by  feme 
extraordin.w  y  hurricane,  thjt  came  from  the  we(l  fonie 
years  ago  ;  but  how  many  I  could  not  learn,  as  I  found 
no  inhabitants  near  it*  of  whom  1  could  gain  informa* 
tioQ.  The  country  on  the  weft  fide  of  the  river 
fron^  ,bein^  lef^  woody,  had  efcaped  in  a  grext 
neatuj^e  this  havoc  as  only  a  few  trees  were  blown! 

'Nii'ar  the  heads  o(  this  li^cr,  is  a  town  of  the  Ch\[i' 
ways  from  whence  it  ttkci  its  name.     It  ii  fituated  cbI 


CARVf.R;'S  TRAVELS. 


^ 


each  fide  of  the  river  (which  at  this  place  i*  of  no  con* 
fiderable  breadth)  aod' lies  adjacent  to  die  banks  of -a 
fnuaUlake,  This  town  contains  about  foity  houfes,  and 
can  fend  o^t  upward^  of.  one;  hundred  wirriors,  mat 
njr  of  whoni  were  fine,  ftout  you^g  men-  The  hcufei 
0^  it  are  built  after  the  Indian  manner,  and  .have  neatf 
plantations  behiud  them ;  but  the  inhabitants,  in  general 
feenied  to  be  thenaftieft  people  1  had  ever  been  among. 
I  otferved  that  the  women  and  cliiUren  indulged  theini 
feives  in  a  cuftom,  which  though,  com ipon,  in  forae  de* 
gree,  throughput  every  Indian  nation,  appears  to  be,  ac- 
cording to  our  ideasr  of  the  molt  naufeous  and  indeli- 
cate nature ;  that  of  fearching  each  other's  head*'  an4 
eating  the  prey  caught  therein,  'ri.  V  :>im'u-':^>> 
In  July  1  leftthU  town,  and  having  croflTeda  number 
of  fmall  lakes  and  carrying  places  that  intervened^  camt 
to  a  head  branch  of  the  river  St.  Croix.  This  branch 
I  defcended  to  a  fork,  and  then  afeended  another  f  it» 
fource.  On  both  thefe  rivers  I  difcovered  feveral  mines 
of  virgin  <;opper,  which  was  as  pure  as  that  fottji4  ift- 
any  Qther  cpufttr J,  .  * 

^liere  1  r^-;^  to  i  fmall  bioolc,  which  my  guid* 
^"'^ught  might  be  joined  at  forae  diftance  by  Hreams  that 
1^'ould  at  length  render  ;t  navigable  The  water  at  firft 
was  fo  fcanty*  that  my  canoe  would  by  no  means  fwim 
init ;  but  hiving  (lopped  up  feycral  old  beaver  dimsi 
\fhich  had  been  broken  da\Cn  by  the  hunters,  I  was  en- 
abled to  proceed  feme  miles,  liil  by  the  conjunftlon  of 
a  few  brooks,  thele  aids  became  no  longer  neceflary. 
In  a  fiiort  time  the  water  increafed  to  a  moft  rapid  rivert 
which  we  defcended  till  it  entered  into  Lnjce  Superior. 
This  river  I  named  after  a  gentleman  that  defired  to 
accompany  me  from  the  town  of  the  Ottagaumies  to 
the  carry i.ig  place  on  Luke  Superior,  Goddard's  River. 

'i'o  the  V  eft  of  this  is  j.nother  fmall  river,  which  alfo 
empties  into  the  lake.  Hits  I  termed  Strawberry  River, 
from  the  great  number  of  ftrawberries  of  a  good  fiz« 
and  flavor  that  grevvo.i  its  hunk* 

Tlie  country  from  the  Otiowaw  Lakes  to  Lake  Su- 
perior, is  in  general  very  uneven  and  thickly  covered 
with  woods .    The  soil  in  foroe  places  is  tolerably  good, 


ii 


•H  (I  \i 


p*;: 


CA^RVERfS  TRAVELS. 


u^  othears  batuidifferent.  In  the  beads  of  the  St  Croix 
ind  t]»i^.CHii{Kivay  ltt»^  Are  ei^ceeding  fine  ftorgcbn. 
I^il  tfaii»jiriidevneikbetweenitlK6  MiiTtftppra^^  Ls^ke  Su- 
perior  is  Icalled  bf  the  IndJJhiiithe  Mi^cheil^  cba^t/fi 
maiidi  lithoil^ht it  mo^. joftljr  ndited'i  fdfilt  befFng  then 
thc(ir  feoftMit  l/nevet  £u!»  or  fyirfo  ttiAnjr  of  tho{ein(e<^;> 
tamy  lifei'  ■       ■.i*l^:---    ^'<  '^  ■      '  ;  •   ■  •  ^' 

Thelaf-erend  of  July  I  arrived,  after  having  coafled 
throogh  y/ed  Bayi  at  the  Grand  Portage^  \thich;lies 
oa  the  north  weft  bordejps  of  Lake  Superior.  Her^  diofe 
who  go  on- the  Rorth  weft  tfade,  to  tlie  LaV*BS~De  Hi^ye* 
Dabois^itc  carry  oyer  their  canoes  and  baggage  abiout 
nine  ipiies,  till  th«y  eome  to  a  number,  efunaU  lakes, 
the  waters  of  fome  ofw^iichdefceodinto  Lake  Stiperipr, 
and  others.- into  the  river  Bourbon.  Lake  Superior  frbm 
W^  Bay  to  this  place  is  bounded  by  rocks,  except  to* 
W«i:ds  the  ibutli  weft  part  of  the  Bay  where  I  fi^ft  eiiter* 
•d  it,  tktxe  it  ivas  tolerably  level. 

At  me  Qrand  Poru^e  is  a  roisdl  bay,  before  the  en- 
trader  of  which  liesiia  ifland  tliat  intercepts  the  dreary 

««4  ««Ll  '■**""'^'*''  ^***«'  ov**"  the  lake,  which  otkerwi^ 
ana  a!i*iReitup«te«*  .~. 

would  kave  preiented  it(elf,  and  makes  the  bay  ferene 

fthdplea^nt.  '  {^eretmetalargeparty  of  the  Ki^ifti* 

ne«  and  Affinipoil  Indialis.  with  their  refpeftive  kings 

arid  atteh  families.    They  were  come  t»  this  pUce  in 

order  to  meet  the  traders  from  IlichillimAckhiaCr  who 

make  this  their  road  to  the  noftfi  ivreit    From  them  I 

feceive^  the  folbwiognccotmt  of  the  Lakes  that  lie  to 

the  tiordi  weil  of  Lake  ^Vj;ierior« 

Lixkfi  Bourbon,  the  mcift  northern  of  thofe  yet  diTcoT- 
eired,  receiTcdits  name  from  fome  French  traders  «rho 
accompanied  a  party  of  Indians  to  Kttdfon*s  Bay  fomt 
years  ago ;  and  was  thtit  denominated  by  them  !n  honor 
oi  the  royal  family  of  France.  It  is  compoled  of  the 
waters  of  the  Bourbon  Rliver,  which  ais  I;  have  before 
obferyed,  rifes  a  great  wajr  to  the  Ibothwatd,  not  far 
from  the  nprthem  headtof  the  MiififlppU 

This  lake  is  about  eighty  miles  In  length,  north  and 
fomh,  and  ii  nearW  circular.  It  nais  no  very  large  ill- 
ands  on  it.  The  land  on  the  eaftera  fide  ii  very  ^ood  j 
and  to  |he  foiitb  weft  therf  are  Tone  moastaias  i  m  »•• 


CAUSER'S  tKAVtLii 


^ 


fjpjQt^er  farts  the^e,  are  barren  f\a:\tiit  bdgsj  anfd  mdK* 
t^*.--'  Ms  latitude  is  betvetn  fifty  tv^o  arid  fiifly  f6\if 
degrees  north»  a6d  it  lies  nearly  fouth  weft  frtati  Hud^ 
^'i^Bay.  As  through  Us  norther  A  fituation  the  weath- 
er thtnr  is  extremely  told,  only  a  few  anilnals  are  to  bfe 
if^nd  iti  the  country  that  border*  «3n  it.;  'They  gkve 
i^ebttt  an iridifferent  a<^c:onRt  either  of  thdb^fls/birds» 
or^fties.  There  are  indeed,  fome  buffaloes  of  3  ftnaH 
fizr,>hich  aiefatuid^ood  about  the  Utter  endbf  {idm- 
iber,  with  a  few  mooie  and  carribeo  deer  :  how«¥ef)  tlhls 
de^cijency  is  made  up  by  the  fiirs  of  every  fert  that  ire; 
to  bt  »et  with  in  gieat  plenty  round  th^  lake.  I'he 
timber  growing  hete  is  chiefly  fir,  cedar,  fprft&e,  and 
fome  maple. 

>:Lake  Wwneptek,  ot  zs  ihi  French  writ^it,  Li$ 
^tunipique»  which  lies  neareft  to  the  foregoing,' is  com^ 
pbTtfd  of  the  fame  waters.  ~  It  is  in  leogtii  about  two 
hundred  miles  ttorth  and  foutli ;  its  breadth  hai  n^er* 
been  properly  afceitaiBed*  but  ii  is  fuppofed  to  be  about 

Sie  hundred  ttiiles  in  its*  wideft  part.  This  lakels  verf 
n  of  iflands  s  rhefe  are*  however  of  no  great  magni* 
tttde.  Many  coofiderable  riverf  empty  thtmfeli^s  into 
i^wkich,  af  yeti  aft  not^diAinguitked  by  ^nf  •o^tnes* 
Irhe  waters  are  flored  with  fifh,  fuch  iis  trout  and  ftiir. 
gaon*  And  ftUb  with  othen  of  a  imallet  kind  peculiar  to 
iiif&lakes.  ^ 

'i  llie  land  on  the  fouth  weft  part  of  it  fl  jetj  good, 
e^ciaJIy,^about  the  entrance  of  a  larg4  branch  of  the 
Kiver  Bourbon,  which  flows  from  the  fouth  weft.  On 
this  river  ^ere  tsa  faftory  that  was  built  by  the  Ffench, 
called  Fort  la  fUine,  to  which  the  traders  from  Michil^ 
^ackiaac  refort  to  trnde  with  the  Aftinipoils  and'  Kil- 
tt^noes..  To  this  place  the  Mahahs,  who  inhabit  a 
cOQiitry  two  huodred  and  fifty  miles  fouth  weft,  come 
aUbto  trade  with  tbem;  and  bring  great  (JMnruiticd  of 
Indian  com»  to.exchai^e  for  knives,  t(  fnUlawkS,  imd 
Odter  articles.  The(e  people  are  Aippoied  to  dwell  oa' 
feme  of  the  brauches  of  the  River  of  the  Weft. 

Lake  Wisnepeek  has  or  the  nokth  eaft  fome  mouu^ 
I9uvk  ai>d'on  the  Milt  iBfunf  barren  plains.  The  maple 
<r  ittgar  ttce  g«QW<  btm  in  great  pleftty^^  $iti4  there  it ' 


t 


I 


m 


feARVEit^  TltAtEI;S. 


t ' 


likewife  gadiered  an  amazing  iq^i^ntity  of  rke;  wtitdi 
proves  that  grain  will^tonrifli  in  thefe  northern  cltiiiktes 
at  well  as  in  warmer.  Buffaloes,carribGO,and  moofe  deer, 
are  numerous  in  ^efe  parts.  The  hoffi^oes  of  this  coun- 1 
try  differ  from  thofe  that  We  ^tind  more  to  the  fottth 
only  in  fize ;  the  former  being  mtich  Waller  ^  juft  as  thd  I 
1>lack  cattle,  of  the  northern  parts  of  0reftt  Britain  diiffier 
irom  EBgli&oien#>iivH:f';\*-,-:  ■   ■■■••'■ 

0^  tb^  waters  that  fall  into  this  lakei  dre  toCif  hhoririg 
i^afions  take  great  numbers  rf  excellent  furs.  6ome  of] 
thefe  they  carry  to  the  ia^cries  and  fettlements  belong* 
ing  to  the  Hudfonrs  Bay  Company,  lltiiatedabote  tW 
entrance  <tf  the  Bourbon  Rtvet^j  but  this  they  do  wfth 
retu^ancOk  on  feveral  accounts  ;  for  feme  of  the  Affihi* 
ppils  and  £L  iliiftmoes,  vho  ufuidly  traded  ^ith  the  com- 
pany's fervants,  told  me,  that  if  ihey  coutd  be  fure  of  a 
conft ant  Supply  qf  goods  j&rom  MichilHniackinair,  they 
Ivciad  not  trad^nnyAvhqi*  elfe*  1  hey  (hewed  me  fottg 
eloth  and  other ^rti^les  tha  they  had  ^urchafed  at  Hud* 
fjn's  Bay,  1»itb  which  they  Irere  »iieh  dfifatilfied, 
thinking  they  had  been  greatly  im^ofed  ttpon  lit  the 
barter. .  ,,.  ■■>■,  -^^^  ^..^  .,■  \-^^ ./.»,  .:;u;i. ..;..■■  .^\ 

AllpP^nftbat  their  jkc(^ntiWfr»*tr^  fibil!#not 
hefojotning  in  their  o^n  ion.  But  this  diffatis^afon 
In^ghtpr^bably  proceedt  in  agreat  meafure,  ft-om  the  m- 
triguesof  the  Canadian  traders  I  for  whilft  the  J^encH 
we; e  in  po0eiSon  of  Michittimackiaat,  having  <idqtiired 
li  thorough  knowledge  of  ihe  trade  of  the  ftorrh  weft 
countries^  they  were  employed  on  that  account,  after  the 
reduaion  of  Canada,  by  the  Engliih  traderi  there,  in 
the  eftabljftment  of  n  trade  with  whichnhey  were  their- 
felyes  finite  iinacciuainted*  Oee  of  the  methc^s^  they 
took  to  withdraw  thefe  Indians  from  their  attachment 
to  the  Hudfon's  Bay  Com|>anyv  4nd  to  erjgageth*'- 
g^ed  opinion  tn  behalf  of  their  new  employers,  was  'uy 
depreciating  on  all  occaHons  th)&  Company's  good?,  and 
n^agnifyipg  the  advantages  that  would  arife  to  theni 
from  traftcking  eotirefy  with  the  Canadian  traders. 
In  this  they  tcHMxrett  iiKceeded^and  from  this,  cfoottlefsi 
did  U^e  difladsfaaion  ifca^ffinipwls^nd  KiUfttJijoes  ex. 
^fledtome, partly piM||d«    Bm an^titiinM a^g- 


CARVER'S  tRAVELSv 


n 


^nteci  it ;  ^nd  thisVas^e  lengtKof  iheir  jourrey  to 
le  infudfcn's  Bay  fadories,  which,  they  infurmctt  mci 
took  them  upthive  momhS|duiin$  the  fuinmer  heats 
to  ga  and  return,  and  from  the  fmallnefs  of  their  ca* 
loes  they  could  npt  carry  more  than  a  third  of  the 
iver&  they  killed.  So  that  it  is  not  to  be  vfondercdati 
Ithatdieie  Indians  (hould  wilh  to  have  traders  eome  tQ 
[refide  asiong  them.  It  is  true  that  the  parts  they  in* 
labit  are  within  the  limits  ef  the  Hodfon's  Bay  terri- 
Itoriet^  but  thtt,  Company  muft  be  nnd^  the  necedit^ 
of  wmkins  at  an  encroackiu^ot  of  this  kind,  as  the  In* 
diaos  wdttid  withisot  dbobt  prOteS  the  traders  ^htn  a- 
mong  them.  Befides*  the  paffports  granted  to  the  tra* 
dersthatgo  from  MichilliaAackinac  git^}  tbcm  liberty 
{to  trade  tP  the  north  weft  about  Lake  Superior  ;  by 
vhich  is  meant  Fort  La  Reine,  Lake  Winnepeek,  or  a* 
by  other  parts  o^  the  Waters  of  the  Bourbon  Riter, 
^here  the  Couriers  de  Bbis,  ot  Tradersi  may  make  it 
Inqft  convenient  to  reiid^.  *  , 

Lac  du  Bois,  as  tomiboiily  terined  by  the  French  iii 
^eirinapi,  or  in  th^  Bnffliih  the  Lake  of  the  Wood,  is 
{JTo  called  from  the  multiplicity  Of  wood  growing  on  its 
ban%:s  i  ibch  ai  oakes,  pines»  firsi  fpruce.  Ice.  This 
takt  lies  ftill  higher  ttpon  a  branch  of  thi  River  Bour- 
bou«  and  naarly  taft  from  the  ibuth  end  of  Lake  Win* 
neptek.  It  is  of  grtot  depth  in  foioe  places.  Its  length 
from  eaft  to  weft  abotit  feventy  miles,  and  iu  greateii 
breadth  about  forty  miles.,  It  has  but  few  iflaods,  and 
thefe  of  no  great  magnitude.  The  fi^s,,  fowls,  and  q^uac^ 
nipeds  that  are  found  near  it,  vary  but  little  from  thofo 
of  the  other  t^b  Ukes.  A  few  of  the  Killiftinoe  In^ 
diaos  fome  tune  encamp  on  the  borders  of  it  to  fiih  and 
hunt 

This  Lake  Uel  in  the  conftmnication  between  Lake 
Superior,  aiid  ih«  Lakes  Winnepeek  and  Bourbon.  It^ 
waters  are  not  efteemed  qoito  fo  pure  as  thofe  of  the 
other  lakes,  it  having,  in  many  places,  a  muddy  bot- 
tom. . 

Lac  La  Plu^e,  foealled  by  the  Frenchjn  Englifli  th^ 
H^T  Lake,  it  rupi|Ofed  to  have  acquired  this  name 
firote  tiM  firft  tr*vtuers,  that  p4ffrd  over  it,  meecing  with 

0 


:ii; 


t 


74  CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 

pxi  oncotnmon  deal  of  raia  $^^  or,  as  (bme  have  afiirii^edJ 
irom  a  mift  like  rain«  occafioned  4)y  a  perpendicular' 
iMTAter-fall  that  empiies  itfelf  into  a  river  iprhici^  lies  to 
the  jIbutH  weft;'  ■  t,'i?  {><;u.  ,^  c  . 

This  Liske  ^pp«ar$  to  be  divide  by  ail  iftmoft,  near 
the inidd)e»  into- t^cr  parts  :  the  weft, part  is  called  the  I 
iG^reat  Rainy  Lake»  th^  eaft,  the  Little  Rainy  Lake,  as  | 
Jbeinc;  the  Icaft  diVifion.  It  lies  a  few  miles  further  to 
the  «aft ward}  on  the  fiinnie  branch 'of  the  BoorboojJ'than 
tfi^M  mentioned  Lak4:'  i€  it  ini^net-al  v^ry^:  ^iev 
In  iti  depth.  'Hie  ibr6adeft-^part  of  it  U  not;v^^re  ihan 
twenty  miles  ;  its  lein^th^  lincltidiii^^  hbth»'  tsLheat  three 
hundred  mtlei.  In  fh^#eft  part,t|ie  w.Uer  'w^iiyMtzr 
and  gopd>;*knd fon^eircd^nr  filh-^re  takea  in^ it.^  A 
treat  tt^ai^/foVkTefort  here  in  tiiie  fatt  of  the  year. 
Moofe  dee^  are  to  bi6  f<iund  in  gttcft  p\@nij,  and  likt 
#lfci  tiie  cartJboof  mhofe^ikrn  for  btecfches  6r^  gloves  ex- 
•eiidt  by  faf  an^  other  oo  be  met  with  in  North  Amerj. 
ca  Thd4*ad  on  the  borders  of  this  LaJee  is  efteemed, 
in  fom^^l^acff,  very  good,  but  rather  to»  thickly  xioier. 
ed  witft'  woo^.  ficie  reilides  a  confiderAb»e)b«mi  ol 
'the  Chipeway^.'^  ;>•'■  ';    -    -'  ,  "     ■  -.^  :-  -^  b-^M  ' 

£a&ward  from  this  Lake  lies  feveiral  finall  onesyXtThicIi 
extend  in  aftrtng  tc^  the  great  cany iiig  place*  and^ftont) 
thence  Into  Lake  Supeiior.  ;Bii^ween  thEe&  litde  Ixkei 
^refeveral  carrying  places^  w^^ch -refidsr  Uie  trade  to 
the  fiortk*#eft '  4tfiicuk  t«  aecompUlh^i  and  ckceedtng 
tedioi:^ir  at  it'tak^  two  ytfitrs  to  make  «  voya^^e'  ^  from 
l^ie'bilKiDacktiiac'Wto  iefe  parts-  y''«  5,.  ,*.:^  u  r :   u  u 

^H  Lake  is  a  temparitive^  fmalirlake»  at  tbeihdadj  cf 
a  branch  of  the  Bourbon  River,  which  is.caUcJ  b]p|bme 
Red  River'.  Its  form  itmn'swf  fouadi  and  about  .&u^ 
miles  in  circumference.  On.  one  fide  of  it  is  a  tolerable 
Jargtf  i^nndi  ctofe  by  whica^«  fiiia]lii»]ii^r,« enters.  It 
bears  almt^Kft  fouth  .ea(^  both/irotail  Xt4lcfe.'  WJnnepfvk 
and  from  Lakef.du  E^is.  1{(^  cpartSiil^jacent  arenoery 
little  knows  or  ficqiltotfditvtf  eii  bj^;the.  favagfi«.  tbtm- 
feUes, 

Not  far  fromtthifit  Luke,  4.1i»l«  to  tht  |lb0Ui  .1kfa»l  is 
ancther,  called  White  Ueaf  li^t  1  v^htcn  il  neajrit  ?bout 
Uie  fi^te  of  the  Uft  m^tiMicdd  T|l«rVVit9ri^.(bait^,ooi»> 


GARVjRR'f;  TJI  \ir8Lf 


ti 


p<»^  t^l  Ifa^erare  t]|e  mpft  tiothem  o£  aiiy  that  fupptj 
the  !^i|l^ippiii  aa4  jnay  b^  called  ivith  prppriciy  iti  molt 
remote  wv^rce.  It  is  (pd  by  two  oi:  threfc  fenail  i  ivers,  or 
rather  ikrge  brtipks. 

A  few  miles  from  it,  to  the  fbuth  eafl;,  are  a  great- 
numbiff  olf  i^aaU  Jakes,  pori^e  of  whicb  are  more  than 
ten  mUeQ  in  circuinTferenceithat  jire  called  the  Thouland 
i<ajk^$»  '  Iq  the  adjacent  country  i»  reckoned  the  fineft 
hdntipg/dr  furs  of  any  on  this  continent ;  the  Indians 
who  Imnt  here,  feldoi^  returning  without  leaving  their 
cao^^  loaded  as  deep  ^s  they  can  Mm» 

iHav|ng)uft  before  ohferved  that  thti  Lake  is  the  ut« 
mo^Qortnernfoarceof  tlieMifTiiippi,  l»fli:iUhere  fur* 
tber  remark,  that  before  this  river  enters  the  Quirof 
Mexico^  it,  has  run  not  lefs,  throv^gh  all  its  meandering9» 
ttian^three  ^oufand  iniles,  or,  in  a  Rraight  line  frorof 
north  to  foath,  abo.ii|tit)yenty  degrees,,  tihich  U  j^earljf 
fpBrt^r|bmdi?ed^ng^{h  miles.  ^^  V^  ' 

r/fh^&.;Indiansinforniedm  of 

X^kw  V^inaipi^k  lies  another,  wlip^e  circumfereace  vaft- 
jy fielded  any  they  had^  given  me  an  account  of.  They 
defcribie  i,t  ^s  myi  eh  larger  than  Lake  Sapi^rior.  But  as 
it  appears  to  be  fofar'to  the  north  weft,  I  ihould  imag« 
tne  that  it  vis^^mfp,z  lake,jl?uf  railiers  the  Archipefago, 
or  biolceii  waters  th^^b  fbrrp  tiie  ci^in?iur»icatibn  between 
Hadfon's  Bay  and  the^  ticnherii  f»Tti  of  the  Paciflc 

ThcTft  are,  an  ia finite  otiiijhCTW/iftall  Iake«,  on  the 
jtforeweten  parts  of  the  we  (tern  head  branches  of  the 
Miffi(xppf  as  well  as  be!:i«r?en  ^hefe  and  Lakte  Wihtiie- 
\peekk  \nkt  ^loper  of  .j:|^erti  ;at^  l^jrge  enough  to /uppofe 
either  of  thetti  to  .b^  the  lak^  br  n^ati^  nif  i^nt  .^y^  itlVe  In- 
aiaiis*j         ,,;  ^_f,    j,,;.^  ^ ,,  ^,,    ,,.,'• 

.'^l^f  lf!?fWf«  infbt^ed  me,  tjjii^  fome  of  the  north- 
fp&  briii^clws  of  the  MiiTpuri  andi;ipiichern  branches  ot 
the  ^Iv'l'lcn^.have'ii  fcqmniuf^^^  other, 

except  for  a  tTtne^^yerve^ic^fi^^^  their  canoes. 

^4  ij^^'Mfhsic  ^  could  i^ara  from  them,  tii^s  is  the  road 
they,  ;ai:e  wheii  their  wuii^  pau-|ies  make  their  excurfiont 
upon  $iv9,  Pawnees  and  ^y/^na wjie^s,  nauons  inhabi (inif 
^«brai|9hM:1(f  t^llfiCottn  Klvftf     lo  the  eods^ti^ 


74 


e^ihr£R'5  TRAVEtJ. 


hiitoiiglM  to  ^Slivstk  people  it  it  (^{(f^I'MartffralEef  m« 
freqtieBtly  fouiid>a  fpeetcf  of  Root  tifemi)lfiig  hdman  be. 
tngbof  both  fexes,  and  that  thefc  are  fnot^  perftSi 
ihiMi  fuch  as  are  dUcovered  about  the  KHe  Hi  Nether- 
Ethiopia. 

A  little  to  the  north  weft  of  the  heads  of  the  Miflburi 
and  St.  Pierre,  the  Indians  further  told  me,  that  there  was 
a  nation  rather  fmaller  and  whiter  than  the  neighboring 
tiibes,  who  cultiirate  tbetr  greand,  and  (as ^r as  I  eonid 
gather  from  their  expreffiohs)  -n  fome  meafure  the  arts. 
To  this  account  they  added  that  fome  of  the  nations 
v.hn  inhabit  thofe  parts  that  He  to  the  weft  of^the  Shin, 
ing  Mountains^  hare  gold  fo  plenty  among  dierti  that 
they  mUke  their  moft  common  utenfils  of  it;  Thefe 
moantatos  (which.  I  (hall  defcribe  more  particularly 
hereafter)  diride  die  waters  that  fall  into  the  South^Sea 
from  thofe  that  run  into  the  Atlantic. 

The  people  dwelling  aear  them  are  fvppofed  to  be 
fome  of  the  different  tribea  that  irere  tribatarj^  to  the 
Mexican  kings,  and  who  fled  from  their  lUtiTe  country, 
to  feek  an  aflylum  in  thefe  parts,  about  the  time  of  the 
*;€pnqueil  of  Mexico  by  the  Spaniards,  more  Utan  two 
centuries  ago. 

Af  fome  con  Srisiation  of  this  fuppo  Ation,  it  is  rcniark- 
ed,  Uiat  they  have  cHofen  the  moft;  interior  paits  for 
their,  retreat  being  (lill  preptsiffefled  with  the  notion  that 
the  fea  coaftt  have  been  infefted  ever  (ince  with  mon* 
fters  vomiting  fire,  and  hurling  abOttt  thunder  and  light- 
ning ;  from  whofe  bowets  IfTued  men,  who  with  unleen 
inflrumentSj  or  by  the  power  of  magib,  kiKed  the  harm- 
lefs  Indians  at  an  aftonifiiing  diftance.  From  ftich  as 
thefe,  their  forefathers  (according*  to  a  tradition  ameng 
them  ihatftili  remains  unimpaired),  fled  to  the  retired 
abodes  they  now  inhabit.  For  ai  they  found  that  the 
floating»monfters,  which  had  thus  .terrtned  (hem  could 
not  approach  the  land,  and  that  thofe  w1k>  had  defcend- 
ed  from  their  (ides  did  not  care  to  make  exCurfio&s  to 
any  confiderable  diftance  from  them,  they  formed  a  res- 
olution tq  betake  thettfelTes  to  fomec9untry,  that  lay 
from  the  fea  coafts,  where  only  ^ey  could  be  fecure 
from  fuch  diabolical  enemies.    They  accinrdiiigly  fet 


0A&VER!3  TRAVELS. 


!t1 


Mt  with  their  fiimiliesy  and  afcer  a  long  peregrination* 
fettled  themfeUes  near  the(e  moantains,  where  they  con«t 
eluded  thejr  had  found  a  place  of  perfe^  fecaritf. 

The  Winnebagoesy,  dwelHog  on  theFux  RiTer(whom 
thave  already  treated  of)  are  likewife  fuppofed  to  be 
fome  ftroUing  band  from  the  Mexican  countries.  But 
they  are  able  to  give  only  an  imperfed  account  of  their 
original, r...tdeoc^.  'll^ey  fay  they  formerly  came  a 
great  way  from  the  weft  waird,  and  were  driven  by  wars 
totalm  fefage  among  the  Nando weflae?  ;  but  as  thc^ 
are  entirely  ignorant  St  the  arts,  or  ofih^  value  of  gold» 
it  is  rather  to  be  fnppofed>  that  they  were  driven  ii  am 
their  ainoient  fettleniients  by  the  above  mentlotied  emi- 
grants, as  they  paiTed  on  towards  their  prefent  habita* 
tion. 

11ie(e  fuppofitions^  however,  may  want  conftrmation; 
for  the  fmaller  tribes  of  Indians  are  fubje^  to  fuch  va- 
k^ious  alterations  in  their  places  of  abode,  frt'tn  the  wars 
they  are  continually  enraged  in.  that  it  is  almoil  impof- 
fible  t^  afcertaini  after  haUf  a  century,  the  original  fitu* 
ation  of  any  of  tfaem« 

That  range  of  mountains,  of  which  the  Shining  Moun- 
tains are  a  j^art,  begins  at  Mexico,  and  continuing  north- 
ward, on  the  back  or  to  the  caft  of  California,  feparate 
the  waters  ot  thofe  uumercus  rivers  that  fall  either  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  the  Gulf  of  California.  From 
thence  continuing  theirceurfe ftill  northward,  between 
the  (btircesef  the  Midllippl  and  the  rivera  that  run  int$ 
the  South  Sea,  they  appear  to  end  in  about  fort}  fevm 
or  forty  eight  degrees  of  north  latirade  ;  where  a  num- 
ber of  rivers  2trife,  and  empty  themfelves  either  into  the 
South  Sea,  into  Hudfon's  Bay,  or  into  the  waters  that 
«ommttmcate  between  thefe  two  feas 

Among  thefe  mountains,  thofe  that  lie  to  the  wed  of 
the  Hi^er  St.  Pierre,  are  called  the  Shining  MountainH 
firom  an  infinite  number  of  chryftal  ftones,  ot  an  ama<* 
iog  (ize,  with  which  they  are  covered,  and  which,  whea 
the  fuB  (hines  full  upon  them,fparkle  fo  as  tc  be  f«en  at 
H  very  great  diftanee. 

This  extraordinary  range  of  moumatns  it  calculated 
It  be  aore  Uian  three  thoufaad  nUei  io  lengthi  witl^c 

of 


I'i'i 


1$ 


caWkr's  i-Ka-Vei:^; 


ftny * vftf  confierable  intcrVa^,  nvhfch^  I  bfeliev. 
any  thing  of  th^  kiddie  the  'other  qifarter*  of  t 
Pioliably  iri  futisre  jigCs  thejr  maf  be  foiittd  te  cohtain 
ibore  ridies  in  their  bbWek,  than  thdfb  <:»£  Ittrdofta^  and 
Malabar,  6t  that  ar6prodcrce(f  on  i!he>*  golden  cddft  ojf 
Guinea  j  nor  will  I  except  eve^  tlie  Perumn  nlitiesi 
To  the '^eft  of  thefei)aonntain8,wbcin  explored  by  fu. 
tare  CoIuhiibuiVs  or  Raleighs,  ihaj  be  fouiraothet^  lakes, 
yivers;  and  eountries,  full:  i^aught  Di^ith  klfthb  nf^cefTanes 
•r  luxilriei,of  life ;  and  where  ftf^tiire  feehetatibns'fnay 
find , ant  atr^fluni,  Whtther^dnTeti  ffd#th«ir  tbMnti^  by 
the  ravate  of  lawWfs  t^^rantii  Or  b^  '  rel}glbus;'pei»fecu. 
tioni.  Of  Tel»ftirntly  Saving  it  toreirtfedytite  ititfojiveiileni 
c'es'  afiiing  from  a  raperabutidant  mtreiifi^  bfinhabttants; 
whether,  I  lay,  impelled  by  thele,  or  allured  bj  hopes  of 
tcmmerciaradVancages,  theie  is  little' -dbiibt  but  their 
exp^(*tations  ilc'tll'b^  tally  graiMed  in  thefe  rich  aftd  un« 
exhauQed  cliihe8._  \   '.'  ;-■■,-"■•'■■■   ^'-•::  :?^:->j'^*I:*.,,v^:" 

Bat  to  return  to  the  /.(Bhipoilt  and  Killiftiiiocsi  whoxi 
i1el"t  at  the  Gran  J  Portagci  aitd  from  whozti  I  receiTe4 
the  foregoing  account  of  tne  lakes  that  lie  to' the  north 
%^ eft  of  this  place;  '  -<  '^•' 

The  ti'aders  we  eXpe^ed  being  late?  thi&  feifon  than 
uiual,  and  pur  nuinbers  very  confiderable,  for  there 
were  more  than  three  hunfired  of  us,  th^  ttoick^  of  pj-o- 
virionsw^hAd  brought  with  lis  WaJi  nearly  exhanfted, 
iiiM  we  waited  with  inrtputtence  for  their  artiral. 

One  cfajT,  whiH  ^i(  Were  all  expreffin^  our  wiOtei  for 


tl;eririibU6veht,'Hnd  looking  from  aii  em^t^nc^  in 
liiapeiof  feeing  thena  coiti^  ^rter  the  Ikke,  the  chief  pi  ieft 
belonging  io  tne  bAttd  of  Kriliffinoes,  tol^  tis,  thit  h« 
^ould  end^avbr  to  bbtam  a  confcrieflifee  with  the 
Grejsit  Spirit,  and  know  from  him  whien  the  trader* 
woiild  ari^ive.  ""i  paid  little  attention  to  thisdeclaration, 
ftigpofnig  that  it  woujd  be  prod  active  of  foniejjt§gling 
tlltki  juii  fiiffic?etttiy  covered  to  dec^iye  the  ignorant 
iiicJiHns.  But  the  kUij|^(MF  that  u\^  tetttrig  mp'tfiat  this 
was  chiefly  tihdenakcnT)y  th^prielt^  to  alleviate  my  ^nx- 
i«;cy,^d  at  the  fame  time  to  convince  me  how  niiich'  in- 

•rep^'he  had  v{itli  fee  Great  spirit,  1  thought  it  Btc.eJt 

ly  to  VcRrain  iny'att«h*dV^ljom  Ofi  h 


cutviHR's  tkArx  LS. 


n 


ThefoUo^ring  evening  Wa»; fixed  upon  for  this  fpiriN 
ttad  conference.  When  tvcry  thing  had  been  pro}je,rly 
prepared,  the  fciii^  came  to^neatid  led  me  to  a  capacious 
tent,  the  covering  of  w^iich  was  dniwa  lip,  To  as  to  ren- 
der what  was  tranfa<Slirtg  wiihiri,  vil:ible  to  thofo  who 
flood  witbooie.  .We  fbuiidi  the  tent  funoandbd  by  » 
great  namberiofthe'' Indians,  but  we  reuiily  gairted  ad" 
mi(&m,  aad  feaited  osiiielves  on  flcins  laid  on  the  ground 
for  that  porpofe   ; 

i^In  the  centre  Ivcjbfervtdthat  thsre  was  a  place  of  an 
eblongiliape,<whiclr  was^  compdfed  of  ftaiieslluck  in  the 
groundi  ^'ith  inter vals' betwseeii,  fo  as; to  form  a>  kind  of 
eheft'  or  cpmn/kirge  enough  to  contain  the  body  of^ 
madi  'Thtfb  were  of  a  middle  fize,  and  placed  atiuch: 
a  diftaaic^e  froni  each  oibari  that  vrhatev^erlajr^  within 
t^til  was  readily  difcerned.  The  tent  was  perfe<n:ly  iU 
lominated  by  4  great  nnmber  of  torchei  made  of  fplint* 
el's  cut  from  the  pirie  or  birch  tree,  which  the  Indiana 
held;  iu  their  hands..        '    ./  ,  .  ^ 

Inn  few  mitimes  the  pilieJl  entored  ;  ^hea  an  amaa* 
inglai^ge«lk'^5  (kia  heihg  fpt«ad*onJlht  ground,  juft  at 
mf  femti  he  laid  hinifelf  down  i^6h  it,  after  having- 
ftript  himfdf'of  every  gami&nt  except'  that  which  he 
wore  clofe  about  his  middle.  Being  now  proflrate  on 
His  bsck^  hd'&i'ft  lu^  hoidon  one  fide  of  the  ikta,  and 
f«ldeii  k  over  'bimi  and'  then  the  other ;  leaving  Only 
hifr'hcad  tincoye«-d>d.  -Tliis  was  Wo  fooner  done,  than 
i'm^iahb  youftg  men  who  ftoo^i  by,^ookJ-  aboui  forty 
yards  of  ftrdpg  corii^^  made  alfo  of  m'>  «lk^s  hide,  aod 
rolled  it  tight  round  his  body^  fo  that  he  wals  completd* 
ly  fwathed  wiibln  rhe  ikift  Being  thu*  bound  up  like 
an^  Egyptian  Mammy,  6ne  toe  k  >rm  by  the  heels,  and 
die  otber  by  villts  hricfl  and  Hfted  him  over  the  pales  into 
tlie*nclofiirei  I  eotiltl  al*f'f  now  disceni  kitti  as  plain  as  I 
had  hitherto  doueisti^d  I  toolc  Care  not  to  turn  my  eye» 
iittioaseiit  frdni' the  obji^^ft  before  me,  that  I  luight'ihe 
Hbre  readily  d^tedl the ^uidce;  for  foch  I  doabted  noc 
blitthat  it  WdttldttU^  out  tootle. 

1^6  pHoft'had'nOc  lahi  intiiis  fituatibti  more  than  «> 
fewfecT&rt^,  W»iyrt^lie>be^an'»tnittten  This  he  don* 
th(m6d4d»1£^  for  htdt  •tioitti  >aiiid  di^'  by  d^gv^w  gteir 


i 

1 

1 

ii'w 

i 

f 

mm 

fi  i''r)il7Slil 

m 

I'inlii 

Ri 

1 

%6 


t.\KVM*^  TRAVELS. 


louder  and  louder,  till  at  length  he  fpoke  irtieiilately  \ 
however,  what  he  uttered  was  in  fuch  a  mixed  jargon 
of  the  Chipewi^y,  Ottowaw,  and  Rtiliftinoe  languages^ 
that  I  could  underftand  but  vety  little  of  it.  Having 
continued  in  this  tone  for  a  confiderable  while,  he  at  lalt 
exerted  his  voice  to  its  u  rnoft  pitch,  (omettaics  raving, 
and  fometimes  praying,  till  he  had  worked  himfeU  into 
iuch  an  agitation,  that  he  foamed  at  bis  mouth*. 

After  having  remained  neat- three  ^Barters  of  an  hour 
in  the  place,  and  continued  his  vociferation  with  unaba> 
ted  vigor,  he  feemed  to  be  quite  ethaufted»  and  remain* 
ed  fpeechlefs.  Bat  in  an  inftant  he  fprung  upon  his  feet, 
Aotwi^hiianding  at  the  time  he  was  put  in^  tt  appeared  im> 
poffible  for  him  to  moveeither  hit  legs  or  arms,  and  iW 
king  ofiThis  covering,  as  quick  as  if  the  bands  with  which 
it  had  been  bound  were  burned  afunder,  he  began  to  ad* 
idrefs  thofe  who  ftood  around,  in  aBrm  and  audible  voices 
**  My  brothers,"  faiJ  he,  **  the  Great  Spirit  has  deigned 
to  hold  a  talk  with  his  ferrant,  at  my  earneft  requeft. 
He  has  not,  indeed,  told  me  when  the  perfohs  we  erped^ 
will  be  here ;  but  to  morrow,  foon  after  the  fun  hai 
reached  his  higheft  point  in  the  heavens,  a  cano^  will  ar* 
rive,  and  the  people  in  that  will  inform  ui  when  the  tra> 
tders  will  come."  ^ 

Having  {aid  this  he  ftepped  otit  of  the  CBcIofure,  and 
after  he  had  put  on  his  robes,  difmilFed  the  aifembly.  1 
own  I  was  greatly  aftoniiied  tt  what  I  had  ften  i  but 
as  I  obferved  that  every  eye  in  the  company  was  fixed 
on  me  with  a  vitT  to  difcover  my  fentimeatS)  I  carefuU 
ly  concealed  every  emotion. 

The  next  day  the  f«n  (hone  bright,  tod  long  before 
tK>on  all  the  InJiani  were  gathered  together  on  the  em* 
inence  that  overlooked  tlie  lake.  The  old  king  came  to 
me  and  afked  me,  whether  1  had  fo  much  confidence 
in  what  the  prieft  had  ioreCbld,  at  to  join  his  people  on 
the  hilly  and  wait  for  the  completion  of  it  t  I  told  him 
1  was  at  a  lof*  what  opinion  to  form  of  the  pTedi^ion» 
but  that  I  would  readily  attesdliiffl.  On  tliis  we  walk* 
wd  together  to  the  place  where  the  others  were  aflbm* 
bled.  Every  eve  was  again  fixed  by  turns  on  me  and 
fm  the  hike  j  w&eo  juft  at  the  Ion  bad  reached  hit  i«* 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


St 


lith,  agreda^  to  whit  the  prieft  had  £9retold,  a  cande 
came  aroand  a  point  of  iartd  about  a  leage  did mt-  i  lit 
Jndians  no  fooner  beheld  it  than  they  fet  up  an  univerfal 
(hottt,  and  hy  their  look5  Teemed  to  triumph  in  the 
intereft  tfieir  prieft  thus  evidently  had  with  the  Greae 
[Spirit  u 

In  lefs  than  ah  hour  the  canoe  reached  the  fliore,  when 
1 1  attended  the  king  and  chiefs  to  receive  thbfe.  who  were 
on  board.     As  Toon  as  tVte  men  were  landed,  we  walk- 
ed all  together  to  the  V<n^*s  teiit,  when,  accorcUng  to 
tiicir  invariable  cuftom,   we  began  to  iVnoke  ;  ^d  this 
we  did,  notwithOaoding  our  imt>atience  to  know  the  ti« 
din^  thefbrougl*!,  without  alking  an/  queAions  ;  for 
the  Indians  are  the  moll  deliberate  people  in  the  world. 
However,  after  fome  trivial  conYeiiationt  the  king  len* 
quired  of  them,  whether  they  had  feen  any  thing  of  the 
traders  ?  The  men  replied,  that  they  had  parted  from 
them  a  few  days  before,  and  that  they  propofed  being 
Ihere  the  fb:ond  day  frem  the  prefent.  <■  They  aocording* 
m  arrived  at  that  time  greatly  to  ont  fatisfa^ion,  but 
Imore  particularly  fo  to  that  of  the  todiant,  who  found 
[by  this  event  the  importance  both  of  their  jprieft  and 
lof  their  nation,  greatly  augmented  in  th^  ught  of  a 
|(lr<inger« 

This  ftory  1  acknowledge  appears  to  carry  with  it 
[marks  of  credulity  in-  the  relator.  But  no  one  is  iefs 
Itindlurei  with  that  weak neTs  than  myfelf.  The  cir« 
Icumftances  of.it  I  owti  are  of  a  very  extraordinary 
[nature  ;  however  as  I  can  veuch  for  their  beiig  free 
from  either  exaggeration  or  roifreprefentation  being  my* 
Ifelf  a  cool  and  difpafliroate  obferver  ef  them  all,  I 
Ithought  it  neceiTiry  to  give  them  to  the  public.  And 
Ithis  I  do  without  wifhing  to  miflead  the  judgment  of  iny 
Ireaders,  or  to  make  any  mperftitious  impreiions  on  their 
|iiinds,but  leaving  thcm-to  draw  from  it  what  concluftoos 
I  they  p!e:^fe.  ^-Vf     • 

I  h.4ve  already  ebferved  that  the  Aifinipoilst  with  a 

jfirl  of  whom  I  met  here,  are  a  revolted  band  of  the 

INaudowelfies  }  who  on  account  of  fome  re^l  or  imagin- 

led  grievances,  for  the  Indians  in  general  are  veiy  le* 

naciotts  of  their  liberty,  had  feparated  tliemfches  from 


l!','. 


^t 


CARVERfS  TRAVELS. 


their  count fymeai  and  fbught for  freedom! at  the  ex. 
jjence  of  their  eai«.  For  the  tountry  they  now  inhabit 
albout  the  bord«n-s  of  Lake  Winnepeek»  being  much 
further  north,  is  not  To  fertile  or  agreeable  as  that  they  '| 
have  relinqmlhcd-  They  Rill  retain  the  language  and 
manners  of  their  former  aifociates. 

The  KiUi(Unoes>  now  the  neighbors  and  allies  of  thi 
Airinipovls)  for  they  alfo  dwell  near  the  fame  lake,  and 
on  the  waters  of  the  River  Uourbon,  appear  to  have 
been  offlfiiually  a  tribe  of  tha  Chip?ways,  as  they  fpealc 
tlieir  Upi||uage,  though  in  adifForentdialetfl.  Their  na- 
tion conhfts  of  about  three  or  four  hundred  warriors, 
and  tliey  fiJem  to  be  a  hardy^  brave  people  I  hav»  al. 
ready  giyfed  an  account  of  their  country  when  I  treated 
of  Laie  Winnef^ek.  A«  they  refide  within  the  lim. 
its  of  I^udAn'a  Bay*  they  generally  trade  at  the  fafto- 
»ie«  whitih  belong  to  that  company,  but  for  the  reafpni 
ipciJlJbnei  betwre,  they  fteiqueatly  come  to  the  place 
whe#e  I  happened  tojoiitthemi  in  order  to  m?^  the 
traders  from  Michillioiackinac. 

The  anxiety  I  haJ  felt  on  account  of  thfttr^id^rs'  de« 
lay,  was  wot  much  alleviuted  by  their  arrival.     I  again 
foitnd  my  etp«<aations  dilappointedi  for  I  was^  not  abl«  I 
to  procure  the  goods  I  wanted  frcm  aay  of  ihem.     1 1 
wai  (herrFore  oblieed  to  give  over  my  defigns,  and  re- 
tuln  to  the  place  from  whence  I  firft  begt^n  my  extenfive  I 
circuit;     I  accordingly<to6k  leave  of  the  old  king  of 
tht  Killiftinoes,  with  the  chiefs  of  both  bands,  and  de. 
parted*     This  prince  was  upwards,  of  fixty  years  of  I 
age,  tiill  iVid  flightly  made,  but  he  cajried  himfelf  very! 
fH-^.      He   was    of   a   courteouii  affable  difpofition,! 
atiU  treated  met  at  did  kll  the  chiefs,  with  great  ci. 
vilitf. 

I  oh{@Tve<i  that  this  people  ftill  continued  a  cuftoniJ 
tliftt  appeared  to  have  been  univerfAl  before  ^^ny  of  them 
became  acquainted  with  the  manners  of  tlie  Europeans,! 
,that  of  <romp)i  minting  ft  rangers  with  the  company  of  I 
their'  wfVes  (*  and  this  is  not  only  pra<5kifcd  by  the  lower 
ranks,  but  by   the^chitfs   themiHves,  who  ^eftecm  ic 
thl^gr^afell  proof  of  courtefy  they  can  give  a  ftranger. 
•    'ihe    be2inning»?<?f  ,Ov^ober.;  after 'having  coalled 


CARVER'S  TRAVEL&i 


•3 


round  the  north  aiid  eaft  feorJers  of  Lake  Soperior,  I 
irrived  at  Cadot'si  Fort  which  adjoins  to  the  Falls  of 
St  Marie,  and  is  iituated  ne^j:  the  f()uth  w.e(V  icoraef 
Iff  it.  ^  ...v. 

Lake  Superior,  formerly  termed  the  Upp9r  Lake, 
Ifrom  its  northern  fituationyis  fo  called  on  account <^fjti 
[being  fuperior  in  magnitude  to  any  of  the  Lakes  on  that 
[Tad  continent.  It  might  juftly  be  termod  the  Cafpi<n% 
jof  America*  and  is  fuppoled  to  be  the  largeft  body  of 
Ifrefh  waiter t)n  the  globs.  Its  circumference,  according 
Ito  ihe  French  charts,  is  about  fifiten  hundred.  n^Jp;  but 
11  believe,  that  if  it  was  cokfted  round,  and.  the  Htmoft 
Uxtentof  every  i>ay  taken,  it  would  exceed  (ixttiea.bua- 
|<ired..' 

After  I  entered  it  from  GoddardV  River  on  the.  Weft 
ly,.  1-  coafted  near  twelve  hundred  roilcs  of  the  north 
md  eaft  flaorci  of  it,  and  obfervei  that  the  greateft  part 
that  ex  ten  five  tra^  was  bounded  by  rocks  and  une- 
len  ground;  Ihe  water  in  general  apfjeared  to  lie  on 
bed  of  ro^ks.  Whenit  wascalxPi  uodithe  fun  ihone 
right,  I  coulkl  fit  in  my  canoc),  where  the  depth  was  up* 
ir^ids  of  tJx^atliooQii,  and  plain /.y  fee  huge  piles  of 
bneat  the  kiat-tom*  of  diffvrent  fliapcs,  fome  of  wliich 
ippeaued  as.  if  they  were  hewn.  '1  he  watt»r  at  this  tii7\o 
rasas  pi^re  and  tranfparent  as  air }  and  my  canoe  {^tuni 
as  if  it  hung  fufpended  in  that  element.  It  wa^  in* 
pofllble  to  look  attentively  through  this  limpid  medium 
?ihe  rocks  bei^w,lWttliop«  findiDg,before  many  nmiu^.s 
re  elapfed*  yOUr  betid  (Wim»  and  your  eyes  no  Jpngtit 
^bktobekold.lH^  djaziiing  fcene,     .  .,  ^; 

1  difcQver<Jd'«ifo  by  ac;cidein.t  auother  exttaordir<aj:y 
roperiy  tn  tlie  waUjr*  of  this  Isikfi'  I  hough  tr  'ai  in 
raoulh  of  July  that  1  pai1'<:d  over  h,  *nd  tbo  luifa««5 
ttf  the  water  from  the  heat  of  the  fuperan^bieot  air,  im- 
pwgoated  witJi  no  Imall  degree  of  M?H«mth»  yet  onitTiii^g 
iowrt  a  cupi  to  the  depth  oti  aliout  afacbxufi.'  thtj 
iter  drawn  fiorn  therxccwas, fa  exfeCjirn^ly  cold»  that  it 
^id  tlie  fame  efl'cttSk  when  lecelved  inton  ihe  mi'VtU  M 

Tt*elkuatiQttoj6tiiiKi>Jce  is  variowflr '^^J  iht*n  ;  bui 
rosi  ihe  mod  em£^  ob&rv4UQnsi  X  c,Quic  k'^ke,  it  iiee 


■A'J^:' 


w 


H 


CAJftVER'3  TRAVELS. 


between  foirtX'iix  and  fifty  degrees  of  nortb  lattitiid^j 
and  betvieen  eighty  fbor  and  ninety  three  degrees  of  w^i) 
longituder front' the  meridtan  of  London. 

There  are  many  iflands  in  this  lake,  two  of  which  ar()| 
rery  large ;  and  if  the  land  of  them  is  proper  for  cuUi* 
▼ation,  mer'2  appears  to  be  fofficient  to  form  on  each  i  I 
eonfiderable  province ;  efpecially  on  Ifle  Reyal»  which 
cannot  be  lefs  than  an  hundred  miles  lengt  and  in  many 
places  forty  broad.     But  theie  is  noway  at  prefent  m 
nfcer^ning  the  ezaA  length  or 'breadth  of  either.  Even! 
the  lflKh»  who  always  kept  a  fmall  fchooner  on  thiil 


ryuninj 


ikke,  whilft  they  were  in  poiurffion  of  Canada^  by  which 
tbeytcould  have  made  this  difcoter> ,  have  only  acquired  I 
a  flight  knowledge  of  the  external  parts  of  the^e  iflands )[ 
at  icaft  they  have  never  publiflied  any  accou^^t  •f  xhA 
internal  parts  of  heiii»  that  I  could  get  any  totelli:[ 
igence  of. 

Nor  was  1  able  to  -dtftciV^  firom  any  of  the  converfail 
tions  which  I  Md  whh  the  neighboring  Indians,  tkatl 
they  had  ever  made  aoy  f«ttltments  on  them*  or  eriiil 
landed  there  in  their  hmiting  eseurfions.  From  what  if 
could  gather  by  thehr  difooorfe,  they  fuppofe  them  tol 
liave  been*  from  the  firft  Tonnationi  the  rendence  of  tlie| 
Great  Spirit  i  aitd  relate  tntny  ridieukms  ftories  of  en> 
chantment  andmaeical  tricks  that  had  been  ezperiencedl 
hj  fuch  as  were  obhgcd  ifat oagh  ftrefs  of  weather  to  tab| 
writer  on  them. 

One  of  the  Ckipeway  chiefs  idd  in^,  that  fome 
their  people  being  once  driven  An  an  ifland  of  Maurd^j 
pas,  which  lies  towards  the  north  eaft  part  of  the  lake 
tound  on  k  large  <)na&tities  of  a  heavy,  fliinitig,  yeUovj 
fand,  tba^  from  their  dtfcription  muft  have  Men  gold 
dnil.     Being  flruck  with  the  beautifbl  appearance  of  it,| 
to  the  mornrngt  whira  they  reentered  their  canoe,  chey 
mttempted  tm  bring  (boe  away ;  but  a  ipirit  of  an  amaz«| 
icig  fixe,  according  to  llieir  account,  fixty  feet  in  height,| 
ftrode  in  the  water  after  then,  and  comir-T^ded  t ht  m  id 
ddiver  ba<k  wlhit  they  bad  taken  alVi./.    Tcrruitd  a^ 
his  gigantic  fiature,  uid  ftfein^;  that  he  had  nearly  oveN 
taken  them,  they  were  glad  to  reftore  their  fliining  treafj 
tKt  I  on  whisb  ihty  weit  initred  to  depart  wftbeat  im 


CARVER'  SPRAVfiLS. 


»5 


ler  moleftation*     Siuce  this  incident,  no  Indian  th;:  t 
ias  e?€fr  heard  of  it,  will  venture  near  the  fame  haunted 
jcoaft.     Betides  this,  they  recounted  to  tne  many  other 
lories  &(  thefe  illands,  equaiiv  fabulous.  ~ 
The  country  on  the  north  and  eall  parts  of  Lake  Su- 
trior  is  very  moautainous  .ind  barren      The  weather 
being  intenfeiy  cold  in  the  winter,  and  the  fun  having 
but  little  power  in  the  fummer,  vegetation  there  is  very 
Ijw  ;  and  confequently  but  littHe  fruit  is  to  be  found  on 
lits  (bore.  It  howevei  producei^  forme  few  fpecies  ingreat 
ibundance.     Whortleberries^ of  an  unconmnon^'^  «j  and 
ine  flavor,   grow  on  the  mountains  near  the  I;i.»e  in  a. 
uzing  quantities ;  as  do  black  currants  and  gociberrics 
the  fame  luxuriant  tnanuer- 

But  the  fruit  which  exceeds  all  the  others,  is  a:.beriy 
Irefembling  a  rafberry  in  its  manner  cf  giowtb,  but  of  a 
lighter  red»  and  much  larger  ;  itstalte  h  {ht  R^:oie  deli- 
cious than  the  fruit  I  have  compared  it  to.noiwithUar.d* 
|.ing  that  it  js  fo  highly  elteemtd  in  Europe  :  it  grcKs  on 
a  Ihrub  of  the  nature  of  a  vine,  with  leaves  fimilar  to 
that  of  the  grape  and  I  am  perfuadcd  tliat  vas  ittranf- 
j)]anted  into  a  warmer  andiriore  kindly  climate,  iiuould 
[prove  a  moft  rare  and  deliciouliitzft. 

Two  very  large  river*  empty  tlnemfelves  into  this 
Make,  on  the  north  and  north  eail  fide ;  rne  is  called  the 
jNipegon  River,  or,  as  the  French  pronounce  it.  ^lia- 
nipegon.  which  leads  to  a  band  of  the  Chipewayg  in* 
jhabiting  a  lake  of  the  fame  niime,  and  the  other  is  reim- 
Ud  the  Michipicooton  Kiver,  the  fource  of  which  is  fit- 
Itiated  towards  Jaqps'  Bay,  fiom  whence  there  i.s  but  a 
[ftor:  csirriage  to  another  river,  which  empties  iifelf  into 
that  bay,  at  a  fort  belonging  *o  the  company.  It  was 
\hj  this  paHTige  that  a  party  cf  French  from  Michilli- 
[mackinac,  invaded  the  fettlements  of  that  focirty  in  tlie 
[reign  of  q'leen  Anne.  Having  taken  and  dellroytd 
Itheir  forts,  they  brought  the  cannon  which  they  fourd 
|in  them  to  the  fortrefs  from  wlence  ihty  had  iflued; 
thefe  were  fmall  brafi  pieces,  and  remain  there  to  the 
)refent  lime ;  having,  ihrouj?,h  the  ufual  revolut'oiss  of 
fortune,  rt turned  to  the  pcilffion  of  ilieir  forcer  maf- 
t<frs* 

M 


;' 


■^'^lll'il 


1  {■'>' 


s^ 


OARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


Not  far  from  the  Nipegon  is  a  fmall  riTcr,  that  juft 
before  it  enters  the  lake^  nasa  p«-pendiciilar  fatl  from 
the  top  of  a  mountain,  of  more  than  iix  hundred  feet. 
Being  Tery  narrow,  it  appears  at  a  diilance  irke  a  white! 
garter  fufpendcd  in  the  air. 

A  lew  Indians  inhabit  round  the  eaftem  borders  of  I 
•this  lake,  fuppofed  to  be  the  remains  of  the  AlgonkiosJ 
who  formerly  pofleffed  this  country,  but  who  have  been 
nearly  extirpated  by  the  Iroquois  of  Canada.     L&ke  Su'  I 
petio]rhas  near  forty  rivers  that  fall  into  it,  fome  of  I 
whid   le  of  confiderable  fize.     On  the  fouth  fide  of  it  I 
is  a  re.^arkable  point  or  cape,  of  about  fi&ty  miles  in| 
length,  called  Point  Chegoroegan.     It  might  as  prop, 
erly  be  termed  a  peninfuU,  as  it  is  nearly  fepara'ted  froni 
the  continent,  on  the  eaft  fide,  by  a  narrow  bay  that  ex. 
tends  from  eaH:  to  weft.     Canoes  have  but  a  ^ort  por. 
tage  acrofs  the  iflhmus,  whereas  if  ihey  coaft  it  round,] 
the  voyage  is  more  than  an  hundred  miles. 

About  that  difUnce  to  the  weft  of  the  cape  juft  d^| 
fcribed,  a  confiderable  river  falls  into  thrlake,  the  head 
of  which  is  compofed  of  a^great  aireroblage  of  fmall 
ftreams.  Ihis  river  is^emarkable  for  the  abundAnnl 
of  virgin  copper  that  is'ound  on  and  near  its  banks.  aI 
metal  which  is  met  with  alfo  in  feveral  other  places  onl 
this  ccaft.  I  obferved  that  many  of  the  fmall  iflandt,! 
particularly  thofe  on  the  eaftern  (hores,  were  coveredl 
with  copper  ore.  'i  hey  appeared  like  beds  of  copperai,| 
of  which  many  tons  lay  in  a  fmall  fpace. 

A  company  of  adventuierb  from  England  began,  foonl 
after  the  conqueft  of  Canada,  toeing  away  fome  ofl 
this  metal,  but  the  diftra^ed  fituation  of  affairs  in  Amer'l 
ica  has  obliged  them  to  rtflin^uifh  their  fcheme  It  mightl 
in  future  time  ^  be'r  r\de  a  very  advantageous  thide,  ail 
the  n^ctnl,  whi  h  colts  nothinjp^  on  the  fpot,  and  requiieil 
but  little  expe»  u  to  get  it  on  ooard, could  be  conveyed  inl 
boats  or  canoes  diiough  the  falls  of  St.  Marie,  to  the  lild 
of  St.  Jofeph/which  lies  at  the  bottom  of  the  Straittl 
near  the  entrance  into  Lake  Huron ;  from  thence  itl 
might  he  put  on  board  larger  veflels,  and  in  them  tranf«| 
portuJ  acrofs  that  ?ake  to  the  falls  ef  Niagara  i  therel 
bein^  carried  by  land  acrofs  the  portage,  it  might  bf I 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


87 


conveyed  without  mucli  more  obdrut^lon  to  Quebec. 
The  cheapnefs  and  eaie  with  which  any  quantity  of  it 
may  be  procuied»  wiil  make  up  foi'the  length  of  way 
that  is  neceiTary  to  tianfport  it  before  it  reaches  the  Tea 
coaft«  and  enable  the  proprietors  to  fend  it  to  foreign 
larkcts  on  as  good  terms  as  it  can  be  exported  from 
other  countries. 

Lake  Superior  abounds  with  a  yariety  cf  fiflx,  the 
principal  and  bed  are  the  trout  and  tlurgeon,  which  may 
be  caught  at  almoft  any  feafon  in  thegreated  abund- 
ance. The  trottts  in  general  w^igh  about  twclv^jflunds, 
but  fome  are  caught  that  exceed  fifty.  BefiaHr  thcfe, 
afpecies  of  white  fifli  is  taken  in  great  quantities  here, 
that  refemble  ^  (had  in  their  Oiape,  but  they  are  rather 
thicker,  and  lefs  bony ;  they  weigh  about  four  pounds 
each,  and  are  of  a  delicious  tade.  The  bed  way  of 
catching  thefe  fifli  is  with  a  net ;  but  the  trout  might 
be  taken  at  all  times  with  the .  hook.  There  are  ,Mke- 
wife  many  forts  of  fmaller  fifh  in  great  plentyliere,  and 
which  may  be  taken  with  eafe  ;  among  thefe  is  a  fort 
refembling  a  herring*  that  are  generally  m:ide  ufe  of  ac 
a  bait  for  the  troiit  Very  fmali  craburnot  larger  tlua 
half  a  crown  piece,  are  founJ^boih  in  this  and  Like 
Michigan.^ 

l^s  Lak3>i">  as  much  afFcclsd  by  ftorms  as  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  ;  the  w.ives  run  as  hi(f»1i,  and  are  cqliaily 
as  ditngerous  to  fliips  It  difcharges  its  waters  fio:x\ 
the  fnuth  eaft  corner,  through  the  Straits  cf  St.  Mailc 
At  the  upper  end  of  iliefe  biralts  ft.irds  a.fort  that  le- 
ceives  ?ts  name  from  them,  cornnianc^ed  by  Mons,  Ca* 
dot,  a  French  Canvidian,  who  beine:  n>-<)pricloi  of  the 
foil,  is  flill  permitted  to  l-eep  poflfeffion  of  It.  Ne:ir  this 
fort  is  a  very  llroug  rapid,  a.£»aii)ll  which  though  it  is 
impofftble  for  Vtinoes  to  afcenJ,  yet  when  conduced  by 
careful  pilots,  ihey  might  pafs  down  without  danger™ 

Though  Lake  Superior,  as  I  liave  before  obferved,  is 
fupplicd  by  near  forty  rivers,  many  of  wliich  arc  confid- 
erable  ones  ;  yet  it  does  not  appear  that  one  tenth  part 
of  the  waters  which  are  conveyed  into  it  by  thefe  rivers, 
are  carried  ofFat  thi  >  evacuatit  n  How  fuch  a  fupera- 
bundance  of  waters  can  be  difpofed  of,  as  it  mufi  ccr. 


'i  K' 


iri   / 


■4 


n 


CARVER'S  TRAVEI^. 


ealnly  be  by  Come  means  cr  other,  without  which  the 
citcumference  of  the  lake  would  be  continually  enlarg. 
ing,  I  know  not :  t)iat  it  does  not  ennpty  itfeif^  as  the 
Mediterranean  fea  is  fuppofed  to  do>  by  ab  under  cur- 
rent, which  perpetually  counteradls  that  near  the  furface, 
is  certain  ;  for  the  llream  which  falls  over  the  rock  is 
not  mare  than  five  or  fix  feet  in  depth,  and  the  whoit 
of  it  p'dffes  on  through  the  Straits  into  the  adjacent  lake; 
nor  is  it  probable  that  fu  great  a  quantity  can  beabforb* 
ed  by  inhalations  ;  confeqaently  they  tnuii  find  a  paf> 
^^S^  %$0ugh  feme  fubterranean  cavities,  deep,  untatt* 
omable,  and  never  to  be  explored. 

The  falls  of  St  Marie,  do  nut  defcend  perpendicukr* 
ly  as  ihofe  of  Niagara  or  St.  Anthony  do,  but  confift 
of  a  rapid  which  continues  near  three  quarters  of  a  mile> 
over  which  canoes  well  piloted  might  pafs. 

At  the  bottom  of  thefe  fallsj  nature  has  formed  a  moft 
•omniodicus  ftation  for  catching  the  fifli  which  are  to 
he  found  there  in  immenfe  quantities.  Perfons  (land. 
ing  on  the  rocks  that  lie  adjacent  to  ii,  may  take  with 
dipping  nets,  about  the  months  of  September  arid  0(5lo. 
her,  the  white  filh  before,  mentioned  j  at  that  feafon,  to. 
gcnher  wiih  fevcral  other  fpecics,  they  crowd  up  to  thii 
ipot  in  fuch  amaziiig  fli:>als,  that  enough  may  be  taken 
to  fupplf,  when  properly  cured,  thoufands  of  inhabit* 
anis  iliroughout  the  year  * 

i  he  Straits  of  St.  Marie  are  about  forty  miles  long, 
bearing  fouth  eaft,  bul  varying  much  in  their  breadth. 
The  current  betweon  the  falls  and  Lake  Huron  is  not  l'o| 
rapid  as  might  be  expelled,  nor  do  they  prevent  the  nav. 
igation  of  ffiips  of  burden  as  far  up  as  the  Ifland  of  St. 
Jofeph. 

It  has  been  obferved  by  travellers  that  the  entrance 
into  Lake  Superior,  fron^  thefe  ftraits,  affords  one  of  tlie 
moft  pleafing  profpefts  in  the  world.  The  p!aca  in 
whicn  this  might  be  viewed  to  the  greaeft  advantage,  is 
iuft  at  the  opening  of  the  lake,  from  whence  may  be  feeii 
on  the  left,  many  beauiifuMittle  ifl^nds  that  exjend  a 
confiderablc  way  before  70U  ;  apd  on  the  right,  an  a. 
greeable  fucceffioii  of  fmall  points  of  land,  that  pTJeft 
a  little  way  into  the  water,  and  contribute,  with  the  ill- 


OARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


8§ 


ands, .  to  render  this  delightful  bafon  (as  it  might  be 
termed)  calm  and  fecure  from  the  ravages  of  thofe  tern- 
pelluous  i^inds  by  which  the  adjoining  lake  is  frequentl/ 
troubled. 

Lake  Huron,  into  which  yoti  now  enter  from  the 
(traits  of  St.  Marie,  i$  the  next  in  magnitude  to  lake  Su- 
perior.  It  lies  between  forty  two  and  forty  fix  degrees, 
of  north  latittide,  and  feventy  nine  and  eighty  fiVe  de- 
grees of  weft  longitude.  Its  (hape  is  nearly  triiangular, 
aod  its  circumference  about  one  thonfand  miles. 

Oa  the  north  fide  of  it  lies  au  ifland  that  is  reinarka* 
ble  for  being  near  an  hundred  miles  in  length,  and  no 
I  more  than  eight  miles  broad.  This  ifland  is  known  by^ 
the  name  uf  Manataulin,  which  fignifies  a  place  of  fpir- 
its,and  is  ccniidered  by  the  Indians  asfacred  as  thofe  al- 
ready mentioned  in  Lake  Superior. 

About  the  middle  of  the  fouth  weft  fideoF^  this  lake, 

[is  Sagan^aum  bay.     Ihe  capes  that  feparate  this  bay 

I  from  the  lake,  are  eighteen  miles  dtftant  from  €ach  oth« 

I  er ;  near  the  middle  of  the  intermediate  fpag?  ftand  two 

jiflands,  which  greatly  terd  to  facilitate  the  paflage  of  ca- 

noes  and  fmali  vefleU,  by    affording  them  (belter,   as 

without  this  fecurity  it  would  not  be  prudent  to  venture 

acrofs  fo  wide  a  fea;  and  the  coalllng  round  the  bay 

would  make  the  voyage  long  and  tedious,      i  his  bay  is 

about  eighty  miles  in  length,  and  in  general  about 

I  eighteen  or  twenty  miles  broad.   * 

Nearly  half  way   between  Saganaum  B.iy  and  the 

I  north  weft  corner  of  the  Lake,  lies  another,  which  is 

Itemed    1  Bunder  Bay.      I'he  Indiani,  who  have  fte- 

quented  thefe  parts  from  time  immemorial,   and  every 

I  European  traveller  that  has  pailed  through  it,have  unan- 

imoufly  agreed  to  call  it  by  this  name,  on,account  of  the 

continual  thunder  they  have  always  obferved  here.  The 

bay  is  about  nine  miles  broad,  arid  the  fame  in  length, 

and  whilft  I  was  pafSog  over  it,  whidi  took  me  up  near 

twenty  four  hours,  it  thundered  and  lightened  during 

the  greateft  paitof  the  time  to  an  exceffive  degree. 

1  here  appeared  to  be  no  vtfible  realbc  for  this,  that 
I  could  difcover,  nor  is  the  country  in  general  fubjedl: 
{to  thu&der  |»  tlie  hills  tl:at  ftood  atound  were  not  of  a 

h2 


>S'r, 


i'fii 


90 


CARVER'S  tItAVELS. 


■m 


.  temaikabld  height,  neither  did  the  external  parts  of 
them  feem  to  be^ofered  with  any  fulphur^oas  fubftance. 
But  as  ^his  phenoihejion  muft  origtaate>froni  fome  naN 
ur.il  caufe,  I  conjedilre  that  the  (hores  of  the  bay,  or 
the  adjacent  mountains,  are  either  impregnated  with  an 
uncommon  quantity  of  f\ilphurioils  matter,  or  contain 
{oms  metal  or  mineral  apt  to  attrid  in  a  great  degree, 
the  eleflricril  particles  that  are  hourly  borne  over  them 
by  the  palTant  clouds.  But  the  folution  of  this,  and 
tliofe  other  philofophicul  remarks  which  cafually  occur 
t:;roughout  thefe  pages,  Meave  to  the  difcuffion  of  abler 
Leads.  ^         ,       ^ 

•  The  Hfh  in  Lake  Huron  are  mucli  the  fame  as  th^fe 
in  Lake  Superior.  Some  of  the  land  on  its  banks  is 
very  fertile,  and  proper  for  cultivation,  but  in  other 
parts  it  is  fandy  and  barren,  'i'he  promontory  that 
feparaces  this  lake  from  Lake  Michigan,  is  compofed  of 
^A  Tad  plain^upwards  of  a  hundred  miles  k>ng,but  vary* 
ing  in  its  breadth,  being  from  ten  to  fifteen  miles  broad. 
This  tra<5l,^3  t  have  before  obferved,  is  divided  into  al. 
mod  an  equal  portion  between  the  Ottowaw  and  Chip- 
evvay  Indians.  At  the  north  eaft  corner,  this  lake 
has  a  comr\iu<;»tcation  with  Laker  Michigan,by  the  ^traits 
of  Michiiiimjickinac,  already  defciibed.  ^ 

i  had  like  to  have  omitted  a  very  extraordinary  cir* 
cu.iiilancV.',  relaiive  to.thefe  ftraits.  /iccording  to  rb- 
fjrvation,  triade  by  the  French,  whilft  they  were  in  pof- 
feflion  of  the  fort,  although  there  was  no  diurnal  fiood 
or  ebb  to  be  perceived  in  thefe  waters,  yet,  from  an  ex- 
afl  attention  to  Uieir  fl;ate,a  periodic^al  alteration  in  them 
has  been  difcovered.  It  was  obferved  that  they  axofe 
by  gradual,  b^t  almoft  imperceptibfe  degrees  till  they 
had  reached  the  heigiit  of  about  three  feet.  This  was 
accompliH^ed  in  ieven  years  and  a  half;  and  in  the 
fame  fpace  they  gently  decreafed,  till  they  had  reached 
their  former  fituatlon  ;  fo  that  in  fifteen  years  they  had 
completed  th.'s  inexplicable  revolution. 

At  the  time  I  #as  there,  the  truth  of  thefe  obferva- 
tioni  could  not  be  confirmed  by  the  Engli(h,as  they  had 
been  only  a  few*  ye.irs  in  pofleffion  of  the  fort  i  ^nt  they 
all  agreed  that  fome  jiUcration  ia  the  Uoiits  of  the  ftraitf 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS, 


ii 


Wa9  appareht.  All  thefe  lakes  are  fo  affected  by  winds, 
ai  fometimeB  to  have  the  appearance  o^ ^  tide,  accor* 
ding  as  they^  happen  to  blow  ;  but  this  [$  only  tempo- 
rary and  partial. 

A  greae;hamber  of  the  Ghipeway  [ndIaiisliTe/c«ttered 
around  this  lake«  particularly  near  Sagan^iim  Bay.  On 
its  banks  are  found  an  amazing  qaamity  of  (and  cher* 
ties,  and  in  the  adjacent  t!ountry  nearly  the  fauie  frait 
as  thofe  that  grow  about  the  other  lakes.  ' 

From  the  falls  of  St.  Marie  i  leafurly  proceeded  back 
to  Midhillimackinac,  nnd  arrived  there  the  beginning 
of  NoTember  1767,havln^1>een  fourteen  month?  .  this 
extenftve-tour,travclled  near  four  thoafand  mi  '*"  nd  vif* 
ited  twelvenations  of  Indians  lying  tothe  %veft  orth 

of  this  places     1'he  winter  fetting  in  fqon  aftt  ir« 

rivaU  I  ^as  ol^liged  to  tarry  there  till  June  fouowing, 
the  navigation  over  Lake  Huron  for  large  veflels  not  be- 
ing open,  on  account  of  the  ice,  till  that  time.  Meeting 
here  with  fociable  company,  1  paHed  thefe  months 
very  agreeably,  and  without  finding  the  hours  te- 
dious. 

One  of  my  chief  ^mufements  was  that  of  fiHting  for 
trout's.  Though  the  Straits  weie  covered  with  ice,  we 
found  means  to  make  holes  through  it,and  letting  down 
ftrong  lines  of  fifteen  yards  in  lengthi  to  which  were  fix- 
ed three  or  foi^r  hooks  baited  with  the  fmall  fi(h  before 
defcribed,  we  freequently  caught  two  at  a  time  of  forty 
pounds  weight  each  ;  but  the  common  fiye  is  from  ten 
to  twenty  pounds.  Thefe  are  moft  delicious  food.  The 
method  of  preferving  them  during  the  three  months  the 
winter  generally  lafts,  is  by^hanging  them  up  in  the  air 
and  ill  one  night  they  will  be  frozen  fo  hard  that  they 
will  keep  aS  well  as  if  they  were  cured  with  fait.    , 

I  have  only  pointed  ou;  h\  the  plan  of  my  travels  the 
circuit  I  made  from  ledving  Michillrmackinae  till  I  ari 
rived  again  at  the  fort.  Thofe  countries  that  lie  nearer 
the  colonies  have  been  fo  often  andfo  minutely  defcrib* 
ed,  that  any  further  accouat  of  them  would  be  ufelefs. 
I  (hall  therefore  only  give  my  headers  in  the  remainder 
of  my  journal,  as  I  at  tirft  proprfed,  a  defcription  of  the 
other  great  lakes  of  Canada,  many  of  which  I  have 


U:i. 


!'  '  I. 


^. 


iH^  ^4.^2^ 


^V"^a5^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATrON 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


4 

^  .^^^. 


1.0 

I.I 

L25 

1^  Uii    12.2 

Sua  R- 

Pliotograiiiic 

Sciences 

Cbrporation 


^v 


33  WHT  MAIN  STRUT 

WIMTIR.N.Y.  MSM 

(71«)I71-4S03 


A. 


# 


9» 


«:.RVE!t*S  TRAVELS* 


navigated  oyer,  «3id  relate  at  the  fame  time  af^iv  partic» 
,  uiar  incidents  that  I  trait  will  not  be  found  ioap^cable 
or  upintercfting. 

In  June  1768  I  left  Midunin)ackinac,.and;.rQ|arned 
in  the  Gladvryii  Sohooner,  a  yei&l  of  about  <eighty  tons 
burtheut  over  Lake  Huron  to  .  Lake  St*  Claire,  where 
wc  left  the  fliip»  and  proceeded  in  boat*  to  Detroit. 
This  lake  is  about  ninety  miles  in  circumference,  and  by 
the  way  of  Huron  River,  whichruiis  from  the  fouth  corner 
of  Lake  Huron*  reseives  the  watefs  of  the  three  great 
lakes,  Supenpr*  Michigan*  and  Huron*  Its  form  is 
raiher  ronnd,  and  Ui  fome  places  it  is  deep  enough  for 
the  riavigationjof  large  vefi^ls,  hut  towards  the  middle 
of  it,thi;rets  a  bar  of  {and,  which  prevents  thofe  that 
are  loaded  from  pafling  ovef  it.  Such  as  v^e  in  ballad 
only  may  find  water  to  carry  them  quite  through  ;  the 
cargoes,  however,  of  fuch  as  are  freighted  muft  be  taken 
out,  ai\d  after  being  tranfported  acrofs  the  bar  in  bo4ts 
re-fltipped  again. 

The  river  that  runs  from  Lake  St.  Claire  to  Lake  E.^^ 
rlc  (or  rather  Strait,  for  thus  it  migh^  be  termed  from. 
it&  naoie)  is  called  Detroit,  whicn  is  in  French*  the 
Strait  It  runs  nearly  fbuth,  has  a  gentle  current,  and 
depth  of  water  fufficient  for  (hips  or  confiderable  bur- 
then. The  town  of  Detroit  is  fituated  on  the  wefletn 
hanks  of  this  i  iver»  about  nine  roilei  below  '  Lake  St* 
Claire. 

'Almuft  oppofite  on  the  eaftern  (hore»  is  the  iNllage  of 
the  ancient  Hurons  :  a  tribe  of  Indians  which  have 
l)een  treated  of  by  fo  many  writers,  that  adhering  to  the 
reAridions  I  have  laid  myfelf  under  of  only-  delcribing 
places  and  people  little  known,  or  incidents  that  have 
paffed  unnoticed  by  others,  I  (hall  omit  giving  a  defcrip- 
tionofthem.  A  mifCooary  of  the  order  of  Carthu* 
dan  Friars,by  permifllon  of  the  bi(hop  of  Canada,refides< 
among  them,  % 

The  banks  of  die  River  Detroit,  both  above  and  be- 
low thefe  towns,  are  covered  with  fettlemcnts  that  ex- 
tend more  than  twenty  miles  ;  the  country  being  excee- 
dingly fruitful,  and  proper  for  cultivation  of  wheat,  Jn* 
diancorni  oatSiaod  peas,    It  hat  alio  many  fpott  of 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


»r 


fine  paftm  age  ;  but  as  the  inhabiuntSi  ytho  are  chiefif* 
French  that  fabtniued  to  tiie  Jinghlh  g(>verninem»  af* 
ter  the  conqdeft  of  thefe  parts  by  Genet  al  Amher/4» 
are  more  attentive  to  ihtf  IndUn  trade  than  to  farnilngt 
it  is  bftdiy  cultivated^ 

the  town  of  Detroit  contains  upwards  of  one  hun- 
dred how  fes.  The  ftreets  are  fomewhat  regul  ir,  and 
have  a  range  of  very  convenient  and  hanufome  barracki 
with  a  fpacious  parade  at  the  fouth  end.  On  the  weft 
fide  lies  the  king's  gardent  belonging  tu  die  goverrior« 
which  is  very  weil  laid  out,  and  kept  in  good  order* 
llie  fortiBcatfons  of  the  town  confift  of  a  (Irong  ftock* 
ade,  made  of  t  ound  piles,  Bxed  firmly  in  tfie  gtound> 
and  line4  with  palifades.  Thefe  are  defended  by  fome^ 
fmall  ballions,  on  which  are  mounted  i  few  indifferent 
cannon  of  an  inconfidcrable  fi«e,  jud  fuffident  for  it» 
defence  againft  the  Indians,  or  an  enemy  not  provided^ 
with  artillery  *     .      ' 

'I'he  gairlibn  in  time  of  peace,  eonfifts  of  two  hun* 
drcd  men,  commanded  by  a  tidd  officer,  who  adls  a» 
chief  magiftrate  under  the  governor  of  Canada.  Mr. 
Turnbutl,  captain  of  the  6th  regiment,  or  Royal  Amer- 
inns,  wa^  commandant  when  1  happened  to  be  there; 
This  rentlcman  was  defervedly  efteemed  and  refpectedi 
both  by  the  inhabif^nts  and  traders,  for  the  propriety 
of  his  coridu<5t  ;  and  I  am  happy  to  have  an  opportunity 
of  thofi  publicly  making  my  acknowleiJgements  to  bint 
for  the  civilities   I  received  from  him  during  my  ftay* 

Tn  the  year  176'2,  in  the  month  of  July,  it  rained  on  * 
rh*i  icwn  ai^dthe  parts  adjacent,  a  fulphureous  water 
oJr  ihe  color  and  confii^ence  of  ink  i  fome  of  ^Avhicli  beings 
c>?llefted  into  boctleS)  and  wrote  with,  appeared  perfed- 
ly  intelligible  on  ihe  paper  and  anfwc  j  eJ  every  purpoie 
of  t!i:u  ufeful  liquid  .Soon  after,  tha  Inrliaii  wart- 
already  fpoken  of,  broke  out  in  thei'e  parrs-  I  mean 
not  to  iay  that  this  incident  was  omi.ioiu  of  them«  not* 
withtlan^mg  it  is  well  known  that  innumerable  well  at* 
tefied  inQances  of  extraordinary  pheiumei>a  happcnina* 
belurc  extriiordinary  events,  have  been  recorded  in  ai- 
mofl:  every  age  by  hillorun*  of  veracity  ;  I  only  relate 
the  circuradaace  m  a  fa<^)  of  which  !■  was  informed  hf 


1w 


t 


•t* 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


«■ 


xitjuiy  perfons  of  undoubted  probity,  %nd  leaTC  my  read* 
ers,  as  Ihave  hitherto  done,  to  draw  their  own  condu* 
Ci^ns.  from  it.  ;  '  '  # 

Pontiac,  under  whom  the  party  that  fnrprtfed  Fort 
MichilHmackinac>  as  relateci  in  the  former  part  of  this 
iiK>rki  a^ed,  was  an  enterprifing  chief  or  head- warrior 
of  the  Miamies.  During  the  late  war  between  the  £ng* 
l}(kaQd  the  French,,  he  had  been  a  fteady  friend  to  the 
lattejr*  and  continued  his  inveteracy  to  the  former,  even 
after  peace  had  been  concluded  between  thefe  two 
nations.  Unwilling  ta  put  an  end  to  the  depredations 
he  had  been  io  long  tngaged  tn«  he  colleded  an  army 
of  confederate  Indians,  confiding  of  the  nations  before 
enameratedywith  an  intention  to  renew  the  war  How- 
ever»in(lead  of  openly  attacking  the  £ngli(h  fettlemcnts, 
he  laid  a  fchemefor  taking  by  furprife  uiofe  forts  on'tlie 
extremities  which  they  had  lately  gained  pofleflion  of 

How  well  the  paity  he  detached  to  take  Fort  Michil- 
limackinac  fucceeded,  the  reader  already  knows.  To 
get  into  his  halnds  Detroit,  a  place  of.  greater  confe- 
q,uence,and  much  better  guarded,  required  greater  sefo* 
Itttion^  and  more  confumate  art.  He  of  courfe  took  the 
management  of  tliis  expedition  on  himfelf,  and  drew 
near  it  with  the  principal  body  of  his  troops.  He  was 
howexi^'i  prevented  from  carrying  his  defign  into  exec  a- 
lion,  by  an  apparently  trivjal  and  unforefeen  circum- 
dance.  On  fuch  does  the  fate  of  mighty  Empires  fre- 
quently depend  !         c 

The  Xfy»-n  of  Detroit,  when  Pontiac  formed  his  plan, 
wa9(;.ir;i;oaed  by  about  three  hundred  men*  command- 
ed b/  Major  Gladwy  gallant  o0icer.  As  at  that 
time  every  appearance '  nr  was  at  an  end,  and  the  In- 
dians ieemed  to  be  on  friendly  footintv.Pomiac  approach- 
ed the  Fort,  without  exciring  any  fu^picions  in  the  brea(^ 
of  the  ffovernor  or  the  inhabitants.  He  encamped  at  a 
littledi(tancefromit,and  fent  to  let  thecommandant know 
that  he  was  come  to  trade ;  and  being  de(ir6us  of 
brightning  the  chain  of  peace  between  the~  Engliih  and 
his  nation,  deftred  that  he  and  his  diiefs  might  be  ad- 
mitted to  hold  a  Council  with  him.  The  governor  (\\\i 
lofofpicioufi,  tnd  aot  in  the  leaft  doubting  th«  finceritf 


l1- 


CAHVER'S  TRAVELa. 


^ 


if  the  Indians,  granted   their  gensi'ars  requeft,  and 
fixed  on  the  next  morninjf  for  their  reception 

Xhff evening  of  thacd:4y,  an  Indian  woman  who  had 
)>een  employed  by  major  Glad wyn,  to  make  him  a  pait 
of  Indian  Ihoes.  out  of  curious  elk  (kin,  brought  them 
home.  The  major  was  fo  pleased  with  them, that  inten* 
ding  thefe  as  a  prefent  for  a  frtend>  he  ordered  her  to 
take  the  remainder  back,  and  make  it  into  others  for 
himfelf.  He  then  direded  his  fervant  to  pay  her  for 
thofefhe  had  done,  and,  difmifTed  her.  The' woman 
went  to  the  door  that  led  to  th^  ftreet  but  no  further ; 
flie  there  loitered  about  as  if  ibehad  not  finifhed  the  bufi- 
Hefs  on  which  Ihe  came.  A  fervant  at  length  obferved 
her,  and  aikedher  why  (he  ftaid  there  ;  {he  gave  himt 
however,  no  anfwer- 

Some  fliott  time  after,  the  governor  himfelf  faw  her  \ 
and  enqtiired  of  his  fervant  what  Oiccafioned  her  ftay. 
Not'being  able  to  get  a  fatiffaAory  anfwer,  he  ordered 
the  woman  to  be  called  in.  When  (he  came  into  hii 
prefenee'he  defired  to  know  what  was  the  reafon  of  her 
loitering  about*  and  not  haftning  home  before  the  gates 
irere  (hat,  that  ^(he  might  complete  in  due  time  thewoik 
he  had  given  her  to  dr .  She  told  hini  after  much  hefi- 
Ution.  £at  8(8.  he  bad  always  behaved  with  great  good* 
nefs  towards  her,  (he  was  unwilling  to  take  away  the 
/remamder  of  the  (kin,  becanfe  he  put  fo  great  a  value 

Son  it ;  and  yet  had  not  beeti  ahle  to  prevail  upon  her* 
_  f  to  te)l  him  fo.  He  then  a(ked  her, why  ihe  wasmort 
reluftant  to  do  fo  now,than  (he  had  been  when  ^(he  made 
the  former  pair.  With  increafed  relndance  (be  aniwer* 
td,  thJit  ihe  never  (hould  be  able  to  bring  them  back. 

Hts  curiotUy  being  now  excited*  he  infixed  on  her 
difelofuig  to  him  the  (ecrec  thai  feemed  to  be  ftrugling 
ioherbofom  for  utterance.    At  la(l  on  rreeiviig  a 

Sromiiethai  the  intelligence  (he  was  about  to  givehini 
lotttd  not  turn  to  her  prejudice,  and  that  if  it  appeared 
to  be  beneficial,  (he  (hould  be  rewarded  tor  it,  the  in* 
formed  him,  that  at  the  council  to  be  held  with  the  III* 
dians  the  following  day,Pbntf«c  and  his  chiefs  intended 
to  murder  him  (  and^rfter  having  maflacied  the«arri(bfi 
Mdioimbitanui,  to  plundtr  tli»  town.    That  for  thta 


\~ 

'? 

•  ^^^^^HH^Hii 

K 

B^H^^^^^^^h' 

t, 

H^^H^H' 

P 

'  l^l^^^^^^^l' 

1 

eS^^^^^B;! 

fl^^^^^K 

fi 

'^IHw^fll^F ' 

1 

m 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


iM^ 


' 


.iwrpofe  all  the  chiefs  who  were  to  ht  admitted  into  thi 
coiincii>fooin>1^d  cut  their  i^uos  (hort,(b  tnat  thcj  could 
conceal  them  u^derllieir  blankets;  with  'which  at  a 
l^gnal  given  by  their  general,  on  delivering  the  belt,  thqr 
.urereaU  to  rile  up,  andinUantly  to  fire  on  him  and  hii 
attendahtji.  JHaving  effe^ed  this,  they  were  iminedi* 
.ately  torofh  into  the  town,  where  they  would  find  them* 
ielves  ftipported  by  a  greai  number  of  their  warriors, 
-that  were  to  cumeimo  it  during  the  fitting  cf  the  coun« 
^il.  under  pretence  of  irading,  but  pri-vately  armed  Jn 
theiame  manner.  Having  gained  nom  the  woman  ev.j 
.cry  neceCary  particular  relative  to  the  plot  and  alCo  of 
the  means  by  which  (he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  them, 
he  diiViTlflctJ  her  with  iiijun<flions  of  ftcrecy,  ahd  a 
proniiie  of  tulfilHng  on  his  part  with  punAuality,the  en* 
jgagemertu  he  had  enteied  tnto. 

'ihe  irteiltgence  the  |[overnor  iiad  juil  received,  gave 
him  great  uneaiinefs  i  and  he  fnimediately  confuiied 
the  officer  who  w.is  next  to  him  in  command^  on  the 
fubjed.  But  that  gentleman  confidering  the  informatioa 
M^  a  ftory  invented  for  foine  artful  purpofe,advifed  him 
•to  pay  no  attention  to  it.  Mhis  conclufion,  however, 
hod  happily  no  weight  With  him.  He  thought  it  pru* 
^nt  to  conclude  it  tobetrue*  till  he  was  -convinced 
.that  it  wa»  not  fo;  and  theiefore,  without  revealing  his  fuf< 
|»i€i<mi  to  any  other  per fon, he  took  every -needful  precau- 
tion ihatthe  lime  would  admit  of.  He  walked  round 
•the  fort  during  the  whole  night,and  fawhimfelf  thatev* 
«ry  iimtinel  was  on  duty,  and  every  weapon  of  defence  in  j 
proper  order. 

As  he  (raveried  the  lamparts, which  lay  neareft  to^the 
4^i«n  camp,  he  heard  (hem  in  high  feftivttyt  and,  lit.lc 
imagmikg' ^at  their  plot  was  dilcoveredtprobably  p'eas* 
log  themfelves  with  the  anticipation  of  their  iucccfi. 
As  liuonas  the  morning  dawned,  he  ordered  all  the  gar- 
liibn  under  arms  { snd  then  imparting  his  apprebeafioni  I 
to  H  few  of  ilte  prtncf pal  officers,  ga«e  fuch  dtredious  ai 
ki  thought  necelfary. 

At  £c  fan^e  time  he  fent  round  to  all  the  traders, 
ilo  inform  themythatasit  was  expelled  a  great  number  | 
fl£  IndiaM    would  enttc    the  ^wathat   daf»  whe 


CAS?KEit*s  vi^icvisxa. 


m 


_^    1*  iaAmdam  pldlfd^ry  to  defied ithc9^>im»^1d 
Uvclbeir  aims  ready, and  tfpel  every  ailfpipt  >oC  Uuit 

About  xmi6*ie\»dki  Pmiffiiicaitd  liit  ihieff  aftivtd-|r| 

Ivnd  vfm  ^f^diiiftii  16  tib  council  •^ambflfr'"krhii«  iSm 

ravenwir JUd  the  pritieSfnil   «i(fii»l't,>  tach'  with  fit* 

UkiSSt^lmiky^fii^eihliPAtiiM*     At  Hie  liidififfi 

lied  «tt,  tiittj^  <Mlldd  ||0HMp^  0Merf  fug  that  a  ifrgawr 

Btittbcr  bf 'ttdd|iiNllf4ilk>ttfiu^«^  np  on  ihe  |^ 

'  ror  tmurehit^  a'ocHit.    fio  fooher  were  ihey  eAWrtdf 

fifiilid>^MPw{|]M-<]|^i|»^  than  Poitti^e 

i^ikiff^Msv^fm  «tiat'^cafionhif  yoang^Mi,ineaii* 

tbe#fdiie^i«0|riil)«b  d^ioik  op^and  ittiriidiligtnihi 

'l|Bt¥<Riif«iii(|:ibr^m^f»er,  that  %  ^6  &l/itt« 

Kkll^  itrelli[<^ip«H^  lin  their  exerttili.  tii  f     i  > 

tlHr  tli^NMn^ihitf-'wdci^  began -di(]fWiJtht 

rhich  contained  th«(li«MgM  ^pMiceotsi  ^f  frS^mdfll^ 

M 1^  >d^  %i^m  IDiMdfi^^etfiligHfh  |'  »iHl  m^n  li^:  tkto§ 

^^^^ym^ui^m^ ut  m  faineimisinsiittttlt 

pnrHbfely  left  opeii     Pontiae,  Uiotigh  nMtp.^  Uii 
E«l#iHJiM^  ihHtlllidtaliily  IVfhM!^^  t 

ii^^'W4^i§m)tttg'cdf  the'^«tflnil^  ^wy;r'ni«''^IMi 
h«^iih|»i«Maf  ^%kpta«€  M^i^iiii  looftM«r  <Nyh/6tii. 

^^yLm^hM  hi  Ml  ^tiVti^itle  «  ijpMtft  t!  h<if  m(l»^ 
ttliiidgitfrae'lfreiHi'ari^  fOMMf  «rcliHfif«ilt>f  IHhi^. 

^Mr  r  M)  iiri^  JM^Wf(l)Wt%  Ic'^itiit^itedi  ^lA 

kit  i»<^  fi^%VlRbiiMl^^^.d  rh  tdf 


Mi 


;l  ■)■ 


ri 


^* 


m 


mxLnmms  ms^msis^ 


He  then  cOiHinvilM  10  tell  them,  that  at  he  had  gii 
Fl^word  atitHf  t(iiN;i)»073<IMini4  «ft>a«ti!«cit«e»tfhat  the 

a4vi(fdtl^emiKp  izfabeith».l?^l>jOl/^^ 
l0rt»4c^a  hii  yo^%  iiltcik  <^>beki  ft 

V ; ;  SomHKK9iideafbttrcilftQ«€^iiffiAi<kM  ' 

fort,  but  :Mci»!(l«  ^hs'vf^i^nSpWrpi  ^fiigir^nd 
,g«wroui1ieh»w©ur,i;«hiyiiMWv<3iifi;tfee^^^   s^ll  tl 

^^^^^l^mi^€\tt^m^  ^  U)#  gariirqM9fr{#k 
and  to  peiinit  him  to  attack  die  etelnjr'f  eam]f>*  -^m 

W«l«h*Pg  Sji«*  WJti^iiprft  yi%«««??*%iW«w^ 


drtv^  bgck.    £et»g  now  fieai|>  turrouodtdi  be 


ai 


k^f 


iiiiiiimiiWIWfWiiiii^HlMifij 


cj*i[a(;tewaxjovvBL«» 


^'' 


i^jiM^iiitiiiki  4fMtifmang|p^ibt«  joen  ft^lt wiU^tluinU 

I: y$h«%  JB<Atr«<ferab]7  eedM    itiappaairV^tdi.^iAK^iir  tUm 

•  held  oat  againtl  the  Indiaiifcfin  t)tf1i»aAi»tif vedi  Hf 

f^$  the|^  mad^  bnt  'i«w.atkfikiir^h  the  |>Ucet  and 

, .  J|^tiifilcd^««ii^  WoclMKie  it^. :  id  ■■  ■  .•  i  •■  >S'. i-i  o  ,         •  -    . 

|^kf^il«iceri&»rn  was  loft  wUb  aU  h^f  !6<«»w»  on  Lakt 

|£ii<VtIif«Miji;h  th«  obilittac/ of  die  cotofn^nder,  wbo^ 

(oaldtiot  be  prevailed  upon  to  take  iii  Aiffisient  balUft  ) 

irrlved  ftb(M>t:tbM  ttnie.  n^i-  the  tov/n,  with  »  reinforce- 

lentv  lind  fiece(ru7  i'uppUes.     3ut  before  the  veiTel 

lid  reach^  the  place  o\  itt  deftinAtion,  it  !i^4S  raoft  yig^ 

ittily  atticked  by  a  detachment  from  Pon:i:ic*&  army. 
iThelndiansvfurrounded  it  in  their  canoei/  and  xaqdf 

sat  havoc  among  tlie  crew. 

Ac'iength  the  ca(^tain  of  the  fchooner,  with  a  cotkfid<» 
^ie  number  of  his,  men  being  killed,  and  the  iavagei 
egimung  to.climb  up  the  (Ides  from  every  qaarteri 
te  Iteutcnant  (Mr.  Jacobs,  who  afterwards  command' 
1»  and  was  loit  in  it)  being  determined  that  the  ^r^i^^l 
fould  not  fall  into  the  enemy's  hands,  and  Teing  no  otb^ 
f  alternative,  ordered  the  ffunner  to  set  fire  to  the  pow- 
er reoini;,iand  blow  tliefliip  up.  This  Older  was  on 
^e  point  of  being,  executed,  when  a  chief  of  the  Hu- 
ms^ who  underftood  the  £ngli(b  language,  gave  out 
^  hit  friends  the  intention  of  the  commander.  On  rp» 
living  this  intelligence,  the  Indians  hurried  down  die 
ides  of  the  (hip  with  the  greateft  precipiution,  and  got 
afar  irOro  it  as  poilible  \  whiift  the  comniander  imme* 
iiately  took  the  advantage  of  their  donftctiuitioni 
ifid  arrived  without  any  further   ubftru^ion  at  db* 

tb:t  feifonablefupp^y  gave  ifae  ^urrifoa  frefefgirii 


m 


ehmz9r& -mfs^vm^ 


greed  t&^peace.    The  lodunt  foon  aixvsk^^MmiAni' 
thought  |itf^^M«iV4(KfttisbQ«t>i«sft  in  aaf  graatt  4eg;t^  \ 

Jfomiai^lieiteibrviaittf'  fevmcd  to  h^ve  luiilt  ^Jlkk  \\ 
tnimoiity  hehi^d  huhcitofbotneto^atdh  thtfj^ogiiilil 
and  ijij^are^ilJMibfcaintfAthi^ir  Miiloiu  'I0  le. 

4rftrd<this^w  anfltcbineiitj  afidtb  infure  a^cofitiRiia^et 
o^  tr%  goiwmtnent  fiillowed  him  a  bandfoiDei  jtenfi^ih. 
BiiC  bis  te(Hef«  and  Nitriguetng  fpirit  would :  not  ;fuffer 
-him  to  be  grateful  for  this  allowance*  and  hit  coodud 
At  leirgth  grew  fufpicious ;  fo  that  gofogJik/, the  year 
ir67i  to  Jiold  acouncil  in  the  connirf.  ortbe  MiQois,  a 
faithful  Indian,  who  was  either  cominii&Qiied  by  oneof  the 
EngHib  governorst  or  infiigated  by  the  love  he  boi'e  the 
1sngli(b  nHtioii,attendiBtd  h*m  as  a  fpy  ;  and  being  convin* 
ced  frpmthe  fpeech  Pontuc  made  in  the  ceuncilytl'at  hel 
^ill  retainedhis  foritiier  prejudices  againft  thofe  for  whom  I 
he  now  pr^feffed  a  friendihf p,  he  plunged  his  knife  into 
his  heart,  as  foon  as  he  bad  done  ipeaking,  and  laid  himl 
dead  on  the  fpot.     Bu^  to  return  from  this  dtgre0ion.| 

Lake  Erie  receives  fh^  waters' by  which  it  isfuppiiedl 
from  the  three  great  lakes,  through  th<s  Uraits  of  Detroit,! 
-  that  lie  at  its  north  weft  comer*  'i  his  lake  is  fituated) 
between  fbrtf  one  and  forty  Uiree  degrees  jf  north  lat* 
itude,ind  between  ievemy  tight  ami  eighty  threedegreetl 
cif  weft  longitude.  Itisnearthree  hmidredmileslongii om\ 
eaft  to  wjeft,and  aboutforty  in  its  broadeft  part :  knd  a  r^l 
narkable  long  narrow  point  lies  on  its  north  fide,that  pTol 
JeAs  for  feveral  miles  into  the  lake  towards  the  fouth  ead.  f 

There  are  feveral  iflands  near  the  weft  end  of  it  fo  jn* 

fefted  with  rattlefnaket ,  that  it  is  very  dangerous  to  | 

iind  on  them.    I^is  impoSble  that  any  place  can  pro* 

dace  a  greater  kind  of  all  thefe  irptiles  than  this  does, 

paiticularlf  of  the  water  fiisdce.    The  lake  is  covered! 


tAllVER»S  TILAVELa. 


lot 


jieir  the  banks  of  the  iflandi  ^ith  the  large  pond  WWfi 
the  leaves  which  lie  on  the  farface  of  the  water  fo  thick, 
ps  10  cover  it  entirely  for  many  acres  together  $  and  on 
esi^h  of  thefe  lay,  when  I  paded  over  it>  wreaths  of  wa- 
ter ihakes,  baiking  in  the  fuo,  which  amounted  to 


I  /  The  moft,  remarkable  of  the  different  fpecies  thjt  ih- 
feft  this  lake  is  the  hiffing  fnake,  which  is  of  |he  fmall 
fpeckled  kind  and  is  about  eighe  inches  long^  When 
any  thing  approaches,  it  flattens  itfellf  in  a  moment,  ani 
its  fpots^  which  are  of  various  dyes,  become  vifibly 
brigliter  through  rage ;  at  the  fame  time  it  blows  from 
its  month,  with  great  force,  a  fubcile  wind^  that  is  report* 
fd  to  be  of  a  naufeous  fmeU  ;  and  if  drawn  in  with  the 
breach  of  the  unwary  traveller,  will  in£illibly  bring  ^n 
a  decline,  that  in  a  few  months  mVft  prote  mortal,  there 
behoig  no  remedy  yet  difcovg^  which  can  counterad 
its  bahefiil  influence. 

The  ftones  ai^  pebbles  on  the  (hores  of  this  lake  are 
moft  of  them  tinged,  in  a  greater  on  lefs  degree,  with 
fppts  that  relemble  brafs  in  their  color,  but  which  are 
(iti  more  fulphureoUs  nature.  Small  faeces,  about  tibe- 
(xeof  hazleituts,  of  the  fame  kinds  of  ore,  are  found  on 
the  lands  that  lie  on  its  banks,  and  wider  the  water. 

The  navigatioa  of  this  lake  is  eileeaied  more  danger* 
ftus  than  anyoftho  others,  on  ac;count  of  many  high 
ftfils^at  lie  on  the  borders  of  it  and  projeA  into  the 
fiateir,lna  perpendicular  dirediqn  fox  many  miles  to- 
gedier ;  fa  that  whenever  fudden  florms  arife,  canoes 
jRudboatsarefrequeutlylofttM  there  it  no  place  for 
Ihcm  to  find  a  ihelter* 

'  This  lake  disdiarges  its  wafers  at  the  north  eaft  end* 
mto  tlye  river  Niagat^  which  runs  north  and  fouth,  and 
Jiabout  thirty  fix  miles  in  kng^  f  from  whence  it  fallt 
ifttojUake  Ontario.  /Vt  the  entrance  of  this  river,  on 
Its  ed^ern  fliore,  Ues  fort  Niagara )  and  about  eighteen 
miles  furUier  up,  thofe  remarkable  faHs  which  are  ^- 
II^IM^  oaeoflhemoft  extraor<Miiary  produdions  of 
iHttuie  it  prefcnt  kiiowflu 

/  As  thefe  have  b<^  vi6$ed  by  fo  many  tiaivellersAnd 
lii&ji^UfUtly  dtf€rtbtd»I  dnU  oiiiit»^^ifmj ji^^tfticH^ 


i 


P 


w 

lljBBf- 

m 

m 

mM'i 

i 

IBBJ 

ilM 

"  1- 

m 


CARVEH'S  TRAVELS 


lar  dercriptton  of  thexn»  and  qn\y  obierve,  that  tlie  va. 

ters  bjr  which  they  are  fappltedy  alter  tdcting  their  rift 

"«near  two  ihoufaod  nUet,to  the  north  weft,  and  paffing 

vthrough  the  lakes  Superior.  Michigan,  Huron^ and  Eije, 

during  which  they  have  been  receiThig  conftant  acca> 

mulations,  at  lengUi  roih  down  a  ftopemluoas  precipio 

of  one  hundred  and  fort^  feet  perpendicular ;  and  in  a 

UtOTagtipidf  that  extenis  to  the^  di  ftance  of  eight  or  nint 

"^  miles  below,  fait  iHNirly  as  much  more :  this  river  fooa 

^ter  empties:  itfelf  intoXake  Ontario. 

Thenoife  of  thefe  falls  nay  be  heard.an  anazing 
way.  I  could  plainly  diftingut(h  thero  in  a  calm  morn, 
fng  more  than  twenty  miles.  -Others  have  faid  th^t  at 
partietilar  times,  and  when  the  wind  fits  fair*  thA  found 
€>f  them  reacites  fifteen  leagues. 

The  land  about  tiie  fails  is  exceedingly  hitly  and  un. 
even,  but  the  greatefi  pHt  of  that  on  &e  Niagara  river 
is  very  good,  efpecially  for  gtafs  and  paftorage. 

Fort  Niagara  fiaiids  neatly  at  the  entrance  of  the  weft 

end^f  lake  Ontario^  and  on^  the  eaO  part  of  the  firait» 

<if  Niagara.     It  ws-s  takew  fiom  theT^renchin  tlie  year 

J75y,  by  the  fotces  under  the  command  of  fir  William 

Johnfoc,  and  at  preheat  i*  def(9nd(i:d  by  a  tenfiderable 

gatTif>>ii.'.  ■■  ■    '    '  >v  ■.....,'.■■,.-  -•■-  ■ ''  '   .;'  ^ 

>"  liake  Ontario  is  the  next  and  leaft  cf  the  five  great 

lakes  of  t^ana^a..    It*  fttuation  is  betweeif  forty  three 

and  ^bm  five  dcgrees^of  lautude,  and  between  feventy 

fkxand  ftventy^ninc  jd^rees  of  we0:  longitude^    The 

^orra  ofil isnearly  otral^^its  greateft length  being  from 

nprUi  eaft  to  fout^  weft,  , and  in  ciicwimeraocer  about 

i|x  hundred  miles.    Near^e  fonth  eaft  pan  it  tecietvei 

Uic^  waters  of  ^Ofweco  River,  and  cm  the  north  eaft 

.  <Iifcharge$  itfelf  into  tic;  Kiver  Catara^ui; :  Not  fiir 

from  the  place^where  it  iftui^s*  fort^Frontenae  formerly 

-ftood,  which  was  taken  from  die  French  during  the  laft 

^xti  in  the  year  ns^)  bf  a  iball  army  of  Provincials 

tinder  col.  Sradft^eet.      ,  ,.     .  ^ 

At  ^e  entrance  of  Ofwegd  River  ftands  a  fort  of  the 
fame  namCf  garri(bned  only  at  prtfent  by  an  in^onfid- 
vTibie  inrty.  This  fort  was  ^ken  in  the  year  1756.  by 
Ike  Frcnchf  wheo  »  grejit  |>ari  of  tbrgarrifoQ  w&tch 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


lOd 


«»fiilecl  of  the  late  Shirley's  and  PepperePs  regiments, 
were  maiTacreed  ill  cold  blood  by  the  lavages. 

In  lalce  Ontario  Art  taken  many  forts  of  tifh.  among 
which  is  the  Of^vego  bafs,  of  an  excellent  fl<ivor>  anj^, 
weighing  about  three  or  four  pounds.  There  is  alfo  a 
fbrt  calkd  the  cat  head  or  pout>  which  are  in  general 
very  larger  fome  of  them  vrergbing  eight  or  ten  pounds ; 
and  tbty  are  efteemed  a  rare  diih  whenproperly  dreifed. 

On  ihe-DOith  weft  part  of  this  lalce,  and  to  the  fourK 
eaft  of  lake  Huron,  is  a  tribe  of  Indians  called  MiCuaa* 
gesjwhofe  town  is  denominated  Toronto,  from  th>f  lake 
on  which  it  lies  \  but  they  are  aot  very  numerous.  The 
country  about  lakS  Ontario,  efpecially  the  more  north 
and  eaftern  parts  is  compojfed  df^ood  land,  and  in  tiane 
^l.'iy  make  very  fiourilhin^  fettlehients 

i'be  Oneida  lake  fnuated  near  the  head  of  the  river 
Ofvvegb,  rc^ceives  the  waters  6f  Wood  creek,  which  takes 
its  rife  not  far  from  the  Mohawk's  river.  Thefe  two  lie 
fo  adjacetiC  to  each  other^  that  a  junction  is  effedked  by 
iluices  at  fun  8tahwix,  about  twelve  milea  firom  thir 
mottth.of  the  former,  rbis  lake  is  about  thi^y  mi!e» 
long  from  eaft  to  ^^eft|  and  near  tifteen  broad,  The 
country  around  it  bjclongsto  the  Oneida  Iadians« 

Like  Cham  plain,  the  next  in  (ize  to  lake  Ontario,  and 
which  Ii«s  nearly  e^  from  it.  is  ahout  eighty  miles  i a' 
lengthy  north  and  footh,  atidin  its  broadeft  part  four- 
teea^  U  i«  w^U  ftOred  with  i«Ai,  and  the  lands  that'lit 
on  all  the  borders  of  it,  and  about  tts.ri  v<trs,  very  good. 

Lake  George,-;  formerly  called  by  ibe  French,  lake 
St/  Sa^rameht^  lies  »>  th?  fouth  weU  of  the  lall  men- 
tinned  kke,  and  is  about  thirty  €ve  miles  long  frAoa 
nortl^  eaft  to  fouth  weA,  bat  of  no  great  breadth  Tht 
cfMmtry  sn-outid  It  t»  tery  mountainou»f  but  ia  the  vkl« 
l«6s  the  land  is  tolerably  good  > 

'  Whea  thefe  tyro  lal^es  were  6rft  difcovered,  they  wer» 
koowa  by  no  other  inme  than  that  of  the  Iroquote 
lakes  %  and  I  believe  la  the  6rft  plans  taken  of  thofe 
parts,  were  fo  d^ncminated^  The  indtahs  atfo  that 
were  eaUed  the  Iroquois, liire  lince  known  by  the  nam« 
of  the  five  Mohawk  nations,  and  the  Mohatvks  of  Cati-^ 
Idiii  I  lathe  lace  vary  the  fotmcfi  which  confi^  of  ihr 


, 


I 


1<H 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS, 


' 


Onondagoes,  the  Oneidas,  the  Senecai,  the  Tufcarories, 
and  Ireonducks,  fottght  on  the  fide  of  the  Englifli :  the 
latter  ivhich  are  called  the  Cohoawaghas^  aad  St. 
Francis  Indians,  joined  the  French. 

A  vaft  trad  ot  land  thaip  lies  between  the  two  laft 
mentioned  lakes  and  lake  Ontario*  was  granted  in  the 
year  1 629,  by  the  Plymouth  company,  under  a  patent 
they  had  received  by  king  James  I.  to  fir  Ferdinando 
CorgeS)  and  to  captain  John  Mafon,  the  head  of  that 
family,  afterwards  dtftinguifhed  from  others  of  the  fame 
name,  by  tlie  Mafons  of  Connedicut.  The  countries 
fpectfied  in  this  grant  are  faid  to  begin  ten  miles  from 
the  heads  of  the  rivers  that  run  from  the  eaft  and  fouth 
into  lake  George  and  lake  Champlain ;  and  continuing 
from  thefe  in  a  dirediine  weftward,  extend  to  the  mid* 
die  of  lake  Ontario ;  from  thence,  being  bounded,  bj 
the  Cataraqui,  oi  river  of  the  Iroquois,  they  take  their 
courfe  to  Montreal,  as  far  as  fort  Surrell,  which  lies  at 
the  junAion  of  this  river  widi  the  Richlieu;  and  from 
that  point  areenclofed  by  thelaft  mentioned  river  till  it 
returns  back  to  the  two  fakes. 

This  immenfe  fpace  was  granted  by  the  name  of  the 
Province  of  Laconia,v  to  the  aforefaid  gentlemen,  on 
fpecified  conditions  and  under  certain  penalties  {  but 
none  of  thefe  amounted  in  cafe  of  omiflion  in  the  fulfil- 
ment of  any  part  of  thcm>  to  forfeiture,  a  fine  only  could 
be  ezaded.  , 

On  account  of  the  continual  wars  to  which  thefe  parti 
have  been  fubjeA,  from  their  fituktion  between  the  fet* 
tlements  of  the  Englifli,  the  French,  and  the  Indians, 
this  grant  has  been  fufFered  to  lie  dormant  by  the  real 
proprietors.  Notwithftandingwhich»fevend  towns  have 
been  fettled  fince  the  late  war,  on  the  borders  of  lake 
Champlain,  and  grants  made  to  differuit  people  by  the 
governor  of  New  York,  of  part  of  thefe  territoriei»which 
•re  now  become  anneied  to  that  province. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  lakes  on  the  north  of 
Canada!,  between  I^iador,  lake  Supperior,  and  Hud* 
fon's  Bay,  but  thefe  are  comparatively  fmall.  As  they 
lie  out  of  the  track  that  I  purfued»  1  (hall  only  give  a 
fiiamary  accoimt  of  themt    The  aaoA  wellcrlj  m  theii 


m 


mLMtJ^^TT.Mmw 


^  at  the  heici^of  thtt?  Ff cmcib'  ^i?^  H^^rmiS)  jjg^ol^ki^ 
B«Min)4  the  oth«r  (Ml  fihtf  Qct^^iiw  riy^i  W^i^  !f^^- 
lies  itielf  imo  tlubCa(tar}lq»H^^^lQlUm4l  k  )^^ 
ijleeiichi  about  one  hudiiir^di  i^Uef  in  ^if^?N^9C«i  >  /, 
^j  1  hf  next  is^  lake^MiAaiiiEiib  0{n  (be.  )ieji4iatf .  |CjD|pftrA'# 
rtVer,  that  falls  into  iita^*  fi^f*.  ,  ,'i;hi*/lailp3  t%ib  irr»£* 
tkr  frcmi  thee  Urge  poinp  of  lam|)>y  a^liiph^it'  i*-ip|er« 
isMl.on^veri:  rUfr»:chat  it  is  diffiault  either  tp.defcril^ 
it^  ifl^apcv  'or  IQ  afcertain  its  fia^,  U  howei^er  apfiearf 
00  rthk  ^jhofe  to:  ibe  more  t^an  itwro  liuiyartfa  m\m  vi,m^. 
ciimference.  _,....,",  j  '-->,:.  v-i,  :-,vv} 

Ifake  M  John,  which  i»  abpuc  et^f  fn|;|e»  rQand» 
ind  of  a  circular  fornif  lies  en  the  i>a^uenay  riTeri  di« 
te&iy  north  of  Qut>bec,  and  falls  into  the  S|  J^awrencea 
fomewhat  f^ortb  eaft  of  that  citf.  .Lalte  ManiJfAUagQf^ 
lie>  near  the  head  of  the  BUciirriyei^  v^hj^h  empties  it* 
felfinto  Che  St  Lawrence  to  the  eaiiward  pf  ihe  Uft 
loestioned  river,  near  the  coa(l  pf  X^abr^dor  and  is  a* 
Bout  futy  miles  in  circumference.  Lake  Pertifai*  lat^ 
WiQckt4gan»  lake  Etchelaugnn,  and  lakePapefjouagane^ 
With  a  number  of  other  fnwll  laketi  lie  near  the  heade 
of  tht?  Eutiard  river  to  the  north  of  the  St.  Ldiwrencef 

Many  others  which  it  is  unnecefTarjr  to  partictUariz* 
here,  aie  alfo  found  betweea  the  lakes  Huron  and  Oo* 
tario. 

'i  he  whole  of  thofe  I  have  enumerated,  amounting 
to  upw;%rds  of  twenty,  are  within  tiie  limits  of  Canada  i. 
and  from  t!vs  account  tt  might  be  deduced,  that  the 
n  vU;v'rn  parts  of  North  fVmcrica,  through  thefe  numer« 
euli  inland  fe.is,  contain  a  greater  quantity  of  water  than' 
any  other  quarter  <  f  the  glebe.  .       , 

In  ()«lSlnber  i'S^i  (  arrive  J  at  Bodon,  having  been 
ahfent  two  year%and  Bve  months,  and  during  that  itm#' 
trivcUed  ne;ir  feven  thoufaud  miles.  From  thencea  ae 
foon  as  I  had  properly  digelle«i  my  journal  and  charts* 
2  fet  out  for  England,  to  communicate  the  dilcoveries  I 
had  made,  and  to  render  ihem  beneficial  to  the  king- 
dom. Bat  the  profecution  of  my  pLins  for  reaping  thefe 
adeantages  ))aie  hitherto  been  ohAruAed  by  the  unhap- 
py diviuoQi  that  have  beea  feaeoted  between  Greai 


y.wwSi;:^--!'^***!^ 


I 


>    ■  • 


tui 


cyi««tA^Tit)irejfc«3 


t:!u 


ct]i^Titt9(i||ia<^  d)0!f<$yib«cl'  Mlfprovevkitnozal  abundaiit 

W«fi»?9tl^%  U^ttlecHem^ } :  ^iid^i  <  Oiall  luit  ool^  prrdot 

H|gfiy*t'^it  |(> 'Valuable W«ic^iit«oiti'  r  >'!  'liM^l^  .  '  : 
•^vttmA^  e^rf«»de  thd  accJoiinr  4>(  iny  ixttnfiv^  trav. 
#y;^^jth6tft  expjCeilln^  my  grafkuiieto'  tbaf  i)tnefiMiitl 

#bic^  tflibr«>ida!>(f  Htie»id  fo  k)n|«  a  toor  jaalong  fierce 
Mid  untutored  ravages.  dj  p'.!      . 

<»^  AC  die  ilklhi  tiiQ*  tet  rtie  notbc  accufed  of  vanity  or 
I»reraiRj|»iI<m*  if 'I  declare  :hat  the  motives  aliedged  in 
rheinty^dfbn%f'this  work,  vfcre  nqts  the  only  .ones 
that  indllved  file  to  engaee  in*thi$  arduous  undertaking. 
My'vi<<W#\x^eri»  iiot  foteff  <8nfined  to  the  advantages 
iha[t  acchi^  tkher  t<#i&yXelf)  or  the  community  to  'which 
I  bdo^iged  t  ^^t  rtobler  put pofes  contributed  principal. 
If  tb  urge  me  oib 

The  confined  ftate,  botli  with  rf  gard  to  civil  and  re. 
Itgiotis  inbprovements,  in  which  fo  many  o^  my  fellow 
creattttes  remained,  arottfed  within  my  bofum  an  irre. 
fiflil^  inclination  to  explore  the  almoft  unknown  re- 
gions v^h'wh  they  inhabited ;  and  as  a  preparatory  ftep 
fnv-.^t  ii;>  ihe  introduAion  of  more  poIiHied  manners,  and 
motii  humane  ientiments,  to  gain  a  knowledge  of  their 
language,  cuftoms,  and  principles. 

1  confefs  that  the  little  benefit  too  many  of  the  In* 
dian  nations  have  hitherto  received  from  their  inter* 
courif  with  thofe  who  denominate  themfelves  |!!hri{liati5, 
di|i  not  tend  to  encourage  my  charitable  purpofes  ;  yet 
ai*f»any,  though  not  the  generaliry,  might  receive  fonie 
benefit  from  the  introduAion  among  tRem  of  the  polity 
and  religion  of  the  Europeans,  without  retaining  only 
the  errors  or  vices  that  from  the  depravity  and  perver* 
fion  of  their  prtvfeiTors  are  unhappily  attendant  on  thcfe, 
'  I  determined  to  perfevere.  .  • 

Nor  could  1  flatter  myfelf  that  I  ihould  be  able  to 
accompli(h  alone  this  great  defigo ;  however,  1  was  wil* 
ling  to  cotitribute  as  much  as  lay  in  my.power  towards 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


m 


it  In  all  public '  'lertakiogs  would  every  one  do  thif» 
and  furnifti  wttlx  crity  his  particular  (bare  towards  it# 
vhatftupenduoui  vrorks  might  not  be  coni|pleted. 

k  is  true  that  the  Indians  are  not  without  fome  ftrnfe 
of  religiont  and  fuch  as  proves  that  they  worihip  the 
great  creator  with  a  degree  of  purity  unknown  to  na* 
tioBs  who  have  greater  opportunities  of  ii|)proveinent  ( 
bat  tlieir  religious  principles  are  far  from  beine  fo  fault- 
leis  as  dcfcribed  by  a  learned  writer*  or  unmixed  widi 
opinions  and  ceremonies  that  greatly  leilen  their  excel* 
lency  in  this  point.  So  that  could  the  dodltines  of  gen- 
nine  and  vital  chriftianity  be  introduced  among  them» 
pure  and  untainted,  as  it  flowed  from  the  lips  of  its  di* 
vine  inftru^OTt  it  would  certainly  tend  to  clear  away 
that  fuperftitioos  or  idolatrous  drofs  by  which  tlie  ra- 
tionality of  their  religious  tenets  are  obfcured.  Its  mild 
and  beneficent  precept  would  iikewife  conduce  to  foften 
their  implacablt  difpofittons,  and  to  refine  their  favage 
Banners  ;  an  event  moft  defirable ;  and  happy  (hall  £ 
ffl^m  myfelf,  if  this  publication  (hall  prove  the  means 
pf  pointing  out  the  path  by  which  fahitary  inftrudions 
may  be  conveyed  to  them,  and  the  converfion,  ^though 
bat  of  a  few,  be  the  confequence. 

e^HCLVirOH  Of  THf  JOUKMALi  i^f. 


*^- 


Vi 


^j: 


nil 


-.  ii 


-)G^ 


m 


«if"  ■Jtifi-i 


ff:       'l 


vV    J  : 


':^*/f /iC? 


:fiji»07  ^sili- 1*:'^^  ij 


■V^-'tf  .■  -■,  > 


.ml^ 


t-:n: 


'^"^^^mi'iHsim-xJih 


V-7.li  V  ^l 


4'li  fj'ifw4"^i 


;•/  iy,i.;-.-:Taw 


ivj- 


<,Jti     --«  ■■-.    ..    T  ■ 


d\ 


i;-'*''i^' 


3^f^ 


ilfj^'t^^pj;  -fciliii^^.  '^^:!^?&<|r^l'i>^;§ 


inuu. 


»■  rj',' 


,ir»;i! 


i^^i^.v^fi^t*  .oiihii  j>.,i.;.?-  ih, 


X-J»: 


tu 


'in:i 


■  it- 


'U 


■  ^^r>laJ^-i0»|l!>i5i;Glf;iJl>*^^'v^;3^  r||,;. 


i^u-#f  :■;  ij'.V 


t-' 


?fojiifj^.ti?ail- 


.|1(li|i^.';^|gi|:||i-i;J|i,| 


r:vX4r'ti;:iti/ioiiil 


■V\;Vr-';;irt-|-W:VS[g;?,Sr5.- 


i  »*  >'.   *     r 


f  f.v  i*n.^ 


tmi^m'v':.ib 


Htan 


■«vi{fj 


i-J*0'?^^J!K(i 


■i>/i*> 


K  i' 


^i|k^;-^i  t^i  ::rir  ;i|vt 


i^.  Via- 


VU^ 


V--J 


•?   ,  .-.^^i     «)■,- 


0  vn 


M':^>Vf.' 


.vf^ 


>i£ 


f; 


'»r 


4.5'     I;-.*. 


.«■  ■■f^mij 


nd  yt. 


,in4t,%-mA;>»«< :Mt*i'p ^lif^ii n^in  tri 


,  ?.  .*, 


■X>  .j5;i  4^:;ii„-«*'u.<>^  if  t*l*mi.  t«(>i$  »■.«>*  ^D' 


■X. 


,r"»  t  .V;:'      ,    ^  ^ 


f^f}-'^,.' 


^i  THl 

■"#4  f^-^'  >'*, 


^R1CHN^  MAJmERS>   Cl^TaMSi 
RELIGION  AND  LANOUAOE^ 


^*t- 


or  THI 


iN-nrAws: 


l'«  .,-.-•. 


\'1  . 


<• 


■■■I'-- 


-Via 


1  Me  M^ar^  t)t  ^;^hfcf»  Am4^^     recdvtr4  i:«  fiift  in-. 

lhal>it^.ni.%*-ha?e  fiiice  iHe_  time  of  its  diicdvery  by  the 

U;urope';mi  I  ^eai  the  fabje^  rf  rairt  berJefs  difquifrtions. 

War  i  to  endeavdr  to  xdHt^fe  lie  different  opitivonsand 

reafonmgr:'of't1)e  vari'cus'>^trterR  ttiat  have  lakerf  np  tlie 

pen  ?h  defence  of  tfieir  cdrjc^urt^?,  fihe  einimeratiotk; 

wculd  much  exceed  th#  houndA  JbavepiefcnbedtamjK-' 

\it%  and  dMige'ipe  to  ht  \t(^ explicit  on  points  of  grext* 

|tr  8;>cmTcrt.     ■    -'^  •  '    *''^ "  ""   /'' '"'-^    ^  *'"    '  '  ■ '■      '. 

Frofji  the  <sbrrittity  In  wllldi  this  debate  Is  enveloped^ 

thfcup  Hie  tbtii.}  dlRife  t-f  letteri  iitrcrif>vciy  nation  cf 

I'hvdifins  Qn  ih»s  txtciiive  ccnfitient,  atid  the  uncetlaintf 


Ar^  ihif  ^ippT^hciifion  %:\)\  J tctivc*  additional  forcit; 
'^'hlli  iftf5  tonftderrd  that  Hjc  ditctfity  cf  liingtsa^r, 

K  ' 


110 


CARYEk'S  TKAyftlM 


wkich  U  apparently  dlftind  between  moft  of  the  Indlansi 
tend9  to  aTeertain  that  this  population  was  not  effected 
fVom  one  particular  countrf*  but  from  feveral  neigh* 
boring  ones*  and  completed  at  different  periods. 

Moft  oif  dbie  hHlorians,  or  traYellets  that  have  treated 
on  the  American  Aborigines,  difa^ree  in  their  fenti* 
tnents  relative  t^i^dbim^  Many  of-  me  ancienu  are  fup* 
pofed  tohave  known  that  this  quartenof  the  globe  not 
only  extfted,  but  alfo  that  irwks  inhabited,  ^atoinhts 
Tio)«us  has  alTerted,  that  beyond  the  ifland  which  he 
calls  Atalantis,  and  which*  according  to.  his  defcription, 
was  fituated  in  the  wettein  qcean,  there  were  a  great 
nuihber  of  other  iilaiSds,  ahd  behind  thofti^  a  vaft  conti* 
nent. 

Oviedo,  a  celebrated  Spaniih  author  of  a  nittch  later 
date,  has  made  nofcruple  to  aStm  that  the  Antilles  are 
the  famous  ilefpertdes  (0  often  mcntioni^  by  the  po. 
ett ;  which  are  at  length  teftored  to  the  kings  of  Spain, 
the  defcendants  of  ki|ig  Hefperut,  who  lived  upwards  of 
three  theufand  years  agO)  and  from  whom  thefe  Iflandi 
reqsived  their  name. 

Twoether  Spaniards,  the  one,  father  Gregorio  Cfar> 
ciat  a  Dominican,  the  other  father  Jofeph  De  Acofta,  a 
Jefiiit,  have  written  on  the  origin  olsthe  Americans. 

llie  former,  who  l^ad  b^en  employed  in  the  miffioni 
of  Mexico  and  Peru,  endeavored  to  prove  from  the  tiau 
ditions  of  the  Mexicans,  Peruvians*  and  others  which  he 
received  on  the  fpot,  and  firon  the  variety  of  charac* 
ters»  cuftomii  languages,  and  religion  obfervable  in  the 
different. countries  of  the  new  worldt  that  difoent  na- 
tions had  contribv  ted  to  the  peopling  of  it. 

The  latter,  father  De  Acofta,  in  his  «f  amioation  of 
the  means  by  which  the  tirft  Indians  of  America  might 
have  found  a  paffa^e  in  that  conttnent,  difcredits  the 
conclufionsof  thde  who  have  fuppofed'it  to  be  by  fea, 
becaufe  no  ancient  author  hai^  made  mcntio^  of  the 
compafs t  and  concludes,  ^at  it  mnfl  bteithtt ,,by  the 
tiortn  of  Afia  and  Europe,  which  adjoin  to  e8%  other, 
or  b^  thofe  rcgioris  that  liie  to  the  fbutbwanl  of  Uie 
i>traits  of  Magellan.  He  alfo  rejeds  th6  aflertions  of 
f^ch  as  have  advimc^d  thai  it  was  peopled  by  the  He* 


CARVER'S  TRa^iliSw 


til 


John  di^  XA9t(  a  FJenilih  writer,  has  controverted  the 
opOHO&s  of  thefe  SlSaaifli  £[itliers»  and  of  tnany  otheri 
#oJiave  writt^  on  the  fameifabjeA.  The  hypotheut 
he  endeaTQra  to  eftabtifii,  is,  thstt  lAtneHca  was  cettainly 
peqpled  bfthe  Scythians  or  Taftn-ss  and  rhiit  the 
•teMfm^nitfOiti  dftittfe  people  Jiafkpenad  foon  aftdr  ih6 
di^fion  of  Noah's  grandfoiii.  ^eaiidef  Calces  to  (how 
ihftt  ,the  moft  ntiithern  A-tn^-iAMi  have  a  greater  re- 
^hhiacg^t  nor  oidy  inthe  feainres  of  their/icoiintenances, 
batairp  In  .their  complexion  and  ttianfier  c^  lirinie,  to 
ilHt  Sc|rthiiMi9,  TMlom,  god  SaraoideSf  th^  that  of  an|r 
>Qiiiei;natiam. 

;  ^unTwref  to  ^rottusi  mho  had  iiilerted  that  fome  of 
the  Iforw^gianspa^dintb  America  by  ^i^ay  of  Greoi- 
lond,  and  over  a  vaft  continent,  he  faytt  that  it  is  wt4l 
4(00 wn  that  Greenls^od  wits  not/difcosrered  tiU  the  year 
fl^  I'  and  iioth  Gj^HferaiHid  Kerrera  infof m  us  clibt  thd 
0iic^intq[ttes;wer^*fiKtledon  the  Xi%ke  of  Mexico  73i. 
^jtiM^  Uiat  the£»  £i^^a|j(es  accor^ih^^  t^^  uniforitt 
Iradtofl  ot^^  flleal^ns  who  iify^M^^  thein»  camo 
4poto^eottotryftn€ft:ca^d  New  lif etico»  aiMt  Jl«m 
flip  llyghhorhoi^iJaf  California  t  confequentty  Horlh 
jMp9iicaiBii(lthavr.b«en  iiihAMt«Hi  9^  «ges  before  it 
CQitl^  lectiiftAAf  ilbabitanu  i'rom  Korwiyi  hjw^  of 
Gtienland.   .-,■  i-  ■.-•■  ,^  ,  ..,;,■.•,  ;ir.,v  ."/.-,_, 

:  J^%i|o  lel^ceiiuinihf  ott^rv^^  iheiteal  Mexicans 
iMdM  their  empire  iaSO^i*  after  hi^ng  fabdued  the 
')Chi«hi«iquei,the  OtomiaMud  other  barbarous  nations* 
irho  had  taken  polTeiliqii  of  the  cQtfptry  round  the  Lakp 
•of , Mexico*  anJeach  of-whom  fpoke  a  language  j^n* 
liar  10  themfelves.  The  real  Mucicani^i  like  wife  ftip- 
pofitdto  comefrom  fom^  of  the  countiiei  thatiie  near 
California,  4ad  that  they  jielfovmed  their  journey  for 
the  moft  piirtby  land  i  of  courft  ihty  coold  not  come 
from  Ncfrway.  *^ 

D»  Laet  farther  addi,  thatj|k6agh  fome  of  ^e  Ui« 
ha^ijiliKs  jOf  North  Ameri«t%&f  ^ave^ter^ijt  it  from 
thonenh  wtft,  yet,  as  it:ijin£ted  4>.y  Pliny,  and  fome 
other  wrttoii  that  oq  miAf  of  the  ifl.inds  4)ear  the 
woftencoailof  AfHet*:  fArttcwlarly  on  the  Canaries, 
lomMcifiBi«di$Qet  noro  fotn,  it  ii  highfy  probable 


^M 


f 


w 


CAM^m^$  TlAyJEU. 


Jtcm  itreir  Mog  a^w  deferted  that  %he  jtili^bttsmts  may 
i^»*'«  paiTecl  over  to  America  |  ihe  JalFage  being  neither 
Jo^jfi,  tioff  ;di%cult.  rhis  migrailon«^  according^  to  the 
^alcttlatiowiof  ihofeimthorsr^  mii^  h«ve  h^ptfi|ed  more 
A^han  two  thou&nd  fears  ago,  at'a  time'yrhen  ike'Span. 
larcU  were  muehtti^utUed%  the  Carthag^ai^^^  from 
whom  bWjriiig  obcaiacd  a  inowiedge  of  ha:v%a!;i(Mr,  and 
ihecpn^foaioo^^o^niips^  thef  lafght  baTe  retired  lo  the 

ji&ntiles,  by  the'^way  of  the  weftefxi  iflet}  which  wei<e  ex. 
adlly-half -way  miktii^oY^^  ^      --  .>;.•..•  ::'^lh 
He  thmks  that  Gime;Britaint>|re!aidr  imd:'  t|ie  Or. 

.cades  vvere  extr^melf  proj^^  to  admit  of  a^rtoibt  coq. 
Jeaare.  As  a  prbctf,^  heiitlertr  the  ibiliifiikip  pa^Tage 
from  the  hiftory  cf  Wales^WfUeft  by  Dr^  Bairid^f  owelJ 

;in-the;yeatJ-^nOif;v''- •-■      r-:f..-.  :',.  ■     '    ■ 

Thit  htft^an  fays*  that  Mfado«,  dw  ol"  thf  foQs  o£ 

'  ^imOmU  QwfmMii  Mmg  di%iifted  at'^  civil 
%rar«  'Whirh  4rol^  out  betw^i|il^fr^ro^r«i:«l^  thej 

'  4x9^  of  theiir  father,  fitted  otit  IbfM'fci&lstaiii^^vbg 
|M|M  theoiii^ii  i>«iiy  m6gm^B^^9.l&iifg^6j^ 
nimmtmM^^pfmyf  ltiiidt^:thft  weftwari^  Ire. 

<  i^iiOlMtl^re  m  MkotmHli  tiir  liitife  cdtttttril^:  but] 

pl^  he^i|R^0to  Btt^dm-wh^%f«ll<i^ 
and  a^kcr«ai^itraf)ijpiOitedl0  tbis#^^     ;   «^i  u 
The  ^intih  iHithor^^i^  rttmn*  to  'Mm'  Scj^lliani^ . 

[■  hftw^n  i$mtamaditm  ^tiietiiaof  he  d|aw««^i«ipa!lel. 
He  obfemt  l^t  feverpf  iftatioiie  of  thsin  to  the  north  of  { 

;  the  Cafpian  $«6i^  If  d  ft  vNMidering  Hfe^i  which,  ai  well 
at  mi^^^et^  thiif  €ttft(^iir  and  way  of  Hnkg,  a. 
|{i%ft  hi"iD$fi^^«{i^^m||iiti«H  w{&  t^  A  mer. 

ica.  An^'thbegh  tht  refemblances  «^e  not  ahTdlutely 
perft&ijti  Hit^^ttugfWRtti  even  before,  ihey  left  their 
owir  edtintryi  differed  frtia^  each  dther»  and  Went  not 
by  the  fame  nsme.    Their  change  of  j^de  eib^ed 

'What'remstined^  "  '=  '•^^ '• '«■ '^%'- ^'-^'i'  -^-t  ^■■u;^  ..^^ 

He  fiifiHer  fnys,  thai|  fmUar  Uklmrrii  el^li^f en 
mkri^  AMf^>can'n^'o#h*  and  thi»iSasu»¥dei|i^a  are 
iettitedacdotdtngit^the  Htt^n  aceGant^cm  ^e^great 
liiver  Obj:i  1.  And  it  k  m^  nftfi«kiri^  contnuiei  &t  to 
fir{^e  t£»t^wl0  df  lhtil!itaitioii»^  to 


CAHVEH'S  tRAV£L». 


US 


Ameriezby  eruffin^  th^leyfe>a  on  their  (ledges,  than 
for^he  Norwegians  to  trsivel  all  the  way  GrotiathjB 

.  maf ked  out  for  thcmy        ,      .''  r  -'     .    ' : 

Thiv  lirrit«r  makes  manf  other  remarks  that  are  e« 
qaallf  fenfible,  and  which  appear  to  be  juft  ;  but  he  In- 
termixei  with  thefe  fome  that  |lre  not  k>  well  founded. 
Emanuel -de  Moraez,  a  Poi-ttigueie*  in  hfs  hi  (lory  of 
Bra«i»,aii«Fts  thab«  America  has  bei^  wholly  peopled 
by  the  Carthagenians  and  Ifraelites.  He  brings  as  a 
proof)  of  this  aflertlon  the  difcoveties  the  former  arc 
known' to  have  m&de  ata  great  dii^ncebeyo<«d  the  coaft 
of  Africa.  The  progrefs  of  which  being  put  a  (Vbp  t* 
by  thre  fenate  of  Cartna|!7*^  thofc  who  hapehed  to  be  thei| 
in  the  newly  dtfcorered  countriesr  being  cut  off  from 
all  eommuniC'ttion  with  thcrr  countrymen » and  deftitute 

iof  many  necefiUries  of  life,  felt  into  a  date  of  barbarifm. 
As  CO  th^  Ifraelites,  this  «mhor  thinks  that  nothing  but 
cireomcifion  is  wanted  in  order  tv<:onfl  it utek  peife^ 
iffiSfifblance  between  them  and  the  Bruxilians. 

George  De  Homn,  a  learned  Dutchman,  haf  like* 
wife  written  on  this  fubje^  He  fets  out  with' i^^^lar- 
ingf  that  he  does  n6t  beliete  it  pofitble  America  could 
liaveibeen  peopled  before  the  jlood.conftdering  the  (hort 
fpace  of  time  which  elapfed  between  ilie  creation  o^th© 
world  arid  that  tfiemor able  event.  In  the  re );t  place 
tie'lay*  it  dow»  as  a  principle,  that  after  the  delngei  nien 
and  other  t^rtefirial  animals  penetrated  into  that  coun- 
try both  by  fea  and  by  land  ;  Tome  through  accident^ 
imd  fome  from  a  formed  d^fign.  i  hat  birds  got  thith« 
trby  flfght ;  which  they  were  enabled  tb  do  by  reftittg 
on  the  rocks  and  iflands  diat  are  fcattcred  about  the 
ocean. 

iHefurther  obferves,  that  wild  beafts^n-ay  have  fouitd 
i  free  pafiUge  by  land  \  and  that  if  wc  do  not  meet  «>i^ 
korfes  or  cattle  (to  iptrhicb  he  might  have  added  ele^ 
ph^inu*  camels*  rhinoceroj^  and  beaftii  of  many  other 
kindi|<^  IS  beeaufe  ihofe  nations  tliat  pafled  thtther» 
were  ikiier.  not  acquainted  jrith  their  uf»|  or  had  jia 
comr^nieiice  to  itrpport  theiit. 

Having  totally  excluded  many  nattons  that  c^^eri 
bn  ftdmitt^  u  the  probable  firft  (kttkrs  of  Ametica^ 


■1 

in 
■11 


81  „ 


"t' 


,  \ 


TltAVEt^. 


for  \thieh  he  I^HesrfublURtmlvrea^mSr  he  fappofes  that 

»lt  began  t]p  be  j^o^leU  by<  the  ii(»-th  ;  and  maintains  the 

primi^tive  colonies  fpread  themfelves  by  the  means  of 

.  the  ifthihus  of  Panama  through  the  whole  eaetent  of  the 

.  continent.- ■■.'■•'■■-•  ^         "    ■;  ■  •"'     •  -^'    ^   -  ' 

Hf  beUeres  that  the  firft  founders  of  the  Indiao  col- 
onies^ were  Scythians.     'Itliat  the  Pbcenrciani  and  Car. 
.ifaagentans  afterwards  got  footing  inAmerica  acrofs 
r  the  Atla»tic  Ocean,  and ^eClitnefe  by  way  of; the P4. 
\\  €ific     Aiid  that  other  nations  might  from  timeto  time 
.have  Uftded  there  by  ©neor  other  cfthefe  Ways,  or  might 
|)O0ibiy  have  been  thrown  on  the  coatl  by  tettipefts : 
hhce^  trough  the  -^hoh  extent  of  that  conttneittr  both 
m  its  northern  alid:fouthern  parts*^  we  meet  with  un- 
dotibted  marks  i|f  a  mixtnre  of  Ahe  northern  nations 
-with  &0ife  who  have  jcOnce  from  other  places*    And 
•  iaillyf  that  fome  Jews  jmd  chtitiiaiit  e:ught have  been 
tarried  there  by  fueh  like  events,  but  that  tlna  mufT 
have  happened  at  a  time  when  ihe  whole  of  the'  new 
¥(>tU  Was  alfeady  |)eopI^d»  ■  *  ^ 

^^Ibet*  all,  he  ackao3w:edgcs  that  great  difficulties  at* 
texid  llvedeteiminaii©ij(  of  the  qtieflksii-  /l*befe,ihefayi, 
ate  occaftoned  in  the  firft  pk  ce  by.  the  tmperlea  know!, 
ijcfge  we  have  of  tjie  extreftiitiei  of  the  giobe^  towards 
^  north  and  fouth  pole  ;  and  in  the  next  plate  to  the 
hi¥oe  which  the  ^panjardi,  the  firft  difcoverers  of  the 
new  #0rld»  made  among  its  moft  ancient  moniiimentsi 
as  witBirf*$  the  great  double  road  betwixt  Quito  and 
Cu£co, /an  undertaking  To  ftnpenduotfs,  that  even  the 
moft  magnificeiit  of  thofe  executed  by  the  Romans  can* 
notheeprnpaiedtoil.  *  ' 

He  ftippofes  alfo  another  migration  of  the  PhoBQi* 

:  *ians,  thati  thofe  already  mentioned*  to  have  taken  plac^i 

'and  this  was  during  a  tjiree  y^rs  voyage  made  by  the 

;  ?r J  rian  fkei  m  the  lerviqe  of  king  Solomon;  He  afferts 

on  the  authority  of  Jofephus,  that  tlie  port  at  which 

-^^this  embarkation  was  made, jay  In  the  M»^f|fanean. 

The  fleet  he  siddsi  went  in  qaeft  of  elepha^*#ii|diand 

|>ea€0ck6  to  ^the  weftern  coail  of  Afrrea^  #iii$h  is  i'ar. 

fiftl  I  tb^n  to  Pphjr  for  gold,  which  is  Hatte,  or  the  ill 

«itd^  Hifpaniolft ;  in  the  latter  opioioniie  is  fuppon* 


■f 


e4  bf  CiUumbus,  whot'Whtn  be  difcovered  that  i< 
ibmight  be  could  trace  die  furnaces  invwblch 
«was:  Cjeiioed.  ^ 

To  fchete  rolgrations  whicli  preceded/ the  chttflijui 
era,. he  adds  many  (ythec&of  a  later  date i  from  di^gi^t 
nations,  but  tbefe  1  ha«e  not  time  to  enumerate.  'Ifor 
the  £une  reafon  I  ana  obliged  to  pafs  over  pumb^rleft 
writers  on  this  fubjaA  $  and  Ihall  content  myfelf  with 
fiily  giving  the  feotiittents  of  | wet  or  three  more. 

The  .firft  of  thefe  is  Pierre  I>e  Charlcroiz,  a  Freneli. 
mani  mho,  in  his  journal  of  a  voyage  to  North^  Ainetfi- 
ea^'iiAade  fo  lately  at  the  >«ar  172Q^  ha&  recapttnlated 
the  opinions  of  a  variety  of  authors  on  ihis  head,  lo 
tirhieh  he  [us  'fubjoined  his  own  coiije«SUire8'  But  |^e 
latter  cannot  widioiut  fbme  difficulty  be  extraded,  as 
,tbiy,  are  fo  int^nroi^ea  with  the  palTa^es  he  hiis  i|ttnt-ed> 
that  ItTcquires  muchattentioa  to  difcrtininate  them.  ^ 

He  feems  to  allow  that  America  imight  have  ^ceitr* 
ed  Its  firft  inhabitants,  from  Tartary  and  Hyrcania. 
Tht»  he  confirms,  by  obTerving  that  the  lions  ftnd  tieera 
whidi  are  found  in  the  former,  muft  have  cpms^om 
thofe  countries,  and  whofe  paflage  ferves  for  a  ^roof 
li^  the  cwa  hemitpbcr^s  jciin  to  tbeuocthward  of  Afia. 
I^^litti  dx^wa  a  corrobqratton  of  this  argument,  from 
/a  ilory  l»>fays  he  has  often  heard  related  by  ^tber 
.Gc^>on^  a  French  Jefttit,  at  an  undoubted  matter  of 

,  This  iather,  af^cr  having  labored  .fome  time  in^  the 
mifilgns  of  New  France,  paffed  over  to  thofe  of  China. 
Quedaf  as  he  wai  travelling  in  Taytary,  he  met  a  Hu« 
Fon  woman  whoitf^e  had  formerly  known  hi  Canada. 
Mt  «iked  hfr  hy  yhat  adventure  (he  had  been  carried 
into  a  country  To  diftant  from  her  own.  She  made  an- 
fw<^i  th^t having  bejpntalcrn  in  war*  (he  ha<i  been  con- 
dueled  from  nattoit  to  nation,  till  Ihe  had  reached  the 
flace^it  which  flie  then  was. 

>  -Mioiuttir  Charlevnix  fays  turther, .  that  he  had  h^n 
affull^ppother  Jefuit,  palfing  through  Nantz,  in  his  j'^. 
eurn4r0ii^Cbiiia,  had  related  Jnuch  fuch  an  other  affair 
of  aSpaniih  wofOan  from.  Florida.  She  al^o  had  been 
vtfk«[^j^y  certain  indi^nsi  and  giv^n  to.thoi^  of  a  more 


■-■  *(l 


M 


'•4t 


i-.t 


■i 


( 


-* 


U6 


CVUVKrS  TRAYBLa^ 


.:£ 


di^iit  conntry  f  and  by^thtfe  again  m  anpthdr  national 
tilV  ^^ i^g  ^^s  been  fucc«fiiir«ly  palTed  >  from  countryl 
to  country,  and  travelled  through  regions  extrenclyl 
jcoldt  ihe  had  at  Uft  foand  herfiuf  in  Vartary.  Heiel 
(h<;v  had.  married  a  Tartar,  who  had  attended  the  cob*| 

,  qiierors.  in  China,  wber^  (he  was  then  fettled* 

< ; ,;  Ife  acknowIedg!^s^  as  an  allay  to  the  probability  ot 
jdjafti^JXaruih  that  thofe  who  had  failed  fartheft  to  thel 
e'ddyfrndoi  e^&aif  by  pdrfnine  t^e  «oaft  of  Jeflb,  orl 
Ka;is(cbatkat  iuve  pi:etebded  u^at  they  had  percei ved| 

.  the  extremity  Off  this  cc«itinent ;  and  from  thence  havt 

.  conclu^fid  that  there  ccwid'  not  poHibly  be  any  ccHnnmul 
nidation  by  land.-  .But  he  adds  that  Francis  Guelh,[ 
i|}^paniar(l»  is  faidtp  hav^  aCerted,  that  this  (isparaticil 

yis  norirnorf  than^ii :ftr«ut,  about  one  hundred  mUes  over,! 

,  anditbatfomelateyoy^ages  of  ihe  Japanefegiye  grounds! 
to  tiunk  t^titbts  ftra^  isonly  a  b^y>  above  which  there 
^A  pai^ge^oier  Jsuid%^^^^ 

' ..,  He  goeiL ron  Jt<>  obferve*  that  thougli  there  arefewl 
wild  b«?afts  to  b«  met  \7i(b  in  Nordi  America«  exceptf 

,i9ilil||||  of  tigers:  wl^ut  fpott,  which  are  found  in  the 
cojiniry  of  the  Ir©<|UGis,  yet  towards  the  tropics  there 
»tf  lic^ns  and  rf  al  tigersi  .wh|ch».  niDtii/ithiUndingt  mightl 

r|i«iye  come  f|-om.Ilyrcania  and/l'ariary  ;  for  a$.  by  adJ 
▼lanci^' graj;)uaUy  fouthward.  thef  me^  wt^  cltmatefl 
mote  agr^&able  to  their  nattuesy  they  ha)ve  in  time  a{ 
baiidoned-the  northern  countries* 
;  Hi? jc^oteslboth  Soliims  and  Pliny  to  prove  that  the 

.  ScythiahoAnShropophagt  once  depopnVated  a  gr«at  ei<| 
t(?nt  of  country,  as  far  a%  the  promontpry  Tay 0  f  and 
ttfp  at>  author  (rf  later  dale,  MarkJ^Uva  Veneilan,  whoJ 
he  (ays^^Us  usr  that  Jo  t}«i|ordi  eall  ei*  China  andl 
Tartarylpnre.are  vaife  nnmhabited  covmtries*  >whicli| 
might  beftii£cjent  to  ccln6rm^f'<C9m^ures  Concern- 
ing the*  r^reat  of  a  great  imimbieir  of  Scy^kns  int< 
America.    ■  q.\  •  :'\j  {-rx^-: 

Tq  this  he  adds'thtit  we  find  in  tbe  SMI^nitt  the 
names  of  fom^  of  .^thc}^  ni^ions.  /FUnyi^P^f  thel 
Tabians ;  Sol!||Us  jjaei^iidnsihe  ll^lean^^i^v^  had  for 
ncwiibws  the  ilaflageies,  whom  FUnf  ^riii{  afui^s  us 
^iM^^^cntir^y  dif«iHP<!ate4    AouMiaiiut;  Mjirci^UiausI 


CARVErS  TRAVELS. 


Mprefsly  tfflls  us,  that  the  idxt  of  the  A  htropopfaagt><i- 

[tlliged  ,&yeral  of  the  inhabitants  of  thofe  countries  to 

take,  refuge  elfewhere.      Froqi  aU  thefe    authorities 

;|(oAS.  Charlevoix  concludes,  that  there  is  at  leait  rbom 

(0  cOnjtedlure  ihat  more  than  oneifiatiun  in  America  had 

a  Scythian  driTartariah.  original.  :,.  .■ 

He  (hiiiheshfs  remarks  on  the  author*  h(^  has  quot- 

id^  jbr  the  following  ohferTation&}  (t  appears  to  me 

|#at  this  controverff  ^maf*  be  reduced  to :ihetirb  folio v« 

t;tog  articlef ;  1irft,^lu>w  the  new  world  might  have  been 

^peopled  i  and  i!ec6hdly,.b7<.whom»  aad  by  what  meant 

(itha8^be«n:peopl^d. '  ..  •  f<,  ■^^-t.  ^sn-t  •' . 

Kothing  he  aifeitSr  may  be  more  eafil'y  ^hAmered  than 

[tbe  firft.    Ameriep  niight:  havie  been  peopled  as  the 

^re^other  parts  of  the  world  have  been-  -  Many  dlffi- 

Ittet  hate  bmir  formed  on  tins  fnb]ed«  whi^h.  have 

deemed  infbly^^ble^  but  which  ace  ^rih>m  being 

.  1  he  inhabiCantsof  both  hemispheres  are  certainly 

-  descendants  iolJthi  fame  father  s  the  common  parent 

^Qiandehid received  an  ezprefs^coinii|!Uid  fr^m  heaven 

pebpletbe  w^oieworklf  and  aecozdio^tir  khiitM^ 

jli9d^^-^n'-i(%.  ■\-i^;li}r.::  .  .  .':  f<::h,\iu  r-j; ■..:■•  ' 

To  brirtg  this  ftbom  it  wayneee^ary  to^ovircome  att^ 

Ities^hftt  lay  hi  the  way,  and  they  have  been  got 

risr*    Were  the&  diffiei^des  greater  with  refpeA  to- 

ffig  the  ex^etiiities  oif  A(ia,  Africa»  and 'Biirope* 

thy£  tranfporting  ai^  mto  the  iflMinds  which  lie  at  m 

s0iierabte 'diftaQce  from  tho^continen^«  than  to  pafs 

per  into  Americarr  certainty  ndi         _       >:^    -      . 

^iii^gatton,  whi^  has  atrrred  at  fo*  great  perfeAioji 

"^Sln  &ft(three ci^ifof^^eemuriesi  might: poffibly  havt- 

i^ote  perfed  in  tbefeeariy  pjges  than  mf^Mi  Jay. 

Phep  eatt' heKf  ve  that  >iiah  iand^  his  imaiiiiiate  de« 

ita  knew  l^s  of  ^is  «iFt  than  We  do^  That  the 

and  pilot  1^  tire  largell  (hip  that  eyetiwas,  a  (hip 

tt%f^j|irroed  to  traverse  An  unhoa^ided^ocean,  and 

ihball  and  qvticklandstOi  guard  :agatfij(lf 

^  Jrittil  of,  or  ^«)l|ild  Buot  hive  eommunicato 

Jiiltiidc:^faadanu^who^^i:;vi'«<^  h»ni/  and 

i^iiieaiis  he  wasito  execute  the  or^  of  the- 

tCmtttr*!  I  ^Imv^o  -  can  btliete  hie  fllottld  hot 


^  i«f  1 


.'    1  I 


'  He  ' 

'  I 


CARVER'S  TRAVEM. 


bavje  communicated  to  them  the  art  of  fatltng  upon  an 
ocean,  which  waf<  not  only  more  calm  and  pacific,  but 
at  the  fame  time  confined  within  its  ancient  limits  ? 

Admitting  thify  bow  eafy  it  is  to  pafsv  exclufive  of  the 
paflfagc  already  deibribed,  by  Lind  from  the  coaft  of  Ai. 
rica  to  BrazHf  from  the  Canaries  to  the  weftern  IHands, 
and  froowhem  to  the  Aiuiles  ?  from  the  Britiih  Ifles, 
or  the  coaA  of  France,  to  Newfoundland,  the "  paiTage  ii 
neither  long  nor  difilcult ;  I  miglit  fay  as  much  of  that 
from  China  to  Japan,  or  the  Phtllppines,  to  the  Iflet 
of  Mariannes ;  and  from  thence  to  Mexico. 

There  are  iflands  at  a  confiderable  ^ways  from  the , 
xontinent  of  Afia,  where  we  have  not  been  furprifed  to| 
iind  inhabitants,  why  then  (hould  we  wonder  to  meet 
with  people  in  America  !  nor  can  it  b&  imaginedi  that  I 
thegvand  fonsof  Noah,  when  they  were  obliged  tp  fep. 
arate,and  fpreadthemfelves  in  conformity  to  the  defigns 
•f  God»  over  the  whole  earth,  CKouid  find  it  abfolutelyj 
tapofible  to  people  afanoft  one  half  of  it. 

I  have  been  ti0(re  copious  in  my  extrads  from  thUj 
^author  than  I  intended,  as  his  reafons  appeals  to  be  foI« 
id,  and  many  of  his  obfervations  juft.     From  this  enco*| 
mium,  however,  I  muft  exclude  the  ftories  he  has  intro* 
duced  of  the  Huron  and  Floridan  women,  which  I  thiiik| 
I'  might  venture  to  pronounqe  fabulous. 

I  mall  o:}ly>add,  to  give  my  readers  a  more  compi«<| 
henfHo  view  of  Monfienr  Charlevoix's  differtation,  thel 
method  be  propofes  to  come  at  the  truth  of  what  we| 
are  in  fearch  of.  "  y> .  i^» 

The  oidy  means  by  which  this,  can  be  done,  he  fay;,! 
is  by  comparing  the  language  of  the  Americans  withl 
the  diflferem  nations,  from  whence  we  might  fuppofej 
they  have  peregi  inated.  Ifx  we  compare  the  formeri 
with  thoie  words  that  are  confidered  as  pHmitives,  id 
might  poflibly  fet  us  upon  fome  happy  difcovery.  And 
this  way  of  amending  to  the  original  of  nattous,  whicli 
is  by  far  the  lead  equivocal,  is  not  fo  difficult  as  mighd 
be  imagined.  We  have  fasid,  and  ftill  have,  traveller 
and  miffionaries  whohave  attained  the  languages  thai 
are  fpoken  in  all  the  provinces  of  the  new  world/ 
it  would  only  be  nectifary.to  make  a  coUedtoo  of  tbeii 


CARVER'S  TRa^VELf. 


MUttiners  and  vocabularies,  xnd  to  cdllale  them  with 
die  dead  and  living  languages  of  the  old  world,  that 
ptfs  for  originals,  and  Uie  iiniilttarity  might  eafil^r  be 
traced.  Even  tl'e  different  dialers,  in  (^ite  of  the  al* 
Urations  they  have  undergone,  ftill  retain  enough  of  tht 
I  mother  tongue  to  furnifb  confiderable  lights. 

Any  enquiry  into  the  manners,  cuftoms,  religion,  or 
Itnditions  of  the  Americans,  in  order  to  difcover  by  that 
Beans  their  origin,  hf  thinks  would  prove  fallacious. 
Adifquiiition  of  thatkind^  he  obferves,  is  only  capable 
|<rf' producing  a  faife  light,  more  likely  to  dazzle,  and  to 
liaake  us  wander  from  the  right  path,  than  to  lead  ui 
I vith  certainty  to  the  point  propofed. 

Ancient  traditions  arc  effaced  from  the  minds  of  fuc)t 
|il«ither  have  not,  or  for  feverat  ages  have  been  with* 
IdBt  thofe  helps  that  are  neceflary  to  preferve  them.  And 
liiithis  fituation  is  full  one  half  of  the  world.  ]^ew  e* 
Innts,  and  a  new  arrangement  of  things,  give  tife  to  new 
Itnditions,  which  efface  the  former,  and  are  themfelvei 
faced  in  turn.  After  one  or  two  centuries  have  paflT* 
1,  there  no  longer  remain  any  traces  of  the  firft  tradi* 
|tions ;  and  thus  we  are  involved  in  a  (late  of  uncertainty. 
Heconclvdct  with  the  following  remarks,  amon^ 
lany  others.  Unforefeen  accidents,  tempers,  and  (hip- 
[wrecks,  have  certainly  contributed  to  people  every  hab- 
itable part  of  the  world  :  and  oueht  we  to  wonder  after 
liis,  at  perceiving  certain  refembliince»,  both  of  perfons 
nd  manners  between  nations  that  arc  moft  remote  from 
ich  other,  when  we  iind  fuch  a  difference  in  thofe  that 
rder  on  one  another!  As  we  are  dedituteof  hidoric* 
zBonumentf ,  there  is  nothing.  1  repeat  it,  but  a  knowl< 
jtdge  of  the  primitive  languag^  that  is  capable  of 
•owing  any  light  upon  thefti  clouds  of  impeaitrable 
rknefs. 

By  this  enquiry  we  fliould  at  lead  befatisfied  nn^ong 
^at  prodigious  number  of  various  nations  iiJiabitinif 
America,  and  differing  fo  much  in  language s  Irom  eacn 
tlier,  which  are  thofe  who  make  ufc  of  words  totally 
id  entirety  different  from  thofe  of  the  old  world,  and 
rho  confequentiy  mud  be  reckoned  to  have  paffed  over 
America  io  the  tarlieft  agesj  and  thofe,  who»  front 


I  \ 


•■•r 


CARVER^S  TRAVELS. 


tlie  smalogf 'of  their  language  v^ith  fuch  as  are  at  pref. 
entlifed  in  the  three  other  parts  of  the  globe,  leave 
room  to  judge  that  then-  migration  has  been  more  re- 
cent, and  which  ought  to  be  attributed  to  (hipwrecks, 
or  to  fome  accident  <;milar  to  thofe  which  have  been 
fpoken  of  in  the  courie  of  this  treatife. 

I  fhall  only  add  the  opinion  of  one  author  more>  be. 
fbre  1  give  my  own  fentiments  on  the  fubjefl,  and  that 
.18  of  James  Adair,  efq.  who  refidld  forty  years  among 
the  Indians,  atid  publiftied  the  hiflory  of  them  in  the 
yearl77iJ.  In  his  learned  and  fyftematical  hiAory  of  I 
thofe  nations,  inhabiting  the  weftern  parts  of  the  moft 
fouthern  of  the  .American  colonies ;  this  gentleman { 
without  hefjtation  piononnces  that  the  American  abo- 

#  rigincs  are  defended  from  the  Ifraelites,  either  whilftl 

•  ihcy  were  a  maritime  power,  of  fcon  after  their  genera!  | 
captivity. 

This  defcent  he  endeavors  to  prove  from  their  rellg. 
icus>  jjics,  their  civil  and  martial  cufiomsi  their  roariagi 
cs,  tljeir  furieral  ceremonies,  their  manners,  language,! 
traditions,  and  from  a  variety  of  other  particulars.  Ar.d| 
fo  complfnie  is  his  ccnvidlion  on  this  head,  that  he  fan- 
c'ch  he  finds  a  pcrfeft  and  indifputnble  fjfriilitude  ini 
each.  '1  brongh  all  thefe  1  have  not  lirz'C  to  follow  iiini, 
and  fhall  therefore  only  rive  a  few  cTiUafts  to  fuow  onj 
what  foundation  he  Guile's  his  tonjcdturch  and  Nvbaide-] 
gree  of  credit  ho  is  entiile<i  ic-  oii  this  point: 

be  begins  v,  iih   obfeiving,  ibat  tbon^^Ii   kme  1    'cl 
fuppo.id  the  j^nxricans  to  be  dcfrendcc!  jrri;,  ihe  Ci.i.| 
nefe,  \et  TieUf*  r  ibt  ir  ■<  UpUvu  laws,  nt)r  cufiorj'S  aj'.i'icj 
in  tlie  lc$ll  wi  h  iboH'  mlf  CMi  (fe  j 'Wbich  f<iflicicr.'t- 
Jy  ji;i.vv»'^  ih'U  the)  :irc  ix!  <  i  iln*  lire.     E(  fitter);  as  /•  i| 
bcit  Oiij.s  ?'e  row  ?iR>cfi  'hA)i  n  y*  ar  in  failing  for  '''     i 
(cur  aiMi'' «  crtR  rcl  h<;:>y  tucii'c^i  iljnt  iIm'-,  '.  ^..ut  r. 
high  r  OL';\cln  Uti»u»'e;Vtfir^s  lie  lirr,  ar.<*   (len   b;.i  c 
again  gn.illy   to  \hv  ncili^a!*)   r.i  it,  ar.d  rotdirc.   y 
nthv.tit  ilii  i^uif'c  tcccr.  iot  t^llly  cne  hundred  «pci  o 
levcn  dtgrees)  ft  li«  m  tJci.ce  (o  KtMnpc,  it  is  very  vf' 
likely  ihey  flr»'M  ;  s<n-.pt  h-ch  diii;j[:«  jctii.  difftnej  o,\ 
V'ilh  thrii  fr^jjoho.  fnp.ll  vtfle].s.  agniv,U  rapid  cu)kjiU/| 
ft^d  in  daik  ur«d  Ul\)  Monjoonb. 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


v^ 


Itl 


He  further  remarks,  th;it  this  is  more  particuTstt!/ 
Iinprobable,  as  there  is  reafon  to  believe  that  this  nation 
{was  unacquainted  with  the  life  of  loadilonc  to  direiffc 
their  courle.  China,  he  fays,  is  abonc  eight  thoufaad 
Jniles  dillant  from  the  American  continent*  vcliich  is 
jtwice  as  far  as  acrofs  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  And  we 
are  not  informed  by  the  ancient  writer  of  their  maritime 
Jslciii,  or  fo  much  as  any  inclination  that  way,  befides 
kmall  coading  voyages.  The  winds  blew  Hkewife,  with 
llitde  variation  from  eaft  to  weft  within  the  latitudes 
1  thirty  and  odd,  north  and  fouth  ;  and  therefore  these 
Kould  not  drive  them  on  the  American  coall,  it  lying  di* 
]ieflly  contiar}  to  fuch  a  courfe. 

Neither  could  perfons,  according  to  this  wi iter's  ac- 
|<ount,  fail  to  America  fiom  the  north  by  the  way  of 
JTartaiy  or  ancient  Scythia  ;  that,'  from  its  fituation, 
I  never  having  been  or -can  be  a  mariiime  power ;  and  it 
lis  utterly  impracticable,  he  fays,  for  any  to  come  to  A- 
Imerica  by  fea  from  that  quarter.  Defides,  the  remaining 
(traces  of  their  religious  ceremonies  and  civil  and  mattial 
KuUoms  are  quite  oppofite  lo  the  Ifkc  vefliges  of  the 
lold  Scythians.  Even  in  the  moderate  nortl^rn  climatev 
Itheie  is  not  to  be  feen  the  lead  trace  ot  any  ancient 
JHately  buildings,  or  any  thick  fettlementf,  as  are  faid 
to  remain  in  the  lefs  healthy  regions  of  Peru  and  Mex* 
iico  And  fereral  of  the  Indian  nations  afliire  us,  that 
the;  croifed  the  Miififippi  4>efore  they  made  their  pref- 
it  northern  fettlemenis  ;  which  connected  with  the  forr 
Iroer  arguments,  he  concludes  will  fufiiciently  explode 
Itbatwcak  opinion  of  the  American  Aborigmes  being 
llineaily  defcended  from  the  i'artais  or  ancient  Scy- 
lihians. 

Mr.  Adair's  reafons  for  fuppofing  that   the  Ameri- 
leans  derive  their  oiigin  from  the  Jews  are, 

Mrft,  becaufe  they  are  divided  into  tribes,  and   have 
[chiefs  over  them'  as  the  ifraelite:,  had. 

Secondly,  becaufe,  as  by   a  (Irifl    permanent  divine 
[precept,  the  Hebrew  nation  were  ordered  to  worfhip,at 
Jerufklem.  Jehovah  the  true  and  livir.g   Cod,  fo  do  the 
jlndians,  ftiling  him  Y' hcwah>     '1  he  arcient  Heathens, 

adds«  it  is  well  knoM'n  worfliiped  a  plurality  ^£od»r 


11^ 


% 


1#« 


CARVER'S  TRAVEL*. 


but  the  Indian^  pay  their  religious  jdevoirs  to  the  Great 
beneficent  luprem^  holy  Spirit  of  Fite,  who  refides  as 
they  think  above  the  clouds,  and  on  earth  alio  with  un. 
polluted  people  Ttjcy  pay  no  adoration  to  images,  or 
to  dead  perfons,  neicher  to  the  celeRial  luminaries,  to 
evil  fpirits,  nor  to  any  cieaiedbe.'xjgs  wiiatever» 

Thirdly,  becauie,  agreeable  tt<  the  theocracy  or  divine 
government  of  Ifrael,  the  Jndinns  think  the  deity  to  be 
the  immediate  head  of  iheir  fta^e. 

Fourthly,  becaufe,  as  the  Jews  believe  io  the  tniiiis- 
iration  of  angels,  the  Indians  alfo  believe  that  the  high- 
er  regions  are  inhabited  by  good  ipirits. 

Fifthly,  becaufe  the  Indian  language  and  dialers  ap. 
pear  to  hate  the  very  idiom  and  genius  of  the  Hebrew. 
Their  words  and  fcntences  being  exprtffive,  ccncife,  em* 
phatical,  foi\orous,  and  bold  j  and  often,  both  in  letters, 
and  fignification,  are  fynonyipoui  with  the  Hebrew  Ian* 
guage.  •  ,  ,    . 

Sixthly,  bccaufc.tliey  count  their  time  after  the  man- 
ner of  the  Hebrews. 

SeveLthly,becaufe  in  conformity  to,  or  after  the  man* 
nerbf  the  Jcwsi,  they  have  their  prophett,  high  priefts, 
and  ofher  leliiifious  orders. 

Eightlily,  bfjcatife  their  feftlvals.  fafls,  and  religious 
rites  have  a  §reat  refemblance  to  thoie  of  the  He 
brews. 

•  Ninthly,  becaufe  the  Indians,  before  rtiey  p o  to  war, 
have  many  preparatorf  ce.^cnioiiles  of  purification  and 
falling,  like  whwt  is  recorded  of  the  Ihaditcs.   ' 

Tenthly,  becaufe  the  fame  tafite  for  ornaments,  and 
the  fame  ki«d  are  made  ufv'  of  by  the  Indiana,  as  by  the 
Hebrews.  ' 

Thefc  and  many  other  aic^'dmenfof  a  f^mllar  nature 
Mr.  Adair  bjingbir  f.ipportcl  hi^  favorite  fyttem  ;  but 
1  (h(^uld  imagine,  that  if  the  Indlini.  axe  really  derived 
from  the  HcbTtws,  amonj  their  religious  ceremonies,  «n 
which  he  rblcHy  fcems  to  build  his  hypothelis,  the  prin- 
cipal ih  Jtof  circumcifion,  wo«l3  never  have  been  laid 
iiiide,  and  itA  very  K'membrance  chlilerated. 
'  Thuy  numerous  and  diverfe  arc  the  opinions  of  thofe 
who  },;tft  ]•!■  i^crto  written  en  this  fubjcd  !  1  Uiail  not 


f^ 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


12S 


kawever  either  endeavor  to  reconcile  them >  or  to  pdint 
oat  the  errors  of  each,  bat  proceed  to  give  my  own 
fentiraents  on  the  origin  of  the  Americans  ;  which  are 
founded  on  conclufions  dral^n  from  themoft  rational  ar- 
guments of  the  writer^i  I  have  mentioned*  and  from  my 
own  obfervations ;  the  coniidency  of  thefe  I  (hall  leave 
to  the  judgment  of  my  readers. 

The  better  to  introduce  my  conje<ftares  on  this  head, 
it  is  neceiTary  firfl  to  afcertain  the  diUance  between  A- 
merica  and  thofe  parts  of  the  habitable  globe  that  ap- 
proach neareft  to  it. 

The  continent  of  America,  as  far  as  we  can  judge 
from  all  the  refearches  that  have  been  made  ne<irthe  poles^ 
appears  to  be  entirely  feparated  from  the  other  quarters 
of  the  world.  1  hat  part  of  Europe  whtcii  approaches 
neared  to  it,  is  the  coaii  of  Greenland,  lying  in  about 
feventy  degrees  of  north  latitude  ;  and  which  reaches 
within  twelve  degrees  of  the  coad  of  Labrador,  fitua* 
ted  on  the  north  eafl  borders  of  this  ccmtinent.  The 
coad  of  Guinea  is  the  neared  part  of  Africa  ;  which  li^ 
about  eighteen  hundred  and  fixty  miles  north  ead  from 
the  Brazils.  The.mod  eaderncoad,of  Afia,  which  ex* 
tends  to  the  Korean  Sea  on  the  north  of  China,  projeils- 
north  ead  through  eadern  I'artary  and  Kamfchatka  to 
Siberia^  in  about  fixty  degrees  of  north  latitude.  To- 
wards which  the  wedern  coadsof  America,  from  Cali- 
fornia to  the  Straits  of  Annian,  extend  nearly  north 
wed,  and  lie  in  about  forty  fix  degrees  of  the  fame  lati- 
tude. 

Whether  the  co » Inent  of  America  dreaches  any  fur- 
ther north  than  thefe  draits,and  joins  to  theeadcrn  parts 
of  Afia,  agieeable  to  what  has  been  afferted  by  fome  of 
the  writers  I  have  quoted,  or  whether  the  lands  that 
have  been  dilcovcred  m  the  intermediate  parts  are  only 
an  archipelago  of  iflands,  verging  towards  the  oppofite 
continent,  is  not  yet  afcertained. 

It  being,  however,  certaip  that  there  are  many  con- 
fidertbl*  iflands  which  lie  between  the  extremities  of  A« 
iia  and  America,  vis.  Japan,  Yefo  or  JeJfo,  Gama's 
Land,  Behring.s  Ifle,  with  many  others  difcovercd  by 
TAih^ikowi  %ni  befidei  tl)efe>  £rom  hhy  degrees  nort^ 


M 


■  r, 


i 


I 


124 


CARVER'S   TRAVELS. 


there  appearing  to  beaclufter  of  ifl.inds  that  reach  a* 
iAT  as  Siberia,  it  is  probable  from  their  proximity  to 
America,  that  it  received  its  firCl  inhabitants  from 
them,  . 

This  conclufion  is  the  mod  rational  t  am  ableto  draur» 
fuppofing  that  fince  the  Aborigines  got  footing  on  this 
continent,  no  ejctraorc^inary  or  fadden  change  in  the  po. 
fition  or  rurf4cc  of  it  ha:!  taicen  place,  from  inundations^ 
earthquakes,  orsny  revolutions  of  the  earth  that.wear« 
at  prefent  unacquainted  with. 

'i'o  me  it  appears  highly  improbable  that  it  (hould 
have  been  peopled  from  diiFerent  quarters,  acrofs  the 
Ocean,  as  others  have  afferted  From  the  fize  of  the 
Ibips  made  ufe  of  in  thofe early  ages,  and  the  want  of 
the  compafs,  it  cannot  be  fuppoled  that  any  m?ritinie 
nation  would  by  choice  venture  over  the  unfa:homabIe 
ocean,  in  fearch  of  dlftarit  continents.  Had  this  howev. 
erbeen  attempled,  orhad  America  been  firft  accidental. 
iy  peopled  from  lh«ps  freighted  with  paflengers  of 
both  fexes,  which  were  driven  by  ftrong  eafterly  winds 
acrofs  the  Atlantic,  thefe  iettters  muft  have  retained 
fome  traces  of  theUnguageofrhe  country  from  whence 
they  migrated  ;  and  this  fmcethc  difcovery  of  it  by  the 
Europeans  muft  have  been  made  oat%  It  alfo  appears 
extraordinary  that  feveral  of  thefe  accidental  migrations, 
as  allowed  by  fome,  and  thefe  from  different  part?^ 
Ihould  have  taken  place. 

Upon  the  whole,  after  the  moft  critical  enquiries,  and 
the  ma(ure(Vcleliberation,  I  am  of  opinion,  that  Amer> 
iea  received  its  firft  inhabitants  frori  the  north  eaft,  by 
way  of  the  great  Archipelagojuft  mentioned,  and  from 
thefe  alone,  But  this  might  have  been  affefled  at  differ. 
ent  times  and  from  various  parts  :  from  Tartary,  Chi* 
na,  Japan,  or  Ksmfchatka,  the  inhabitants  of  thefe  pla- 
ces refembling  each  other  in  colour,  features»and  ihape, 
and  who,  before  foms  of  them  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  the  arts  and  fciencei,  might  have  likev.'ie  refembled 
each  other  in  tlieir  manners,  cuftoms,  religion,  and 
language 

1l*he  only  difference  between  the  Chinefe  nation  and 
the  i  artars  Uei  'm  the  cultivated  (late  of  the  one,  and 


CARVJEIfS  TRAVELS., 


la? 


tlie  ctnipali^ei  fituation  of  others  TJhe  former  have 
become  a  commercial  people,  ani  dwell  in  houfes  form- 
ed into  regular  towns  and  cities  ;  the  latter  live  chiefl^r 
in  tents,  and  rove  about  in  different  Kordes  without  any 
fixed  abode,  hior  can  the  long  and  bloody  wars  thefe 
two  nations  have  been  engaged  m,  exterminate  their 
hereditary  (imilitude-  The  prefent  family  of  Chi- 
nefe  Emperors  is  of  Tartarian  extradkion  ;  and  if  they 
were  not  fenfible  of  fame  claim  betide  that  of  conqaeft» 
fo  numlerous  a  people  would  icarcely  fit  c^utet  under  the 
dominion  of  (trangcrs. 

It  is  very  evident  that  fome  of  the  manners  and  cuf- 
toms  of  the  American  Indians  reiemble  tliofe  of  the 
Tartars  ^  and  I  make  no  doubt  hut  that  in  some  future 
era,  and  this  not  a  very  far  di(lantone,  it  will  be  reduc- 
ed to  a  certainty,  that  during  fome  of  the  wars  between 
the  Tartars  and  t)ie  Chinefe,  a  part  of  the  inhabitants' 
of  the  northera  provinces  were  driven  fiom  tlieir  native 
country,and  took  refuge  in  fome  of  the  tflei  before  men- 
tioned and  from  thence  found  their  pr^y  into  America. 
At  different  periods  each  nation  might  prove  vtdoriout, 
tind  the  conquered  by  turns  fly  before  their  conquerors  f 
and  from  hence  migljit  arile  the  fimiUtude  of  the  Indians 
to  all  thefe  people,  and  that  animolity  which  exids  be* 
I  tween  fo  naany  of  their  tribes. 

It  appears  plainly  lo  wie  that  a  great  finilT.ii Ity  be- 
tween the  Indians  and  Chinefe  is  confpicuv'.us  if)  thac  par- 
ticular cuftnm  of  (having  or  plucking  off  the  hair,  and 
lejiving  only  a  fmall  tutt  on  the  crown  of  the  head. 
This  mode  is  faid  to  have  been  enjoined  by  the  Tarta- 
rian Emperors  on  their  accefiion  to  the  tlirone  of  China, 
and  confequentlf  i&  a  farther  proof  that  this  cuilom  was 
in  uTe  among  tne  Tartars  ;  to  whom  as  weU  as  tlie  Chi- 
nefe, the  Americans  might  be  indebted  for  it. 

Many  words  alfb  are  nfed  both  by  the  Chincle  and  In- 
jdians,  which  have  a  refemblance  t«  each  other*. not^  on- 
ly in  their  found,  but  their  iigni&cation.  '1  he  Chinefe 
call  a  Have,  Ihungoi  and  the  Naudoweflfiie  Indians, 
whofe  language  from  their  little  intereourfe  with  the- 
Curopeans,  is  the  leall  corrupted,  tei^m  a  dog,  (hunguflu 
flhe  former  denoi^iinate  one  fpecies  of  their  tea,  ihoi;^ 

I.  a 


^ffiii*; 


'■■  H- 


If' 


126 


CAHVER'S  •f kAVELd. 


fong  ;  the  latter  call  their  tobacco.  (hbufaiTau*  Many 
other  words  ufed  by  the  Indians  contain  the  fyllables 
che,  chaw.and  chew,after  the  dialed  of  the  Chinefe. 

There  probably  might  be  found  a  fimtlar  connexion 
between  the  language  of  the  Tartars  and  the  American 
Aborigines,  were  we  as  well  acquainted  with^  it  as  we 
are»  from  our  copimercial  intercourfe,  with  that  of  the 
Chinefe. 

I  am  confirmed  in  thefe  cunjeftures,  by  the  accounts 
of  Kamfchatka,  publiflied  a  few  years  aj§ro  by  order  of 
the  Emprefs  of  Ruflia.  The  author  of  which  fa^s,  that 
the  iea  which  divides  that  peninfula  from  America  is  full 
of  iflands ;  and  that  the  diftance  between  Tfchulcotiki. 
Nofs  a  promontory  which  ffes  at  the  eaftern  extremity  of 
that  country,  and 'the  <i6aft  of  America  is  not  more  than 
two  ifflgrees  aiid  a  half  of  -4  great  circle.  He  further 
lays,  that  there  is  the  greatcfl  reafon  tofuppofe  that  A* 
fiA  and  America  once  joined  at  this  place,  as  the  coafls 
of  both  ccntiricnts  appear  to  have  been  broken  into 
capes  and  bays,  which  anfwer  each  other ;  more  efpe* 
cially  a^  the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  both  refemble 
each  other  in  their  perfons,  habits  cuAbms  and  food. 
7  heir  language,  indeed,  l.e  obferves,  does  not  appear  i 
to  be  thefame,  butt het)  the  inhabitant*}  of  ejach  dillrid 
in  Kamfchatka  fpe*tk  a  language  as  difFeient  from  each 
other,  as  from  that  fpoken  on  the  oppotite  coaft.  Thefe 
obfervafions,  lo  which  he  adds,  ^e  fimilarity  of  the 
boats  of  the  inhabitants  of  each  coa(l,and  a  remark  that 
the  natives  of  this  part  of  America  are  wholly  Grangers 
to  wine  and  tobacco,  which  he  looks  upon  as  a  proof  | 
that  they  have  as  yet  had  no  cominunicatitn  with  the  na> 
tives  of  Europe,  he  fays,  amount  to  little  lefs  than  a 
demonftration  that  America  was'peopled  from  this  part 
of  Afia. 

The  litnits  of  my  prefent  undertaking  vrill  not  permit 
me  r.6  dwell  any  longer  on  this  fubjed,  or  to  en^m^rate  I 
any  other  proof?  in  favor  of  my  hypothefis.  I  am,how- 1 
ever,  fo  tnoroughly  coiivinced  of  the  certainty  of  it, 
and  fo  deflronshave  1  been  to  obtain  every  teflimonjr 
which  can  be  procured  in  its  fupportthat  I  once  made 
in  offer  to  a  private  fociety  of  gentlemeni  who  were  cu* 


#• 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


127 


Hotts  in  fuch  refearckes,  and  to  whom  I  had  communis 
cated  my  fentimentt  on  this  point,  tliat  1  would  under- 
take  a  journey ,  on  receiving  fuch  fupplies  as  were  need- 
fill,  through  the  north  eall  parts  of  Europe  and  Afla 
to  the  interior  parts  of  America,  and  from  thence  to 
England ;  making  as  I  proceeded,  fuch  obfervations 
Jyothon  the  languages  and  manners  of  the  people  with 
whom  T  fliould  be  converfant,  as  might  tend  to  illuflrate 
thedo^ine  I  have  here  laid  down,  and  to  fatisfy  the 
currbfity  of  the  learned  and  inqutfittve  *  but  as  this  pro- 
poilil' was -judged  rather  to  require^  a  national  than  a 
private  fuppori,  it  was  not  carried  into  execution^ 

I  Atn  happy  tafind  fihce  I  formed  the  foregoing  con- 
clufions,  that  they  correfponci  with  the  fentiment^t 
of  that  learned  hiftorian,  DodorRobertfon  i  and  tho* 
with  hhn,  I  acknowledge  that  the  tnveiligation,  from  its 
nature,  rs  fo  obfcure  and  intricate,  that  the  conjectures  I 
bate  made  can  only  be  confidered  as  conjectures,  and 
not  Jndifputable  conclufions,  yet  they  carry  with 
them  a  greater  degree  of  probability  than  the  fuppofi* 
tionsof  tbofe  who  affsrt  this  continent  was  peopled  from 
another  quarter. 

One  of  the  Doctor's  quotations  from  the  journals  of 
Behring  and  Tfchirikow,  who  failed  from  Kamfchz^tkay 
about  the  year  1T41,  in  quell  of  the  New  World,  ap- 
pears to  carry  great  weight  with  it,  and  to  afford  our 
conclufions  Brm  fupport :  **  Ihefe  commanders  having 
(haped  their  courfe  towards  the  caft,  difcovered 
land,  which  to  them  appeared  to  be  part  of  the  Ameri- 
can continent  ;  and  according  to  their  obfervations,  it 
feems  to  be  (ituated  within  ;i  few  degrees  of  the  north 
weft  coaft  of  California  They  had  there  fome  intercourfe 
with  the  inhabitants,  who  teemed  to  them  to  referable  the 
North  Americans  ;  as  they  prefented  to  the  Ruffians  the 
Calumet  or  Pipe  of  Peace,  which  is  a  fymbol  of  friend- 
ihip  univerfal  among  the  people  of  North  America, 
and  tn  \ifage  of  arbitrary  inliituiron  pecuhar  to  them." 

One  of  this  incomparable  writer's  own  arguments  in 
fupport  of  his  hypothecs  is  alfo  urged  with  great 
judgment,  and  appears  to  be  nearly  conclufive.  He 
&ys,  **  we  may  lay  it  down  as  a  certain  principle  in  this 


m 


m '  1 

M 

n 

H 

S'li 

vm 

vKf,  1 

i 

'|lj|.i', 

i^-'hS 

ili^ 

<* 


128 


^: 


CARVER'S  TRAVEL& 


enquiry  1  that  America  was  not  peopled  by  any  nation 
of  ibe  anpient  continent*  which  had  made  coitfiderable 
prpgrefs  in  civiliratioiv.  The  inha^tants  of  the  New 
World  were  in  a  lUte  of  Tociety  fo  extremely  rude,  as 
to  be  unacquainted  withihoie  ar^  which  are.  the  firft 
edf^ys  of  bujuan  ingepiui^y  ia  its  s^dvancie  towards  im- 
provements Ev^n  lie,  moft  cultivated  natipns  pf  A- 
merica  wt^rc  jiranger*  toni^ny  pf  djofe  fimple  invcn. 
tions,  which  were  almoii  coevfil.  with  fcwiety  in  otiier 
^  parts  of  tiie  world,  and  wqiiq  .known  in  the  earlieft  peri> 
ods'ef  civil  UCe*  From  thi$^it  is  manife^  that  the  tribes 
which  ortginaily  migrated  to  America,  came  off  from 
nations,  which  muil  h^ive,  b^en  no  Jelfs  b^^arous  than 
their  ppfterity  rat  the  time  vifhen^hey  werie  fcyft  difcor. 
ered  by  dhe  EaroposMis,  if  ever  the  ufe  of  iron  had 
been^^ktipwa  to  the  £a^ages  of  Amerij^a*  or  to  their  pro. 
genitors,  if  ever  they:  fiaden^plpyed  a  plough,  a  loom,  oi 
a  forge,  the  titility  of  thefeiuve»tion|,  would  have  pre- 
ierved  them,  and  it  is  impoffible  that  they  (huuld  have 
keen  abandoned  or  forgotten.'". 


M  • 


;;       -  CEAPTi:^  it 

CP   THEia    PSRSOH^»  SRE»S,   C5^ff; 

P  ROM  the  firft  iettlement  of  the  French  in  Cana Jav 
lo  the  conqitel^  of  it  by  the  Englilh  in  1760,  feveral  of 
that  nation,  who  had  travelled  into^  the  interior  part» 
af  North  America,  either  to  trade  with  the  Indians,  or 
to  endeavor  to  malte  converts  of  them,  have  publiOied 
accounts  of  their  cudofhsy  manners,  &e. 

rhe  principal  of  thefe  are  father  Louis  Hennipen, 
Monf.  Charlevoix,  and  the  Karen  Le  Hontan.  ihe 
firft,  many  years  ago,  pnbliihed  fome  very  judicious  re- 
marks, which  he  was  the  better  enabled  to  do  by  the  af- 
fiftance  he  received  j^om  the  maps  and  diaries  of  the 
vnfoctuaate  Nt  I^e.  la  Salle,  wha  wits  a^iiUn^ted  whilft 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


1Q» 


lie  was  on  his  travels,  by  fome  of  his  own  party.  That 
gentleman's  journals  falling  into  father  Henni^ien's 
hand,  he  wa^  enabled  hy  them  to  pubUftmiany  inieres- 
ling  partici».iars  relative  to  the  Indians.  Rut  in  fome 
refpeAshefellvery  ih9i:t  6i  that  knowledge  \thich  it 
was  in  his  potter  to  have  attained  from  his  long  refi  Jence 
among  tliem.^l>Ior  was  he  always  (as  has  been  already^ 
Qbferved)exa^in  bis ealculations)  or  juftin  the'  intelli* 
gence  he  has  given  us.  ^ 

The  ac0untsf>i^blinied  by  the  other  two,  particularly 
tliof^^of  Charlevo}z>are  very  erroneous  in  the  geograph- 
icU  parts,  and  many  of  the  ftories  told  by  the  Baron  ar^; 
mere  delufions. 

K  Sorpe  of  the  Jefults,  who  heretofore  tratelled  into. 
thefe  parts,  have  alfo  written  on  thfs  fubje^  ;  but  as- 
few^,  if  any,  of  their  works  have  been  tranflatedinto  the- 
Engliih  language,  the  generality  of  readers  ate  not  ben* 
cHtted  by  them  j  and*  indeed:  had  this  been  done  they~ 
would  have  reaped  but  few  advantages  from  them,  as. 
they  have  chieffy  confined. their  obfervations  to  the  relii 
gious  prif  iciples  of  the  favages,  and  the  fteps  taken  fee 
iheir  converfion 

Since  the  conquefl  of  Canada^  fome  of  our  own  coun- 
trymen who  have  lived  among  the  Indians,  and  learned 
their  language j  have  publifhed  their  obfervations ;  how* 
ever  a;  ilieir  travels  have  not  extended  to  any  ot  the  tn- 
Iterior  pnrts  I  treat  of,  but  have  only  been  m^de  among 
til?  nations  tliat  border  on  our  fettlements,  a  knowledge 
iof  the  genuine  and  uncontaminated  cuftoms  and  man* 
Iners  of  the  Indians  could  not  have  been  acquired  by 
ihemw  ' 

The  fouthcrn  tribes^  and  ihoie  that  have  held  a  con-' 
ftant  intercourfe  with  the  French  or  EngliHi,  cannot 
have  preferved  their  manners  or  their  tu4toms  in  their 
original  purity.  They  could  not  avoid  acquiring  the 
vices  with  the  language  of  thofe  they  converfed  with  ; 
2nd  the  frequent  intoxications  they  experienced  through 
the  bafleful  juices,  introduced  among  them  by  the  Eu»« 
ropeanSf  have  completed  a  total  alteration  in  their  chk^r- 
aSers. 

in  (udi^u  thefe,  si  confuXedly  medley  of  princlpleii 


y<<. 


m 


■\) 


r     V 


a, 


150 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


b 
I ». 


\^ 


or  ufages  are  only  to  be  obferved  j  their  real  and  unpo. 
Iute4  ciillorn,  couid  be  feeti  among  tbofe  nations  alone] 
that  have  held  but' Httte  communication  wltH  the  prov» 
I'hefe  1  found  in  the  uorthweft  parts^and  tbere.] 


inces. 


fore  flatter  myfelf  that  I  am  able  to  gitc  af  more  juftj 
account  of  the  cudoms  and  manners  ^f  tile  Iktdians,  in 
then*  ancient  purity,  than  any  that  has-been  hitherto | 
publifhed.  I  have  made  obfert&rvnt  oil  mtrtysiitittons, 
and  though  moll  of  thefehave  differed  in  their  langua*| 
geS)  there  has  appeared  a  great  fimilaiftty  in  their  manJ 
ners,  and  from  theie  1  have  endeavored  to  extraik  tlie] 
following  remarks.  . 

As  1  do  not  propofe  to  give  a  regulaJ:  and  conneftedl 
fyilem  of  Indian  cdncerns,  but  only  to  relate  fuch  parol 
ticolarsoftheirinahners,  cuftoms,  Ice*  as  I  thought  rooll| 
worthy ^of  notice,  and  which  mterfcrfc  ^s  little  as  poffi. 
ble  with  the  accounts  given  by  other  writers«  I  rouft  beg| 
ifiy  readers  to  eic'dfe  their  not  being  arranged  fyftemat* 
ically.  Or  tr«ited  of  in  a  more  copious  manner. 

The  Indian  nations  do  not  appear  to  me  to  differ  fol 
widely  in  their  make,  color,  or  eonftitution  from  each! 
other,  as  reprefented  by  fome  writers.  They  are  inl 
generjd  flight  made,  rather  tall  and  ftraight,  and  yoal 
wldom  lee  any  imong  them  defornied,  their  fkin  is  of  al 
reddifh^or  copper  color  ;  their  eyes  are  large  and  black,  [ 
and  thistr  h-Jir  of  the  fame  hue,  but  very  rarely  is  it  curl* 
ed  s  the^-  have  good  teeth,  and  their  breath  is  as  fweetl 
as  tlie  air  they  draw  in  ;  the*r  cheek  bones  rather  raifedJ 
but  more  fo  in  the  women  than  the  men ;  and  the  for*! 
mer  are  not  quite  fo  tall  as  the  Europiean  women,  how.| 
ever  you  frequently  meet  with' good  faces  and  agreea«| 
ble  perfotis«|^mong  them,  although  they  are  xDore  m 
cUned  to  be  fat  than  the  other  fex.  j 

^  I  fhall  not  enter  into  a  particular  enquiry  whetheij 
the  Indians  are  indebted  to  nature,  art  or  the  tempera* 
ture  of  the  climate  for  the  color  of  their  fkin,  nor  Ihallj 
I  quote  any  of  the  contradictory  accounts  I  |iav^  readl 
da  this  fubje^ :  I  fliall  only  fay,  that  it  appears  to  icel 
i<y  be  the  tin^re  they  received  originally  f^in  the  handjl 
of  their  Creator  ;  b&t  at  what  period  the  variation  whlchl 
j$  at  prefent  vifible,  both  in  tne  complexion  and  feat*{ 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


Idl 


^of  many  nations  took  place,  at  >'hat  time  ihe  £u« 
san  whitenefs,  the  jetty  hue  of  the   .itrican,  or  the 

Bpper  caft  of  the  American  were  given  them;  which 
the  original  color  of  the  tii  ft  inhabiCHnt^  of  the  enrth, 

which  might  be  efleemed  the  moll  perfc*^!:.  1  will  not 

|t^d  to  deter  mine. 
pMany  writers  have  aflerted,  that  t|ie  Indians,  even  at 

M^ureA  ^period  of  their  exlft^pce,  are  only  furnifti* 

with  hair  on  their  heads  ;  an;l  tiiat  xiovwUhfliindirtg  . 
profufion  with  which   tiiat   part  is  coverej,  thofe 

iF^  which  among  the  inhabitanis  of  other  climates 
t«  afuiSLlly  the  fe>4t  of  this  excrelcence,  remain  entirely 
|ree  from  it.     Even  Dr,  Robertfon,  through  their  mif* 

refentations,  has  contributed  to  propagate  the  error; 
^dfuppoUng  the  remark  juitly  founded,  has  drawn 
iivecal  conclufions  from  it  relative  to  the  habit  and  tem- 

rature  of  their  bodies,  which  are  confequently  inva» 
But  fr  om  minute  enquiries,  and  a  curious  inipec* 
[ion,  I  am  able  to  declare  (however  refpedtable  1  may 

old  the  auchoritj  of  thefe  hi ftorians,  in.  other  points) 
bat  their  a/Tertions  are  erroneous,  and  proceeding  from 
b  wmt  of  a  thorough  kaowledgs  of  the.cqfto'ins  of  the 
Indians. 

After  the  age  of  puberty,    their  bodies,  in  their  nat- 
|iwl  liate,  iire  covered  in  the  fanje  maj'.ncr  as  mofe  oCf 
he  Europe«',p.3      The  men,  indeed,  e(leem  a  beard  very 
|inbecoming,  and  rake  great  pains  to,  get  rii  ot  it.  nor 

there  ever  aiiy.to  be  perceived  on  their  laces,  <'xcept. 
(hen  they  grow  old  and  heconje  inuttentive  totiiea-ap. 
bearance-     iivery  cj  inou  t  iHorefcence  on  the  oiher  p-trts 
p  ihe  body  is  held  unibf.'-Tily  by  ihem,  and  both  fexes 
ppl6y  raiicli  finu'  in  tbeii  cxurpatton, 

'I'he  NauJov.'cine.s,  and  the  rciijcte  ro  '■'-'  T:lack; 
Ihem  out  witij  h-rd  pieces  of  li^rd  wood,  f '.tuis-d  into  a 
md  of  nippers  t"  wh'iJi  tljole  who  haVe  communication 
Vfith  Europeans  p'-s.rcii'rv  f/  om  then?  wire,  which  thev 
[wift  irito  a  icr^w  or  wnrra  ;  applying  this  to  the  part, 
my  preis  the  rings  coj^^ether,  ?nd  veith  a  fudden  twitch 
[raw  0  Jt  s'U  the  hairs  Uvjl  are  incioied  between  them.  • 

The'men  of  evciy  natioi.  ditfer  in  their  drefs  I'ery  lit- 
Be  hom  QjLzh  oSer,  cxcctpv  tiioie  v.Lo  trade  wiih  tbtf 


152 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS* 


i 


Europeans;  tbefe  exchange  their  furs  for  blankets,  fliiits, 
•and  other  apparel,  whicli  they  wear  as  much  for  orna. 
meat  as  neceiSty,  The  latter  faftfen  by  a  girdk  around 
their  waiJls  about  half  a  .yard  of  broadcloth,  which 
covers  the  middle  p^rts  of  their  bodies.  1  hofe  who 
^v<^|■  ihirts  never  make  them  fad  either  at  the  wrid  or 
<:dliar;  this  would  be  a  mod  infufferable  confinement 
to  them  They  throw  their  blanket  loofe  upon  their 
Ihouideri,  and  holding  tlie  upper  fide  of  it  by  the  two 
corners,  with  a  knife  m  one  hatid,  and  a  tobacco  pouch, 
pipe  &c,  in  the* other;  thus  accoutred  they  walk  a. 
bout  in  their  villages  or  camps :  but  in  their  dances  they 
ieldom  wear  this  covering. 

Thofe  among  tiit  men  who  wifli  to  appear  gayw 
than  the  reft,  pluck  iirom  their  heads  all  the  hair,  except 
from  afpot^n  the  top  of  it.  about  the  fize  of^a  crowo 
|>iece,  where  it  is  permitted  to  grow  to  a  confiderable 
length  :  on  this  are  faRened  plumes  of  feathers  of  vari. 
ous  colors,  with  filVcr  or  irory  quills*  The  manner  of 
tu-tirij;  and  ornamenting  this  part  of  the  head  diftin« 
.guiihei  different  nations  from  each  other. 

They  paint  their  faces  red  and  black,  which  they  ef. 

tern  as  greatly  ornamental. '  They  alfo  paint  theia. 
Ives  when  they  go  to  war  ;  but  the  method  they  make 
iiHe  of  on  this  occafion  differs  from  that  wherein  thej 
nSt  it  merely  as  decoration. 

The  young  Indians,  who  are  defirous  of  eicelling 
their  companions  in  finery,  flit  the  outward  rim  of  both 
their  ears  ;  at  the  fame  time  they  trte  care  not  to  fepa< 
rate  them  entirely,  but  leave  the  flefli  thus  cut,  ftill  un< 
touched  at  both  the  extremities,  around  this  fpongy  fub< 
ftance,  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  part,  they  twift  brafs 
ware,  till  the  weight  draws  the  amputated  rim  in  a  bov 
t>f  fire  or  fix  inches  diameter,  and  dragi  it  almoft  down 
to  the  (houlder.  This  decoration  is  eUeibed  tc*  be  L::cif< 
fively  gay  and  becoming. 

it  is  alfo  a  common  cuAom  among  |them  to  bore 
their  nofes,  and  wear  in  them  pendants  of  different 
forts.  1  obfcrved  that  fea  fiiells  were  much  worn  by 
thofe  Cff  the  interior  parts,  an*!  reckoned  very  ornamen' 
tal }  but  how  they  procure  them  I  eft' Id  not  kaini 


•f^ 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


133 


M^bably  by  their  traffic  with  other  nations  nearer  the 

They  go  without  any  covering  for  the  thigh,  except 
[Jiat  before  fpoken  of,  round  the  citdQle  >vh:ch  reachei 
ipim  kilf  ^ay  the  tlilghsi ',  hut  they  ihake  for  their  legi 
[ifort  of  ftodcing,  either  of  ikins  or  cloth  ;  thefh  ar^ 
[ftw^d  as  near  to  the  lliape  •i  the  leg  as  poffible,  (p  ii 
10  adtnit  of  being  drawn  on  and  off  I'he  edgeis^  ot 
pe lluff  of  which  they  ate compofed  are  Icftannexed 
totlie  learn » jin^  hang  loofe  for  about  the  bteaddi  of  ;i 
J  haed  ;  and  this  part  which  is  placed  on  the  outftde  of 
[&e  le^,is  generally  ciraamented  by  thofe  who  have  any 
ptftfhaniciitimi  with  Europeans*  if  bf  cloth  witl»  rib* 
hiaaJs  ir  lace,  if  of  leather,  with  embroidery  and  pbicUn 
i^iae  quills  curioufly  colored.  Strangers  who  hu^ip^ 
ItDong;  the  Indians,  in  the  ^rts  where  there  is  ^5gtiat 
Hu\  of  fnow/find  thejfe  (lockings  Riuch  more  coififenierft 
I  tban  any  others/  •    '      ' 

ilteir  (hofes  are  rtade  ef  the  Ikin  ol^  the  deer,  m\\^ 
I  or  buifabe  t  thefe,  after  being  foW^etimes  drilled  accoff 
ding  to  the  European  manner,  at  others  with  the.  haif 
|remaniing'ontheni,  are  cui  into  (hoes,  and  fafltiorted  io 
i  as  to  be  eafy  to  the  feet,  and  convenient  for.  walking. 
The  edges  round  the  ancte  are  decorated  with  piec 
df  brafi  or  (tii  fixed  aroand  l«^iher  Hringfc  about 
Idch  long,  whicn  bemg  plared  tery  thick,  make  %  cl 
full  tinkling  noife,  either  when  tliey  walk  cr  dance. 

The  womeu'Wtir  A  covering  of  (bitie  kind  or  tiWii 

from  the  neck  to  the  knees,      fhcfc  who  trade  with 

[the  Europeans  wear  a  linen  gnrm^nt,  the  faliie  Ws  that 

i^fed  by  th^e  meti,  ^e  flap»  of  which  littng  over  th^  pet* 

i  ticoat.     Such  as  dress  aftlir  thdii  ancient  manner*  make 

llkihd  bffhift  with  lea ther»JWhich  covers' the  b(^dy  but 

not  the  arm:$.   1  heir  pettitdats  are  triade  either  c^  leath* 

|er  or  cloth*  and  reach  frohi  the  waill  t6  the  knee.    On 

their  legf  they  wear  Hockinls  and  nkoes,made  and  orna* 

It^ented  a&  thc^W  the  m<$u. 

r  hey  differ  from  c;ich  othe^  in  the  mod^  of  dreflrng* 
liheir  head  St  each' pilowing  the'cnilbm'  df  the  nation  r  •• 
Wnd  ti)  which  Uie^  belong,  and,  adK^f in^  to  rKe  fbrai 
■  .      ■     M     . 


■iM 


f^ 


CAitVElt'S  TRAVELS. 


luade  ofe  of  br  their  anctdors  from  tiime  fmrnemok 
tial. 

I  remailced  that  moft  of  the  females,  who  dwell  oi^ 
the  catt  fide  of  the  Miflirippi,  decorate  their  heads  b)f 
endoting.  their  h4ir  in  ribbands,  or  in  platCi  of  iilTer). 
the  latteir  is  only  made  uie  of  by  the  higher  ranks^as  it  it 
t  coftly  ornanAent.  The  (ilver  thcf  ufe  oh  |his  occafiooi 
IS  fornted  into  thin  plates  of  about  fbinr  inches  broad.  \% 
^veral  of  which  they  confine  their  hair.  That  plats 
which  is  nearell  ^e  head  ih  of  a  confiderable  width  i 
the  next  narrower  and  made  fo  as  topafs  a  little  waf 
under  the  other,  atid  gradually  tapering,  ddcefid<  to 
the  waift  The  hair  of  the  Lidian  women  being  ia 
general  very  long,  this  proves  an  expenfive  roethodi 

But  the  women  that  live  to  the  vre(k  of  the  MiflSfipi 

ri,  via.  the  Naadoweflles,the  riflinipoils,5ec.  divide  their 
air  in  the  middle  of  the  head*  and  form  it  into  two 
toll^,  one  againft  each  far.  Thefe  roils  are  about 
three  inches  long,  and  as  large  as  their  wrifts.  The^ 
hang  in  a  perpendictilar  attitude  at  the  front  of  eaco 
ear,  and  defcend  as  far  as  the  lower  part  of  it. 

'tlie  women  of  every  nation  generally  place  a  fpot  of 

lint  about  the  fixe  of  m  crown  |Hfoe,  againft  eacli 

ir  ;    fome  of  them  put  paint  on    their    hair,  and 

stimcs  a  fmall   fpot   m  the  middle  of  the  foie* 

id. 

The  Indians,  in  general,  pay  a  greater  attention  to 
taktr  drefs,  and  to  me  ornaments  with  which  they  deco< 
irate  their  perfons,  than  to  the  accommodation  of  theif 
huts  or  tents,  rhey  conftruA  the  latter  in  the  follow* 
ing  fsmple  and  expeditious  manner. 

Being  provided  Vith  poles  of  a  proper  length,  they 
faften  two  of  them  acrofs,  sear  the  ends,  wim  bandi 
made  of  bark.  *  Having  done  this,  they  raife  them  up, 
and  extend  the  bottom  of  tach  as  wide  as  they  propf^ 
ii)  make  the  area  of  tlie  tent  t  they  then  ereA  otlwrs  oif 
)in  equal  height,  and  fix  them  fo  as  (U  fuppori  the  twd 
tsrincipal  ones.  On  the  whole  they  1';^}  the  fltins  of 
(^le  elk*  or  drcr*  fewcd  together,  in  quantity  fufficien^ 
|o  cover  the  poles,  and  by  lapping  over  to  form  tho 
4<H)r.     A  great  number  of  (kins  are  fomctiroes  required 


CARVER'S  TiCAVEL3« 


m 


le  immemoh 


(br  this  purpoTe,  tis  fome  of  their  tenti  are  ver^  capa* 
ckNis  ("hat  of  the  chief  warrior  of  the  Nandoweuieft 
fit  at  l^aft  forty  Ibec  ia  circuinf»rence»  an4  tin-y  com* 
podioot. 

They  obfervfe  tio  regularity  in  filing  their  tentt  when 
they  eacwip,  but  place  them  juft  m  it  fiiiti  their  coi> 

ntenef. 

Tbtfbaualfoi  whiehthofe  whp  ttf$r  not  tents,  ere^ 
they  trcrel,  Ibr  y^ry  fevr  tribei'bafe  fited  abo«ieS| 
or  rsgnhtr  toiMhtfOr  villages,  are  equally  (Itnpte,  andaU 
•9(1  a$  foon  eonftraftcd 

They  fit  fm^  pUable  poles  in  thsgroiiM,  mail  beT«f. 
t&g  them  till  they  meet  at  the  top  anolbrar  A  fin^i-eircle, 
dien  iafh  them  together.  There  th^y  cover  unth  matt 
iMde  of  ralhtt  platted*  or  with  birch  bari^,  which 
Aer  carry  with  djem  in  iheir  caaoes  for  diis  pur* 
pdw* 

Thelb  cabins  have  neither  chirar^les  nor  windows) 
iliereisonly  aAnall  aperture  left  in  the  middle  of  th? 
raoft  through  which  th«  fmoice  is  difcharged«  but  as 
this'n  obli^  to  be  ftopped  when  it  rains  or  fnows 
rideotly,  the  fmoke  then  proves  eacedingly  trooble* 
ibroe. 

They  lie  on  (kins,  generally  thofe  of  the  bear,  whicl| 
tre  pUced  in  rows  on  the  grount^ ;  and  if  the  fi^>oi1s 
not  Urge  enough  to  contain  beds  fufiicient  for  the  ||p* 
commMatiun  of  the  whole  family,  a  frame  is  ereAeda* 
bout  four  or  five  feet  from  the  ground  In  which  the 
jfounger  part  Vif  it  fleep^ 

Ai  the  habit4tions  of  the  Indians  are  thus  rude,  thei^ 
doo^ftic  utenAls  are  fbw  in  number,  and  plain  in  their 
formation.  The  tools  wherewith  they  fafhlon  them  are 
fe  awkward  and  defeaive,  that  It  is  not  only  inaipofllblli 
to  form  them  with  any  degree  of  neatnefsor  et^ance^ 
but  the  time  required  in  the  execu^on  is  fi>  confiderable> 
ts  to  deter  them  from  engaging  in  the  manu£i5lart 
•f  fttch  as  are  not  abfolntely  necraary. 

The  Naudoweflies  make  the  pots  in  whkh  they  boih 
their  viAuaU  of  the  Mack  clay  or  ftone  mentloiied  in 
ny  iournal  i  whidi  refiftt  the  tfk&%  of  fire,  nearly  aa 
wtttas  iroa.    Whenthfj  rotft>  if  it  Mahi^  johil>  iif 


,! 


I 


m 


6ARVER»S  TRAVELS. 


a  whole  aniinal»^uch  as  a  bpaver,  they  fii  it  at  the  F.ww 
ropeans  do»  on  a  fpit  made  of  wood*  and  placing  the 
ends  on  two  forked  props  now  and  then  4Urn  ii.  If] 
thp  pieceJs  finaller , they  .fpit  it  as  before,  and  fixing  the 
fpit  in  an  exeApofittdn, with  the  meat  inclining  towards 
the  fire,  frequently  change  the  iides  till  every  part  is, 
^ificiently  roafted. 

,/l  hey  rnike  their  diQies  in  which  they  ferve  up  their,  | 
Ineat.  ane  tLeir  bowls  and  pans,  out  of  the  knotty  ex^ 
crefence&of  the  maple  tree  or  any  (^her  wood.  They 
fafhipQ  their  ^oonji  with  a  tolerable  degiee  of  neatnefi 
(s^i»  thefe  require  much  lefs  trouble  th^n  large  uterrfils) 
from  a  wood  that  is  termed  .in  America,  Spoon  Wood. 
and  which  greatly  refembles  box  wood.     • 

Every  tribe  ar^  how  poileiTed  of  knives,  and  AeeU  to.  { 
firike  fire  with-  Thele  being  fo  eiremially  needful  for 
the  commoj:i  nfes  of  life,  tbofe  who  have  not  an  im* 
mediate  communication  -with  ihe  £u$ppean  traders,pur4 
vcha&  them  of  fuch  of  th^ir  neighbors  as  are'  fjtuated 
nearer  the  fettlementi,  apd  give  in  exc)iange  for  theift 


.,4^ 


CHAPTER  III. 

•t  THBlt   MANNlat^  QVALIFlCATtOKS,  6f(P. 


W 


HEN  the  Indian  ^umen  fit  down,  they  ^ac» 
,  themfelian  in  a  decent  attitude,  with  their  knees  clofe 
together  ;  but  from  beio^  accoftumed  ta  this   poUure, 
they  walk  badly«  and  appear  to  be  :ame. 

1'hey  have  no  midwives  among  th^m,  their  climate, 
or  fome  pecitUar  happineft  in  their  conilitution^y  render. 
ing  any  4fli)iance  at  that  time  unnecedary.  .  On.thofe 
Qccafioni  they  are  cdnfined  but  a  few  hours  Ifrom  their 
ttfiul  fmplo>.menttt  which  arc;  commonly  very  laboii- 
ODs,  ai  the  men,  who  are  remarkably  indolent,  leave 
to  diem  cveiy  kind  of  drudgery  ;  eren  in  their  hunting 


CARVfik'S  TRAVfiLS. 


1« 


\pn\t*  the  former  will  not  deign  to  briryg  home  the 
[game,  but  feod  their  wives  for  itttboligh  it  lies  at  a  very 
|coafidec;ible  diftance. 

The  women  place  their  childiJ^n  foon  after  they  arc 
[bom  on  boards  iiaffed  with  loft  mofs  ibch  as  is  foiind 
lO  moraflet  or  meadows*  The  child  is  laid  on  tti 
back  in  one  of  this  kind  d^  cradles,  and  being  wrapped 
ififkint  or  cloth  to  keep  it  wamti  is  fecUredinit  by 
Iftnall  bent  pieces  of  timber. 

To  thefe  machines  they  fafteii  ftrirtgiSt  by  Which  tliey 
iJiTAg  them  to  theM)raucbes  of  trees  ;  or  if  they  find  not 
trees  at  h4nd,  faden  them  to  a  (lump  or  ^one,  whilft 
tbey  traiifa«^  any  needfiti  bufinefs.  In  this  pofitinn  arti 
die  children  kept  for  ibme  months*  when  they  are  u- 
kfiii  out,  |he  boys  are^fulfered  to  go  naked  a^d  the  girls 
are  covered  from  ihe  neck  to  the  Knees  with  a  (hitt  and 
[a  Qiort  peticoat. 

The  Indian  womeo  are  remarliably  de^ient  during 

itbeir  menftrual  illnefs.     'l*h&^e  nations  that  are  mott  re>> 

note  from  the  Euiopean  fettlemenis^  as  the  Naudowef*' 

fies,&c.  are  mure  partivtilarly  attentive  to  this  point  { tho' 

I  tbey  all  without  feiception  adhere  in  fome  degree  to  th<; 

faa»e  cuftom. 

In  fevery  camp  or  towft^tbcie  is  itn  :ipartment  ap- 

|]>ropriatei  for  &etr  retirement  at  this  time,  to  mhich 
both  ftugle  and  married  retreat,  and  feelude  themfelvet^ 
with  the  Utmoil  firttflneifi  during  this  period  from  j01  fu- 
eiety.  Afterward*  they  purify  tlitoifi^l^es  In  run- 
ning   Artamsj   as4  return  ta  their  different  employ- 

Imems. 
The  men  on  theie  occiflons  ittofl  c^tefuUy  avoid 

Iholding  any  communication  with  them  )  and  the  Nan  • 
doweffics  arte  PeI  rigid  in  thif^obfervance^that  they  will  not 

naffer  itny  belonging  to  them  to  fetch  fuch  things  as  .are 
oicefftry,  even  farc|firom  thelie  female  lunar  retreats,tho* 
the  want  of  them  is  attended  with  the  utmoft  inconven' 
ience.  They  are  nUbib  fuf^ditious  as  to  think,  if  a 
pipeftevi  cracki,  which  among  them  is  made  of  wood« 

Ithat  the  poi&iTor  has  either  lighted  it  at  ont  of  thef«  po- 

llottd  Bxit  or  held  liomo  coovcK*  with  a  womatv  duriiij/ 


ISS 


CAfeVER'S  TlfcAVEtS. 


^^r  retirement,whicli  iiefteemed  by  them  xnoA  difgrace*  | 
fuVaad  wicked. 

,  The  Indians  are  extremely  circiiinrpefl  and  deliber. 
ate  hi  every  wprd  and  action  ;  there  is  nothing  that  hur* 
fies  them  into  aAy  inteniperate  warinth»but  that  inveter* 
acy  to  ilicir  enemies*  whiclr  i«  rooted  m  every  Indian 
^eart,  and  never  can  be  eradicated.  In.  all  other  inftan* 
ces  they  are  cc^ol,  and  remarkably  cantidus,  taking  care 
not  to  betray  oil  an;  account  wh^t^Ter  their  ethotions. 
If  an  liidtan  b'as  dtfcovered  that  a  friead  is  in  danger 
of  being  ^^ercepted  and  cut  off  by  one  to  whom  he  bas 
rend)?red  hinifett  obnoxious ;  he  does  not  inform  him  in 
plain  and  explicit  tetms  of  the  danger  he  runs  by  pur< 
lutng  the  track  near  which  his  enemy  lies  in  wait  for  him, 
but  he  firll  coolly  afks  him  which  way  he  is  going  that 
day  ;  and  having  received  his  anfwer,  with  the  fame  in. 
difference  tells  him  that  he  has  been  inforrfied  thsit  a  dog 
Jres  near  the  fpbt,  which  might  probably  do  him  a  mif. 
chief.  This  hint  proves  fufficient  ;  and  his  friend  avoids 
the  danger  with  »s  much  caution  as  If  every  (Jefign 
and  motion  of  his  enemy  had  been  pointed  put  t&l 
jiim.  '  » 

/I  his  ap;gLthy  ufren  ihews  itfelf  on  occa'Aoiis  that  would  | 
eau)  fdrth  aU  the  fervor  of  a  fufceptible  heart.     If  an 
I'ndiitn  has  been  abfent  f  roxtf  his  family  and  friends  many 
a^onths,  either  on  a  war  or  hunting  party,  wHen  his  I 
wife  and  children  meet  him'  at  fome  dm^nce  from  his 
habitntion,    tuftead    of  the  afiedionat^  fenfatrons  that  I 
would  naturally  arife  in  the  breaft  of  more  refined  be* 
tngs.  and  be  produ^ive  of  mutual  coQgratulations»  he 
eontIn4ies  his  courib  without  ipaying  the  leafl  stttentioA 
to  thofe  who   furrbund  hiin,  till  heai'rives  at  his  home. 
He  thete  fits  down  slnd  with  the  ^me  vncoiicert}  as 
if  he  had  not  been  abl^nt  a  day,  fmoires  liis  pioe  $  thcfc 
o(  his  acqvuintante  who  followed  hh^)  do  the  fame  ; 
and  perhaps  it  is  feveral  hours  before^he  relates  to  them 
the  incidents  which  have  befallen  him  during  hii  abfence, 
though  perhaps  he  has  left  a  father,  brother,  or  fon  on 
the  fkld,  whofe  hk  he  ought  to  h^V^  lamented,  or  hai 
b^n  unfuccefsful  Id  the  undertaking  that  catted  him 
from  hts  honie.  ' 


v_ 


CARVER'S  rRAVELS; 


1^ 


id  deliber- 
^  that  hur* 
lat  inveter* 
fry  Indian 
;her  inftan* 
;aking  care 
'  exhotions. 
in  danger 
iGva  he  bas 
orm  him  in 
Rs  by  pUT- 
lit  for  him, 
;oing  that 
le  (kme  in* 
thsit  a  dog 
him  a  miS 
end  avoids 
srydefign 
d   put   to 

that  vfould 
rt.  if  an 
mds  many 

wHen  his 

from  hIV 
troQs  that 
eiined  be- 
ktions,  h? 

attention 
his  home, 
loticen^aff 
pe ;  thofc 
ht  {arne ; 
to  them 
f  abfence, 
fen  on 
idi  or  hai 

ifod  him 


Has  an  radian  beei^  engaged  for  ifeWral  daytiii  fh^ 
•hafe,  or  any  other  labork)us  expedition,  and  bf  acctdent- 
eoQtiuuedl^tts long  without  food«  when  he  arrives  at  the 
hut  or  tentpiTafriend  where  he  knows  his  wants  may  bv 
immediately  foppliHd,  he  ukes  care  not  to  fhow  the  leaft 
fy«iptom»of  impatm^ee^  or  to  betray  the  extreme  hun« 
gerby  which  he  istorttired  $  but  on  being  inyited  in»  fit* 
contentedly  d6wn,and  fmokes  his  pipe  with  as  much  cdm-' 
poAire  as  if  every  api^tite  was  allayed*  and  he  waf 
perfe&ly  at  eafe ;  he  does  the  fame  if  amopg  ftrangf^. 
This  caftom  isftHftiy  adhered  tb  by  every  tribe,  as  they 
eltec^  it  a  pijoof  of  fortitude*  and  think  the  reverb* 
would  erititle  them  to  the  .appelation  of  old  wo*^^ 
men. 

If  you  tell  an  Indian  that  kis  children  hare  greatly^, 
fignalized  themfelvts  againft  an. enemy,  haire  taken  ma*' 
1^  fcalps»  and  brought  home  many  prifoners^  he  doe*' 
not  appeal  to  feel  any  extraordinary  pleafure  on  tht*  o<ii^* 
cufion  ;  his  atifwer  generally  is,  ••it  is  well/. and  h^ 
makes  very  HttleenqalryaoOut  it.  On  the  contrary,  if , 
you  tliiform  him  that  his  children  are  fiain  or  taken  prii^ 
oaers,  he  niakes  no  co{ik|»laims,h^  only  replies,  *'  it  does^ 
not  fi^nify  ;*'  and  ptpbably;  for  foqM  time  at  leaft,  aflbt- 
not  how  It  happened. 

llris  feemiftg  tndifftf rence^'ilowever,  does  not  fkoctUt^ 
from  fii^tntire  fappret&on  of  the  natural  affedbnt ;  for^ 
nPiWithftandtnl^  t^ynre  eAeemed  favagts,!  ne^perfaviK 
among  any  other  people  greAter  proofs  of  paiiental  oi^- 
filial  tenderoefs  f  and  althr)ugh  they  meet  their 'isirivtBe' 
after  a  lohg.abience  with  the  ibcial  indifference  juft  mc'i^' 
tipoed.  they  are  not,  in  general,  Void  of  conjugal  aff^«' 
lion, 

Another  peculiarity  is  obfsrvable  in  their  manner  of 
paying  their  vifits;  ,  If  aa  Indian  goes  to  vilit  a  particii*> 
lar  pmba  in  k  family^  he  mentions  to  whom  kis  ifiCit  it* 
intended,  and  the  reft  of  thefamily  immediately  retirtitg^^ 
to  the  otherend  of  th6  but  or  teat,  are  cartful  not  Ki 
come  n*ar  enough  to  interrupt  them  during  the  whole  of 
the^onverfiition.  TliK  fiime  method  is  porfued  if  a 
9M  goes  to  pay  hit  refpe^ls  to  ona  of  ibe  oihcr  Ufii 


1 


m 


CAIlVEt*8  tRAVEtJJ; 


limt  thtfi  li^  R))^^  k^  caMnl  not  to  let  li^e  brtiic(Ubj«d 
^<l|i«  4ifeo«<r&,  whMit  the  daylight  r«i»A^ 

/tV  Mi;in&  d»i(30f€f  an  aotasing  ikgscitf  t  and  ae« 
^iff  wish  tliA  g^^atfe^teadine&anftlung  that  depends 
ll^n  the  4fi^eii|ipn;of  t)K  mHiti^  %  exfitinfMie  andaH 
a«Mte aMfrjuiti«in»  tliey  attftii|in»iy  imi f«<(tkw& to whlcb 
t^  l:i;orop(!«wM  am  Af angers.  For  inAance  duty  will 
CfpTft^for^^ft  or  a  |4i|<li  veMvIl  i»  tw^o  litMred  nules  in 
\m»dsliii  and  reacb  with  i^reat  exa^nefs  tJk0  point  at 
^teli.tlitgr  io«<c|i4«4  ta  a^rife,  keeping  diiringthe  whols 
^tk^[p9i!tinrz4ke€i  )itie,witiu^t  ani^  qaa|etia^  de%ia* 
t#ni  i^andtthis  tkey  d|3  ifkh  the  iaaae  €ai«»>  whether  thf 
vtefttHer  be  fair  or  cloody, 

With  e^nal  acmeneft  will  thrjr  point  to  that  part  of 
th(»he;^eeiisthe  fun  ie  in*  thongh  it  be  intercepted  by 
€imtk  or  fogs'.  Befidee  thiK  tney  are  able  to  purlue 
ifidi  in^redibM?  ffKilfty;  the  t»acf s  of  in#n  or  Ife^iki  either 
Q9«4<^e9  or  grnfii  l  aadr  on- this  accfiint  U  i%  with^  great 
djj0>f  ttlty  aflf  ing  enea^y  id^fl^  diftioeery. 

They  nreindroted  forthii^  talents  not  only  to  nature^ 
faH*^  to  an  extraordinary  commimd  of  the  intelleAual 
liicnlties,  iKhich.  ean  ecdy  h»  aa|(Hied  by  nn  luiremitttd 
i|iiintin»»aMl  bf  loiwesp^^neo. 

They  are  ingencrsu  fery  happy  tni»  (tteoflie  mem* 
ttyt  i|m7  f  a»  ree<ifii(ii)«tt  evesf  Barticmlikr  that  hat 
hiNki  ticaMd  of  in  eonn^f  a«dfti|)einb^  the  eaaA  tune 
wh«ft  iheih  weie  held-  Iheif  belts  rf  wanipttni  pre- 
Urrt  thtfi^Aance  of  the  treaties  they  hnte  eoneiuded 
Wilh  the  twighhecing  tribes  for  agf)s  hack,  to  which 
th*^  w2QMifpeft)indf«ift  with  as  mnch  jterTpiciilty  and 
ygadine^  ae  £v(Opeani  Hn  to  their  wrif tea  records. 
^  Every  nation  pstvs  great  rcfpeA  to  old  age.  The  ad* 
v«ict>f  n<  AithiBf  WIN  ftldom  meet  with  any  exttsprdioa^ 
ry  mientionilvom  the  fpmR  indinns,  orobehli  they  re- 
cfive  it  withioajhr  A  halt  a^t  i  bntilffy  will  tremble 
helof^a  gnittdfather»  9»A  liihmit.  to  his.  inji^aion 
wifhthe  utmoA  akKri^^,  I'he  wor4ft  of  th^  nnc'titt 
pm  nf  theif  commnnitfi  ar»f(Uf md  hy^  ithe  yoiiiig,  as  or* 
mim.  If  they  faihe  d»ims  1^^  Hontine  ppflm  any. 
pimt  thnt is  rtetointd  by  them  dflicioiittlt  i»  imm^M* 
•tfly  preftatfd  to  die  ddeft  of  their  ft utioii*^ 


«ARVR«'S  TRAVEL*; 


HI 


They  fttrerfupfer  tbiemfefirei  to  bfe  otei^btirdened 
tiihdare,  btjitliVe  itiia'^ftate  of  jperfed  tratiq,uility  and 
cohtentment.  B«ihji^ '  h^^turaUr '  <tdo1cnt,  iik'  proTifioii 
||({  fufficiient fot  iheir  fabfiiUnce  ckn  be  procured  witltj 
iitXte  trouble,  >nd  near  at  band,  tfaey  will  not  go  fsir^ 
or  take^any  eitni(h'din<lrf  paips  ^iti  though  by  {o  do^ 
i^'they  might  a^caoitre  greater  plenty,  and  of  a  ihore 


itlj'-whicb  the^  are' fd  iprotie,  bjr  e}i|Hik,drinkiii^ior  flee|^ 
idg,  indyaitibKiig  about  ^  , their  tiownt  or  c^mpi'  ^lii 
fr%ii  VieeeCity  obliges  ^m  to  tiUte  thi  fi^ldv  either  ti^ 
oppbie  an  enemy,  ar  to  procure  Iheinrelyev  food*  th^|; 
art  alert  and  indefatigable.<  MMhj  i^ilances  of  tkeii^ 
jlfitiviiyi  ojj  theilt  otcaSblns^  i»ni  be  gttea  wh^  i  treat 


Avara-r 


Tb0  infatuating,  fpirtt  of  .gati|is^  it  i^  ^fia^ded  t9> 

ma  ^<eti  loofe  '  thei^  ariss^  tlieiV  ti^pi^arel»'  and  every 
Jhlftg th^y  are  poifeffed  of. ^  In  t^iii csUe,  howererjihey 
m\iQX  fbUoW  tnir  epmple^  of,'more  refined  gdnie&ert^V 
llbr iHey ii^itHiei-Vniirnief i^^^  liot afreiful  woro^ 

Ufcapes  th<;ip»  but  tbe/^^ar  t^K  |||^wni  of  forttme  wlthu 
UfblbiEb^hfc  iowpofurer,     \  :. 

I ;  I'he'gi'eWft  bletr^i A.  in  thf ir  chai^aer  ii^  that  f^^aj^ 
Idifipofition  ij^hifcl^  impeM  them  to  treaii  their  erierotet 
mth  a*  ftvcrity  cfcfery  bther'natioh  ihdddefi  at  ^i|t  if 
Wii^  are  thus  barbarous  to  thqfe  with  whom  they  ate  nit 
wafUhey  ace  friendly,  hofpitable,  ailiihuniiinein  peace; 
mm  if  jyith  truth  be  faid  of  diem  ihat  they  are  thir 
Uoril  enemies,  and  the  beft  friends,of  any  people  in  thr 
Ivhole  World  ,     ,.' 

I'he  Indians  in  general  are  ft  ranger*  to  the  paffion  of 
ftlo^dPr- i  and  brand  >^  man  with  folly  that  is  diftniiUiil  oj 
[hit  Wifef.  Amon^  fome  bands  the  vwy  idea  i*  nor 
IhiewA  i'astche  fiioa  aban4oned  of  their  young  ineh.  verf 
ln^ly-)|tteJBipt  the  virtue  of  married  wo0)^;  "P^  «[ 
JHiifc  ofteti  piit  themfeWer.tt  th*-  Way  of  folicitatioiir 
IfkCSe  Imiiii  wiDitien;  ih^eneriil  are  of  »d  armctoui 
|ieh)petlvti&f^,  and  before  they  are  married  arr  not  llift 
i'ifbnMdfc^lltt^  infd^jreact  of  their  pafllii^ 


liiir, 


i  ■...      » 


I 

i: 


m 


QMUm^^  Tf  AVit% 


iJPi  dpiv^lfm  pi^fr^rt^f^  4U^f:^^  ©f  do. 

HU^ip  n|Se,  whvptx  ^Vjerjr  ;pi9f»  cpnpdm  jM  hif  oiktu,  and 

fiNral  to  ^|r  j^sr^aw^i*^!^^^^  thfi? 

Iheir  liandt  wbo  (land  id  iMcd  (^  it,  #ithow^j|ii^  ^jspec. 
IWpUljciJnd^^^  DO. 


triple  fpirit,  uiat  tends  tQ  chi  genffnl  ^004  #  '^^^^^M 

JU  4^]r  of  their  ilisigSiMw*  tm  k^mWiA  Ijr  #ath,  cy 

;ij^  ge«i|t^  x^#N>r  .c|#iv4|t,  foiii^  ^  d«£c^nci  j 
«^  tl^«ii»j^<ip^|  ^^^pl,^  4^^  ill  even 

l#(ia  m  tf  they^e^  w«t^  fhe  <^dl^  oC  the  {HB^ronl 

rke  tfidians,  exl;«ff  tfabie  m^j9 1|?#  idj^ll>|E  to  iBel 
W^^^mP^lfOi^.  iil|»  Is^^j^^  i^a  of 

li^y^He^  okNiilf  (^1^  oaifi4pt  Umtm  tbepf  ai^ 
#|a4f  ac^naiiiticlitiili^  nfei  to  \^4(p)i  it  it^ipBlted  b; 

l|.;|ify  ^^tfUMPAt  ajll^^fiu^^  ^m  prevalent  a^ 
tlMBiif  jEoc^^ifa^f,  fiio^  M^eajclN^y, ^fi/^f^ti^,  devafil 
tipn|ft.|«!|4p||]l4ef.^ 

Th^  eftcem  it  irrational  that  one  ttl«t  iionl4  be  pqf*^ 
^|l^  tpif  j^^^  tbao  aa^eir,  i^d  arf  ainax- 

^  ^1  ^7  honor  4oald  he  annexed  to  m  poirffliQA 
^flt;    I^M  that  the  want  of  thifa(Vlef«9et«ifliA^^^ 
t|ie  cafMe  or^leprifi^ferfont  of  th^i  Ifhet^t  pd  tha|| 
^^  accoHfit  ff  thi«  tmvfi  diftrihotion  of  iii^rlt  num 
Iprs  fhoniM  l)f  iimioied  within  dbe  ^m^^  m^  of  1 
frifoQ,  4n  of  Mn  t));it  lliciety  pf  wHic^>||i|^>^  ^nfti^l 
tote  a  jfsm,  ei^^eedtHiMr  heli^    Nor  <^  tl|^  j^,  on 

hiring  iia«tji«t  ^^tmfHigi0^fkm  ^mm0^^ 


tA<t^*lt»S  T*.At*tti 


^;fh  ttiir^t  th&imt\itttt  b(  it  With  a  total  waiii 
RtiriaVihy,  and  tK  MVid  \Mm  with  the  nattier  of  tiii 

f^f  fhtiiv  alMibft  sTnetUttal  %yM6f  indrfferehiifefdir 

|irodtt^f(;^s  of  att.     When  any  6f  theie  alfe  Aiewti 

m,  thejr  fav,  **  tt  U  pfUtty,  (  KKe  to  fobk  at  it,*'  biit 

Ji^  ih^lilfi'riVt*  a%1pttt  the  e6nfttiidion  6f'ii,  Aeitheir 

the^r  ^•^^  p^df^rcnifceptiohs  drUsbfe     Bnt  if 

t^f  airm  bf  %  fterfon  Wh6  Is  able;  i6  riJbi  iHth,^teiii 

iiitv  that  it  Well  (killed  in  hiiTntfi)^;  caA  dirH^d!  with 

emn^,  stitt  a  gnti,  or  btfiid  with  e^e  st  lf6w,  ttrsit  caii 
•trpttflf  work  a  e^hoe,  tinder(tai)id$  the  art  of  "War,  lA 
'(^ilncddvrdt  tire  (huail6A  of  a  c6tiiitry;  octtd  eau 
ce  hit  way  without  a  )$t]iid«,  tHi^ugh  an  inik^htb  fo^i 
flj^ftMil]^  (rdiyi%  thit  Oli  a  ihlidi  %rantit]p^  of  >1^Yif» 
, ^y^ kte'rti firpniV^ ;  th^y  litten  wStti  ^ruitium^ , 
n  tothepleafinv  tate>  ^tid  b^bW^ht|^«ft  eUtti^ 
d«tiH»tts  b^  ih^^ro  of  ft. 


'V} 


*  I'm 


"^  IS. 


Uli 


M 


■t\ 


THeift  M.RTfioi>  Of  atcKoyiiio  riut,tjf(i. 


^OMSIDERING  their  ignorance  ^  m<iMlkfi 
^  iif  very  tatfbna%diV)ae(rby  the  tifdisitis.  tffofit 
ie  interior  p.iKt  (aitd  of  thofe  !  wbttit  gehmlll'  bi^ 
Jd-ftood  to  fpeak)  eoi^nt  th^ir  yeart  by  wNitei>s  r  W» 
they  ezpreft  themfelvett  by  fnowt. 
Seme  natitmi»  ^Aio^^  th«tti  reclton  th^h^  itiah^  by 

Mnt,  and  fhatte  tfieni  eohfift  of  t^cHe  fjpnodldd  6i 

Ut  months^  obdfrf  ing»  wheli  thirty  monnt  hateWail^ 

to  add  i  hp^viimrAitf  one;  whidi  th^y  terin  thi^ 

mogn  \  stnd  then  begin  to  connt^at  before.    Thef 

-  agreaKt  rtgard  td  th^litft  appearante  of  every  mpon« 

on  the  occxAon' iilwayr repeat  fome  joyful  fountN, 

^^tching  the  fatee  tinre  thetf  handt  toward jt  ;t. 

'W»f  momhlf^  with  them  flpnatme  ctpreffivo^  Ktf 


M 


)44 


CAHVER'S  .J|-fyjEL|. 


feafon ;  for  inftance,  thc^  call  th^  BoqtqtJ?  ^f  March  (k 
i^hidi  their    year  generaily    begins  at  pie  firft  'Ne\* 
Moon  after  the  vernal  Equinox)  the  Woim  Month  of 
^oon  i  becgule  at  this  Mmsi  the  wprms  quit  their  vetreats 
in  tb#  bark  of  the  trees,  wiaofi,  Jcc^  where  they  hafe 
iheltered  themfelves  during  the  winter. 
,   The  inonth  of  d^rii  u  termed  by  them  "the  month  d  i 
Plants.     Vay,  he  moiith. of  Flowers     Jane    the  hot 
^oon-    July  the  Bucit  Mqo|i.     l^etr  reaio|i8,i<)r  iHii 
denomjnatiijvg  thele  15^ ,obvio«i»^    ^     ^        '  frV^ 
.■    AiigUil*  the  Sttirgeoi;  Moon  ;  Vecatif^  in  this  morth 
wyutch  great  nuttibertp^^^^ 

iiepterobjfr,  the  CbVu  Moon  ;  becaufe  in  that  month 

they  gatlier  in  their  Indiaii  corn. 
V  October,  th^  rrayielling  MoOn  j  as  tTiey  leave  at  this 
time  their  villages,  and  trs»vel  towards  the  (>lac,e  where 
tt^ey  intend  to  huiyt  dvrmg  the  winter  I 

Noveintrer,  th«  tevei  Mopn ;  Vor  in  this  itionth  th«j 
Jbeavcrsi  begta  to  takeiheiier  in  their  houles,  having  I^Jd 
lip  a  fuffictent  ftore  of  provifmns  for  the  winter  ieaiou. 

December^  th»  Hnnting  ^Mpon  ;  becaufe  they  era. 
|>loy  dii&  monih  in  purfuit  of  their  game 

January*  the  Cold  Mooii>  a^  it  geuerally  freezes  harS| 
^it,  and  the  cold  is  more  intenfc  in  this  than  in  an|f 
Ktther  monthv'  .^,  .       -,- ';, ,  -,,  ./•" .  ^  ' 

February,  diey  call  liie  *  Snow  Moon,  bec'atife  mor^ 
fnow  cominonly  falls  during  this  month,  :han  any  oth^ 
%r  in  the  winter*  / 

; ;  When  t^ie  moon  dbes  not  feme  Afy  fay  the  moon  is 
i^ead ;  sinici  ibme  call  the  thi-eelaft  days  of  it  il:e  naked 
dfifs«     The  moon's  firft  appearance  tl^ey  ttrdiits  cumj 
log  t&  life  aga1n>        !  | 

-  'i'hey  make  no  diVi&bn  bf  weeks  ;i>^t  daysi  they  count 
fey  flfepst  half  days  by  poimtmg  to,  t)je  fun  at  noon  j 
mnd  quarters  by  the,  rifing  and  the  fettTng  of  the  fun : 
JDpk  exprefs  which  in  their  traditions  t|iey'n^a|e  ule  of  ve. 
J^fignififfnt  hieroglyphics.  _        j  ,  V  .,  r 

r/rjie  Indians  are  totally  urAjlS^iti  gcc^raphy  ai 
well  asall  the;6thtr  fcience^i  and vyet,  as  1  have  before 
hinted,  they  <iraw  on  their  bilch  bark  very  'exaA  cliaitU 
l^^maps  of  thccouatriet  V!^  wl^ch-j^  ac<|uai^] 


\S  TRAVELS. 


145 


;^  i;tie  latitude  and  longitude  is  onlj  wanting  to  mike 
|^lli't(^teraU]r  complete. 

Their  toh  knowledge  in  aftrohbiny  confifts  in  being 
4|ie  to  point  out  the  pole  Rar ;  by  which  they  regu* 
jiie  their  courfe  wh^n  they  travel  in  the  night, 
'^rhey  reckon  the  diXiance  of  plates  not  by  miles  or 
k^gues>  but  by  a  daysjourneyi  which,  according  to  the 
Heft  calculations  I  could  make,  appears  to  be  about 
iwpnty  Engiifti  miles,  ihefethey  alfo  divide  into 
ji;jves  and  quarters,  and  will  demonftrate  them,  in 
their  maps  with  great  exa^Stnefs,  by  the  the  hierogiyph- 
jcsjuft  mentioned,  when  they  regulate  in  council  their 
war  parties,  or  their  rood  diftant  hunting  excur lions. 

They  have  no  idea  of  arlthm6tic  ;  ^u\d  though  they 
ire  able  to  count  to  any  iiUmb?r»  figures  as  well  as  let- 
ters appear  myfterous  to  them»  and  at>oVe  th^ir  com- 
frehenlion-     ; ' ,  * 

During  my  al^'ole  with  the  Kaud6w^fl)es,fome  of  the 
diiefs  obferving  one  day  a  draft  of  an  edipfe  of  the 
g^ooa^n.a  bookof  aftronomy  which  I  held  in  my  hancf/ 
l|fiy  dejired  1  would  permit  them  to  look  at  it.  Hap- 
aeiiing  to  give  them  the  book  ihut,  they  began  to  count 
luie  leaves  till  they  came  to;  tbc^  place  wheie  the  plat« 
1^.  After  they  ba4  ^i^v^d  it;  and  afked  many  que^,^ 
[tbiis  rcrladve  to  it,l  tbU't^^m  n)ey^  need  not  to  have  ta^ 
inib  ilauch  pains  to  iSnjf  the  feif  pn  which  it  w«as 
wn|frr  I  could  not  oiAf  teilm  an  inftant  the  place, 
tithbut  coixnting  thi^  leaves,  bdtaUb  how  many  pre^^ 
edi^it. 

T%y  feeihed  greatly  aiffaz^i^  at  m^  aflertion,  and 

;g^  Uiat  I  yrduid  demotiftrate  to  them  th^  po^bitity 

do^n^  it.     To  this  putpdfe  1  defired  the  chief  thai 

[d    t^    bqok,   \o  open  it  at    any  particcilar  placed 

[sodjuft  fliewinglrliethepagiecati^^        to  cbjfiiceai  thi^ 

'4ges  of  th^  leuiVes,  fo  that  1  i*jight  not  be  able  to  cbur^ 

This  he  did  with  thegteateft  caution  ;  notwithfland- 
n^  which,by  looking  at  the  folio,  I  told  him,  to  his  great 
Irprifer  ^he  iiimiber  of  leaves.  iH  courtted  them  rtfg* 
My  over,  and  difcovered  that  l  was  exaft.  And 
iStni.  after  repeated  trialsi  the  ItlUiaAs  found   I  could 


\ 


':M 


X    fi 


M 


sfii 


un 


CAkVER*^  THAVtXS. 


^o  it  with  great  readinefs,  and  without  ever  erring  {| 
piy  calcuUtioDt  they  aUleemed  as  much  aftoniihed  at 
if  I  had  I  aifed  the  dead.  The  only  way  they  could  ac* 
count  for  my  knowledge,  was  by  concluding  that  the 
book  was  a  fpirit,  stid  Whifpered  me  anfwers  to  what.  I 
ever  I  demanded  of  it.  I 

I'his  circumftance»  trifling  as  it  might  appear  t6 
thofe  who  are  lefs  illiterate,  contriiiuted  to  increafe  mj  \ 
confequence,  and  to  augment  the  favorable  opinion  the/ 
alreaftiy  entertained  ot  me. 


CHAPTER  V- 

•ff  rHEia  «OViailMftNT,  tft. 


E 


»V£RV  fepar^te  body  of  Indians  is  divided   intil 
^ands  or  tribes ;  which  band  or  tribe  forms  a  little  com*] 
munity  with  the  nation  to  which  it  belongs.  As  the  na> 
tion  has  fome  particular  fymbol  by  which  it  is  di(iin*j 
guiihedfrom   others,   fo   each  tribe  has  a  badge  from 
which  it  is  denominated , I  as  that  of  the  eagle,  the  paa*! 
fhcr,the  tiger,  Ac  &c.  One  band  of  the  Nalidoweflies  ii| 
reprefcnted  by  a  snake,another  a  tortoife.a  third  a  fqair<j 
rel,  a  fourth  a   wolf,  and  a  fifth  a  buffalo.     Through- 
out every  nation  they  particulariae  {hemfelves  in  thil 
fame  manner,  and  the  mettneft  perfon  aipong  them  wUl 
remeniber'his  Imeal  defccnti  and  diftinguKh  himfelt  by | 
hisrefpe^Ive  faniily. 

Diil  pot  tnar.y  circumftances  t^nd  to  confute  the  fup>| 
jpofition^V^'"^^^  ^^  almoin   induced  to  conclude  froi 
this  Jillini^iun  of  tribes,  and  the  particular  attachmentj 
ct  the  Indians  to  them>  that  tliey  derive  their  origin, 
lone  have  ^ileried,  from  the  Ifraelites. 

l^Hldcs  this,  every  nation  diftinguifli  themfelves  by  tl 
inanrci  of  confl ruling    their  tents  or  huts.     And  fo| 
vtl;  vctfcdHre  all  the  Indians  in  this  diftinAion,  tha 
^*t  )>^h  \liiii  a  appeal s  to  be  no  diference  on  the  niccft  ol 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


149 


||rf9ti9n  mack  b>/  an  European,  yet  theyy  will  immedt- 
Utely  difcoYert  from  the  poHtionof  a  pole  left  in  the 
jiroufid^  what  nation  bAsenc  imped  oaOie  ipot  xnati/ 
M^oiidis  before. 

Every  band  hai  a'  chief  who  ri^tetmdd  the  great 
diief  or  chief  yrarrtor  ;  and  who  is  chofen  in  confidera* 
i^n<^']|lis  expedience  in  war,  and  of  his  approved  vaU 
I  or,  to  <(ftre^  vtheir  military  operations,  and  to   regulate 
]4tconcernt  belonging  to  that  department.    But  this, 
ctiief  is  not   confidered  as  the  head  of  the  (late  ;  bilides 
the  great  warrior  who  {seeded  for  his  warlike  qualtBcu- 
Uons,  there  is  another  who  enjoys  a  pre-eminence  as  his 
liereilitarv  right,  arid  has  the  moie  immediate  manage^ 
neiitdf  their  ciTil  aifairs.  'V  hrs  chief  might  with  greatci- 
M;6priety|i>edenominate4  the  Sachem  ;  whoieafT^tis 
i^eff^]^  in  all  conveyances  anc^  treaties,  to  which  hfr 
hp'jiesihe  iparic  of  the  tribe  or  nation. 
'/Though  thefe  two  are  confidered  as  the  heads  of  the' 
||and,  and  -  the  latter  is  ufually  denominated  their  Icings 
Im  the  I ttdians  are  ienlible  of  neither  civil  or  military 
Ifiiiordination*,    As  every  one  of  them  entertains  a  high 
lofiinton  of  his  confequence,  and  extremel)r  tenacious  of 
lbs  liberty,  aVl  injiiriiflions  that  carry   with-  them  the  ap^ 
mearan^e  <^  a  palitive  com.7iartd  are  indantly  reje<fted 
kihfcorh;^:- 

On  this  account,  itis^Idom  that  tlietr  leaders  aie  fb 
■jyifcreet  as  16  give  out  %nj  of  their  orders  in  a  peremp» 
[tdry  (Ule  ;  a  bare  hint  from  a  chief  that  he  thinics  fucH 
thin^  beceffary  to  be  done,  inftantly  aroufes  an  emula- 
)n  among  -the  inferior  ranI6i,i^nd  is  immediately  erecif- 
witjh^eat  alacrity.     By  this  method  the  difguftful 
t  of  the  command  is  evaded,  and  an  authority  that 
^alls  little  (hort  of  an  abf6lute  fwiiy  inftitutcd  in  its  room. 
Among,  the  Ihdrtns  no  vifible  form  of  government  is 
UbliOied  ;  they  allow  of  no  fuch  diftioaion  as  mages- 
ate  and  fubjed,  every  one  appearing  to  enjoy  an  iode- 
e&dence  that  cannot  be  controlled.    The  objcA  of  gov. 
mmtnt  amon^  them  is  rather  foreign  tfian  dometlic, 
br  their  iiticntion  fcems  more  to  be  em|»Ioyed  in  prefervw 
r  filch  an  union  among  the  members  ofiheir  tribes  at 
11  enaJblrtlieia  to  wktch^lbe  motions  of  their  coemiet. 


148 


CARVfiU'S  TRAflii. 


^iif  iaft  a^amft  them  with  cbnoWt  and  t^  Kaft  til 
maintain  interior  order  by  arty  public  rognhitipns.    If| 
a  fcheme  that  appears  to  be  of  fervicii  t6  the  corntmnni. 
ty  is  propofed  bjr  the  chie^  every  one  is  at  libi^rty  to 
choofc  whetherhe  will  affift  in  carry infj  it  on  ;  for  they 
hive  no  compulfory  laws  that  lay  thetti  toAder^  kny  reJ 
ftriftions.     If  violence  is  rommicted  or^dpd  Aed,  the! 
right  of  revenging  tiicfe  mifde/neandrs  Is  f^fttd  the  famJ 
ily  of  the  injured  :  tjie  chiefs  aiTiiine  neith^  power  m 
inSiaing  or  moderating  the  puoithment.  '''*'  '  I 

Some  nations,  where  the  djgntty  is  hereditary,  limit] 
the  rucceflic'n  to  the  female  jine.  On  the  death  of  al 
chief,  his  fifter's  Ton  fometlines  fucceeds  btin  In  pfefferJ 


woman  Detn^  at  me  neaa  or  me^  winive< 
bago  nation;  which,  before  I  was  acquaintf&l  with  theirj 
laws,  appeared  ftrange  to  me.-     '  , 

Each  family  has  a,  right  to  appoint  one  of  jts  chief 
to  be  ana(fi[l'ant  to  m^pHncipal'thie^^^  who  watche 
over  llie  intereft  of  his  family,  und'withoiit  w/Kcfe  co 
fet  uotiiing  of  a  public  nature  iiaii  be.^ar^ied  ihto  ei 
cution..  l  hfcfe  ire  ge.iera.!lycl;oriR  'Vr  .tjeif  ability  . 
fpea^ing  j  and  fuch  only  are  permitted  to  mjUte,oi;ation$ 
in  their  council*  and  general  afeif^lies.,      .    .,  ' 

lathis  body,  with  the  hereditary '  cl^ief  at  jts  headJ 
iheiupreme  authority  appears  to  beiod|jed}  as  by  itd 
deternjination  every  tranfa«5l»on  relative  to  theiV  hintingJ 
to  their  making  war  or  peace,and  tp  all  their  pubtic  conJ 
cerns  are  regulated.  Next  to  thefe,  the  body  of  warj 
riors  which  comprehends  all  that  are  able  to  feiear  arraij 
hold  their  ratil^. .  ITjit  diyiiion  has  fometimes  at  its  hea^ 
the  chief  of  the  nation,  if  he,  has  fiffnalized  htbifelf  bj 
any  renowned  aAion,  if  not,  fome  chief  that  has  renderj 

edhim(eli  famoi^i.  * 

In  their  councils,  which  are  held  by  the  foregon 
inemberi,  e/ery  affair  of  cpnfec|uence  ii  dei>atcd  ;  anj 
no  enter prife  of  the  leaft  moment  undertakep,  unleis  f 
there  meets  with  the  general  ^pprbbatioi^  of  the  cklefr 
They  commonly  aifcmblc  in  a  hut  or  t^fit4pDiropnat 
to  ihif  purpofe,  and  being  (eated  in  a  iw^  6n  * 


6Ap^zm  f  RAVELl 


m 


\ffQjm4f^  thti  e)d^ft  chief  rifes  aad  ||||kes  a  f pe^  | 
wheh'he  has  concluded^  another  geu  up ;  and  thus  th^f 
jail  rpeak.  if  necetftff,  by  turns. 

On  this  occafiott  their  language  is  n^vous,  and  their 
[(panner  of  expreffion  empbattcaL  Tiieir  ftile  U  adorn* 
eiwith  images^  comparifoiis,  and  ftrong  metaphors^ 
lad  is  equal  in  allegories  to  that  of  any  of  the  eaft^^it 
JBations*  in  all  their  fet  fpeechet  they  es^prefs  (hem^ 
[iilves  with  mueh  vehemeiice,  but  In  common  difcpiir^ 
[tccording  toour  ufualiQethod  of  fpefich. 

The  young  men  are.  fuffered  to  be  prefent  at  thtf 
fcoanciisi  cliough  ihey  are  not  allowed  to  make  a  fpeech 
llilhhey  are  regularly  admitted  ;  they  however  liften 
with  great  attention,  and  to  Ihow  that  they  both  undies* 
[lland*  and  approve  of  the  refc^utions  taken  by  the;  ai^ 
fembled  chiefs,chey  frequently  exclaim,  **  That  is  righ(.K 
[•«  That  is  good."         /  , 

The  c«.  lornary  modeampng  all  the  ranks  of  exprel^: 
[fmg  thw'  'It,  and  which  they  repeal  at  the  end  of 
alrooftei  <;  ■/eriodi.is  b/  uctpringa  kind  of  forcible  a(V 
piration,  which  founds  like  an  unioq  of  the  lettett 
OAH.  .  ., 


CHAFTEH  Vt 


i\ 


at   TRfelR    91AtTI% 

[IVxANV  of  the  Indiaiv  nattoifi  neither  make  ufe  of 
tadi  faltt  or  fpices  ;  and  fomc  of  them  have  nevet 
9n  or  tailed  of  eicher.  The  NaiidoweflTies,  in  panic- 
ir,  have  no  bread,  nor  any  fublliiute  for  it.  They 
the  wild  rici  which  grows  in  great  quantities  in  dif« 
|f^nt  parti  of  their  territories  t  but  they  boil  it  and 
it  alone.  They  alfo  eat  the  fleih  of  the  beafts  they 
kiU^^ithout  having  rffcourfe  to  any  fariaactous  firh« 
Unqf  to  abforb  the  ffroifer  particles  of  it.  And  even 
rkco  th^f  flOBfimo  tbe  fogar  which  they  baT«  titraA^d 

II  S 


■•■~^<*1»»?!'«« 


i&& 


%Amf:sn  tr  Avixl 


^6it|^e  t^^  ttib  it  not  to  rwider  fomi 

0lbcr  food^pialitlfa^^  liat  genera^^    eat  it  br  itfelf. 

BiiAt^t  h«v#  they  anf  tdea  <>f.  the  nfe  of  milk.  al. 
Jkiugkl^C3tfti!^tc<4l#aEgreat  quant'tties  from  the  bofFalo 
fl^k^thOf'onlf  eonfider  it  as  ptopperfor  the  nutriment 
•f  the  young  of  th^fe  beafts  ditring  their  tendei;  ft  ate. 
I  cpuM  not  perceive  that  any  inconireniency  attended 
Jlietatal'dii'aflbj^  artMiSf  ^eem^dfo  neeefiary  and  nu. 
Irtt^>u8  hy  the6t}i$r  naeions,  on  th<(  contrary^  they  are 
in  general  healthy  and  vigormis  -  ,  \>vt; 
-  9^*  ^*  however,  J  w^ieh  anfwers  neatly  the  feme 
^p«rpQfea« bread,  i«in  iifeaihdng  the  QttAgaumies,  the! 
batiliieii,  and  the  .moreeaftern  nations  where  Indian  corn 
j^ws,  whikh  is  not  only  much  eflet^tned  by  ihett,  but 
Ifteckonerf  eitremely  p^alable  by  a)l  theEuropeans  who 
enter  their  dofDimofis  This  is  f ulnpofed  of  tHeir  un. 
tlpe  con>  as  be^re  defertbed,  and  bean^  in  rile  fame 
Aate.  boiled  together  with  bead's  fle(h,  the  fat  of  which 
MOiftensthe  pa)ie^ana:  renders  it  beyond  eompariron 
ddicious.    1  hey  call  this  food  ^uccatolb.      *    ^ 

The  IndiABs  are  £ir  from  being  Cannibals,  «l!thef 
arc  faid  to  be/  All  their  viaoids  are  either  roafted  or 
boiled  I  and  this  in  the  eitreme.  Their  drink  is  gener- 
ally  the  broth  in  which  it  bas  been  bloiled. 

Their  foodconfiftsof  die  Arlhof  the  bear,  the  buffa. 
Ioi  the  eUu  the  deer,  Omt  beslvcr»  and^^e  racoon  r  which  { 
they  prepare  in  thenuiflAerjnft  mentiQiied.    I'hey  uAi. 
ally  eat  the  fie(h  of  the  deer  which  is  naturally  dry, 
with  that  of  the  bear  which  is  frt  anHjoicy  t  and  though  J 
the  latter  is  extremely  rich  and  kfcieiu,it  is  never  known?  j 
•to  cloy. 

In  thefprmg  of  the  year  the  Naodoweffiei  eat  the  inAdfr 
iark  of  a  (hrub,  that  they  gadier  infome  part  of  their ' 
eomfyi  hot  I  could  neither  leara  the  n^Mie  of  it,  or 
dilco#er  from  whence  they  got  it.  It  was  of  a  biittle 
natvre  aadeafily  mafticatcd.  Tht^tafteo^  It  was  a* 
Meeabkr  and  they  did  it  was  eitreairiy  nooriihing.  In 
Aivor  It  was  not  tudihe  the  turnip,  and  when  received 
into  the  mavthfdcnbled  that  root  both  i»  its  palpoiiS'| 
padiifi^giblemttpie.  \  ::^^',  >j^^^^,.i 

'  TlMlow«rnid»^(|^dMl»dimM«M^ 


•■■  :'A 


"\ 


/ 


dARVER»S  THAV^rS. 


^H 


ndef*  lunn 

itfelf. 
r  milk,  al* 
thebofFiilol 
nutriment  I 
kU«i;  (late. 

attended ! 
rf  and  na« 
>  they  are 

the  iame 
nmtes;  the 
Ddian  corn 
thein,  but 
^peans  i^ho  I 
f  their  un. 

the  fame  | 
I  of  which 
lom^rifoQ  j 

I,  ili'thef 
roafted  or  I 
c  is  gener* 

the  buffii' 
>n;  which  I 
'I'hey  ufu- 
irally  dry, 
sd  though 
ver  known  I 


dreffing  ttieir  Yiduitli,  but  Cotntxif-^  tflAch  ate  rety 
lat  and  cleanly  in  their  at>p4rel,  tdtatt;  and  food. 
[%^rbcf  commonly  eat  in  large  pirttes,  r«>'  that  their 
U  may  properly  be  termed  feaftr ;  and  tins  they  do 
[jiithout  being  reftri^edta  any  fixed  or  regular  houri, 
jlnt  juft  as  their  appetites  require^  and  conTenienee 
\l»if/  '     '  '  ■  ■■>./-  '  ■    -^  > 

They  ufually  dance,  either  before  or  after  every  meal^ 
Ltad  by  thif^cheerfulnefs  probably  render  the  Gticiat  Spir- 
lit,  to  whom  they  cahfider  themfelves  m  indebted  for 
[ivery  good»  a  more  accepuble  ^icrifice  than  a  formal 
jiod  im»m  mated  dianksgiving.  The  men  and  Womeii 
[inft  apart :  and  each  iez  invite  by  turns  thehr  company 
[iimsi  to  partake  with  them  of  the  food  they  happen  tor 
|l»ve  t  but  in  their  domeftic  way  of  living  the  men  and 

>nien  eat  together,  ^^ 

>Ho  people  are  more  horpltable,kindvand-  free  than  tI|V 

|fadiai».     They  will  readily  (hare  with  any  of  their  own- 

inibethe  lall  part  of  their  provifions,  and  even  with 

fdkofr<of  ir  different  nation  if  they  chanfre  to  come  \xi 

rhe^ithey  are  eating,      i'hough  they  do  not  keep  rnie* 

imbnftock)  yei  that  community  of  goods  which  rs- 
Ejlb  prevalent  amons;  them*  nnd  their  generous  difpo(U 
[liont  render  it  nearly  of  the  fame  eflfedk. 

When  the  chie£i  are  convened  on  any  public  bufinefi^ 
>y  always  conclude  with  a  feaiV»  at  which  their  fieftivhf- 
Iky  and  elwerfttlnefs  knowa  no  limits. 


CHAPTER  Vir. 


•t  Tietia  DANCBt. 


t^inAdfrl 

of  their 
of  it,  or 
a  biitdrl 
it  was  a« 
hiiig.    In  IJL/ANCING  it  •  fimrorite  exerci(iF  among  tht  Indkni  f 

received  mief  never  meet  on  any  public  occafion,but  d^is  makes  wt 
I  polpottf*  |fan  of  the  entertainment.     And  when  the y  are  not  en* 
t«ged  in  war  or  hnntingitht  youth  of  both  ftxtt  «inaAr 
igly  M(lf  Imbftlvff  IB  ihU  OMuies  ttcry  mitifiy. 


•■'. 


isi 


CARITErS  TRAVELS. 


^'Ik'liejr  alwayt;  dafocti  at  I  have  ohdeTYtdf  at  thdf 
ieifks'  Afk  tkieie  as  Wl  as  all  other  dances,  every  man 
fifes  in  his  u^ii«r  jmd;  [tiH>v^s  about  with  great  freedom 
«n4  b0idiisi>rvnng«ig  at  lie  doeifo»  the  exploits  of  his 
AAceftori^v    Duriiig  this  thevcompaoy  vtho  surrieated  on 
ihe  ground  in  a  circle,  around  the  dancer,  jom  with  him 
in  XRaking  thecadeneevby  an  odd  tone*  wnich  they  ut* 
thrall  ttygether*  and  whteh  foundtt  f^  Heh,  heht  heh.'^ 
t{^fe  not^s,  if  tiMfy  might  be  fo termed,  aie  articulated 
with-<a,h9^  accent,  and  iirained  out  with  the  utmoft 
fQr!ae^«thetrIaogstfo)thatione  Would  imatgine  their 
ilteagth  muil  befoehexhaufted  by  itf  infiead  of  which, 
they'xepeat  it  vwith   the   fame  violence  during  the] 
frhoWof  their  eBtertainment. 
- :  The . wimien  parttenlarly  thoie  of  the  weilero  tiationi, 
dance  verv  graeeitiUy.     They  carrythemfelvtt  ere^l 
avd  with  their  arms  hanging  down  do^  to  their  (idesr 
AO^e  .firft  fio  the  rights  and  thltn  baek  aeain  to  the  left 
%it  movement  they  perform  wtthput  taxing  Aept  as  an 
European   would  do,vbfit  witb.-thetr  feet  conji»ined, 
,  moving  by  turns  their  toet  anid  heels.     In  this  ilii>nner  I 
they  i^fde  with  great  agility  to.a  certain  difUin^  and 
then  retuiti  I  ahdlet  chofe  who  join  in  the  dance  be  ev* 
^r  fo  numerous,  they  keep  time  fo  exaf^ly  with«ach  oth* 
eiv  that'  no  interruption  enfues^  .  During  thif»  at  ftated  I 
peciiMb,itfaey  mingle  thesr  'ihritl  volees^  with  ibe  hoarier  { 
ones  of  the  men,  uho>iit  around  (for.  it  it  to  be  obferv- 
cd  that  the  fexes  neverintermix  in  the  ra8ne.dance)'wfcich,  I 
with  the  mu(ic  of  the  drtims  and  chiciiicoesi  make  an| 
agreeable  harmony. 

The  Indians  have  feveral  kind  of  dances,  which  they 
nfe  on  different  occalions  as  the  Pipe  or  Calumet  Dance, 
the  War  Dance,  the  Marriage  Dance,  and  the  Dance 
of  the  Sacrifice.    The?  movements  in  every  one  of  thefe 
are  diHimilar ;  but  it  is  almoft  impoffible  to  convey  any 
idea  of  the  points  in  which  they  are  nnlike. 
:..  I^UEiirdnt  nations .  Ukewife   v aryt  in  theif  msinner  of  I 
daneinji^    The  Chipeway  throw  themselves  into  a  great* 
er  variety  of  altitudes  than  any  ^har  people  (lomer 
timet  they  hold  their  heads  ere^^  at  others  ^^ey  bend  I 
ihem  alflAoft  t^  fkm  groiiiid  ^  then  recHnt  o»  tof  fide,  j 


^ieW£|^  TkAVfcLS. 


t^ 


|||^fiHlfe^me%r^*i^^  ^  the  bxher.    The  NaudoWemei 
[#f)r  themrelves  more  upright,  ftep'  firnitr;  and  mo^e 

|bF#grac^H^.   'Mc  tl!iby  aH  actoiiipafirytliieit  daticer 
l^tBff  ^l^grtl*atf>lft  ttdift?  jtift  lifetitj0r«Bd.  i'^  ^'  -  V  r  • 
|>^  hf  Fi^  Al>iittc*^ti^  th«  jpiifineip^f  iind  thfc  filidft  J>1ea^ 
Pf  it  wmi^im '  «f'  «iy  bf  ty nli/  fe^Hg  ^i  tftift  fraa- 
ps/  iilf^  en»'m^vieitltnt'i^  fi  ifc^but  on  paf- 

li^l^  ^afioiW  t^ttc  h  tifisdi  4i  «^eni  littibd((^dors 
pterin ^i%!^arH^^  ^'f '     ^^tej-df  ;^«lt- ; ,.  ■''-%^. 

l*PSi  Ww  0iii(»,  4»^hfch«%K<^-tife'bodj'befor«  tliet 
i  pe  ?on  i^€\t  trsif  |)»iit?tii,  s^iwid'^tth ^heif  «ietiirii  fyoto 
'  'Vt^iies  Vistrbf  tilil!d«^i#l»)^|#^v^^I  is  peiforraed,  «i 
^;  amfdft^^<i!i<de%g#a^idl-i;  si  chief ^^rat- 
_^  *  it,*^h«^toote4^ro«i^be  *tght  to  the  Mti  fing- 
^'k  iht  fliBilvif  me^  ^th  his  a^^b  i»xploit«.  kiid  thofe*  Sf 
IiN^i¥iee3Ve^  Wkt^'htflttt  i^a««MethN  acdaiint  of 
lil^itiianonlbl^  'j^jMn, li!i> gWet « ittolent  blow  with hift^^ 
M^I&Mii^ii^^jbli  thMft^  B«B<liti  thd'^uttd/nda#- 

*-i|*ff  ^  tlsance^  irt  )iU  IW;  3^<i  r^capieulut**  t»^ 
^  hJStis  d«^il^bi^#'faitMli,  tm  t^^^  all  at  laft  J6in  jl* 
.Jd^ef  >THfc|iMt  beibriie^  trAiy  ahrnlitigf^  to  a^ 
llfengei-ithairh^tteAsf  td  (f^  aiiioni!^  t1?eih,  as  thfey  throw 
I AWfthrfer^  <tito  ^t^-Jidf rib ie  artd'  terff fying  poftutis 


>u....K  w..*  w,vr  « —  tleeir'lha^jl  „^...—  ......... . , 

im*\vlifc1i;'^3^Ae^  #K»rf  abdui^rthfey  ar^'cV^^  toometit 
c^ahgei^  otiutKttg  eacE  ith^Ffc  thirotts ;  'krid  did  thief 
"  IHbTi  r^  ?Hreatt^fed  mirdiiif  With  inconceivable  dex- 


«Kty^jtcciV<>rttttbft'aVolied.'^^B^l^^^ 
Iteftd  to#^eftni  the  nianner^ri  Which  they  kill,  Tcaip; 
|bd  taice  theif  prifOnersV  ^I'o  hefphtert  the  fcene,theyfet 
Ip  th^  fi?n4e  hideous  rells,cries»and  war  whoops  they  u(e 
%  ^me  Of  adioA^  lb  that  it  is  impoffible  to  confidcr 
Jsheift  ia  anyQther  lifi;bt  than  as  an  ailembly  of  demons. 
^  ■fliiryelfrlBqiieritiyfdiiied  in  this  dante  wkh  them,  but 
'|f(^  <!eiitt^d'ta't^  iff  amorement  tome, iH  I  could  hot 
^ilfidt  nif  A]^r^n0ottl  of  rcotiit&bg  fomq  dreadi\il 


i 


m 


mwfs.m  i^M^^tw 


IK-- 


wound  t :  thoif  ih>m  the  TUdenoe  of  ;^fhr  frftcifct  »u( 
^"ve  priced  m^^h  ■'■'.;.%. ^.ti  <•:'..  .•■"--''.i  • 

4^  ^.i4>oii«l;tM«^  luiisoAs  to iM  iirt^warJ  «f  J^  Mit 
fipptr  ftod  oiAil^OiWderi  o^  bkk«  §||p((irMur»  Aill  ^onti^l 
Hctd  ifMilii  ^die  p^^  f «ffwik«^i>»^lll^  Papice.  i'i  ht| 

of  <tl|i9  dt^ii'^t^  w#^^  indianirj 

Jliit  li^f  4l^lbfuriJiit^«f«i«  fii  Ibrtvier  li  i!p  noff  I 

Ji^arlf rfxMiiA^apioeg  llk0%  ^9^lHr^  «ld^ 
ropean  i«ttlemef)ts^  ,  ||^CTe}<,.j|(d|^i^«tM^^|^ 

tk^vSffkmtkmmmln  $m^  i  .W  ;^Qg)>  t  di>d  not  ac^ 

^aef  that  ^uM  |>iil]rr.^<p0riiwmi^  at  dea 

tliey.  thw«  teinwd,"*  Wffti  .fJi^fewnfidir  tSefofH'  thf  danc 

>irga%  9IMI 0^  tb^i|f)^iii«^<»  ?ilf  i  'iiadiPittei  into  a;#cieti 

whkh^Nf  d«lKniiiiia%d^alK>A  i^it^  tbtj 

Fnf ndly^Bocietj  ol^i^f^ipt,-  'jy%^Sl«^y  |w«wi 

citofipeifonfofili»H^i^Kimt0^ 

c^  inte.  ii^  #»  ai:#  bCiinesc«0ti^!^  c^iii^i^  aMilvho 

94mt$*mim>istii4^  i>^n0t\m^,mhich  l| 

4i»pr nodifng that .^ould^^ rg^^  to  the  reports  1  hs ' 

caficloded^^i^^a'^grand'^je^^^^  .    ,■  '  ^^;  .  *  ,_    ,'-_ 

i^W  tnitiatioa  hmiff^Jl^ts^e^^^^^  lirith  r^me^f  tri  1ng<v| 
^  ^4m:u/uilancM/:i«!|^jdi^ ^fi^^l  have  ^w  oufnfeiA 
mil  bi»  eitVr  th(»  .eip^^, ^nssigi^,  o)r.|c>f .amazing«dex4 
teiittf ,  i  ih^t  ^i«e  t^!  p'4ii\^uj».t ..s^coj^l.ptf^the  jMrhole 
procedure.  Jt;.wa^^%||iB^a^.tl]^^  ti-fjff-JBf.'tl^  .ne^^^ 
moon^in  H  |>tac*,api»0pnitt9d^to^d^  pQiPwipi,  near  thftj 
centre  of  thejr  camp«  that  Would  ^or«tauLao^iit  tipo  l)un«j 
idvcd  peofH^r  ^u<&fi9fr'a  ftrangcr,,,and  ■  oi^'jdl  occaiionil 
itreated  by  Jth#m  with  great  civiljitf,  l  was  mirjlte«i  to  ietl 
thie  c^mony,  and , placed  clofetpi  tMraUicyir  the  en4 
<loft»re.,;^,      _,  v ;,  ":.■  ,  ,    .  ..J'--j--r   • 

,  /\  bpift;  tif jvWe  o'clocl^  thef  ,bmft»to  aflU 
Ihe  iun  fhone  ,  bi(lght» .  ii;rh(^  t&f  iE^(fi«| at  ^good 
Pflfien,  foi,  t^ey  iwyfi/;hy  i^ot^eiitojiiff  JT thfir  ptthr| 
uc  meetings  unNiV  ch«»i9cy  be  cmriMtiAvlovdci. 


tk^jfim-tumiM^' 


rst 


Ipaic  hefi  ^ppxteli  ;iad  stfter  them  tame  the  head 

Kor,  clad  i^  ailchg  fobe  of  tieh  furs,  that  trailed  oit 

];tiniftd»  at'teiided'  by  a  retinue  of  fifteen  or  twentf 

mh  painted  an^f  drefled  tnthe  gayelt  manner.  Ntiet 

>#ied  the  wives  6f  f^ch  as  had  already  been  admitt- 

;!iiit<l'the  ipdetjr  i^andln  thi!  rear  a  confufed  heap  of 

ky^  ranki^'all  toAtribllting  sis  much  as  ky  in  thetr 

Sijirer  ^b  make  the  appe^rari^e  grand  and  fliowy . 

l^'IIVtlehjthi^^flemhly  iiriis^ieated,  andHlencc  pi^claim* 

~  .one  c^tH^  brinci^l  thteh  arofe.  and  in  a  -fhort  bttt 

EJIb^lf'^ijM^h  informed  his^  audienceN)f  the  dccafifm 

ipt^rng.     He  acquainted  chem  that  one  of  theif 

i^  iheh^ihed  to  be  admitted  into  their  fociety^ 

ft  talefng  him  by  the  hand  p^efeiited  him  to  their  view» 

ink  them  at  the  fame  time^ivhether  they  had  anf 

noil-  tpt  his  becoming  one  tif  thei^  community. 
Koobjeftton  bcfing;  made»  the  yotin^  candidaite  will' 
in  the  centre,  aitd  fortr  of  the  chleifs  todk  their  fta* 
^te  to  him^  affer  .eshorting,  him,  hf  turns,  n(ft 
"'ideFtheopperatioti  hennas  kbout  to  go  through 
behave  like  an  1iidiai!i  and  ii  hian,  two  of  theM 
>k  hbld'pf  his  arms,  ahd  cutifed  him'to  kneel^  ahothw 
placed  hiitdelf  behind  him,  ifo  ^$  to  receive  him  wlien* 
(%{\k  and  the  lad  of  the  four  retired  to  the  diftancc  of 
Jilt  tweWe  fiet  from  him  ej£a»£tly  in  front. 
<Th{»  dtfpofition  being  completed,  the  chief  that  flood 
'>re  the  kneeling  candidate,  began  to  fpeak  to  him 
{than  audible  voice.     He  told  him  that  he  himfeif 
It jio^  agitated  by  the  fame  fpirit  which  he  (houjd  in 
ph^  moments  communicate  to  him  \  that  it  wojald 
rike  him  dead,  but  that  he  would  inftan.ly  be  reftoiiMl 
lin  CO  nfe :  to  th  is  lie*  added,  rhat  \  he  comnranicatto^' 
n^ver  terrifying,  was  a  tieceiTary'intrbduflioril  t»  thfe 
(laikaees;  enjoyed  by  the  cb'mmunity  into  which  he' 
l^son  thevpoint  of  being  admitted. 
Ai  he  fpokc  this,  ho^appes^red  to  begreat\  Agitated  i 
11  at  fad  Mi  emotioiis  Became  fo  viplenr,  that  his  counr 
?e  was  diftofted.an^. his  whole  frftme  convulfed;^ 
Lc  4hii  jundure  he  thiW  ^mcthhig  that  appe<<^d  both 
Y^^^  and^^blbrliife  3i  ftwiHbew'at  thfey^iingmtiH 


■li!  i 


ill 


m 


«^«rvi5iwa  tit  Ay«j,^ 


) 


-which  feemed.  to  enter  his  niQtith,  and,  ^JaiUmdy  fell 
as  fnociQnleis  as  if  he  had  heeti  IhnQL  The  chi^  that 
was  placed  behind  him  received  him  in  hlis  ai|ix8»^n4 
hf  the  aififtanee  'cf  the  other  twO|;  laid  him  on  the  ground 
to  all  appearance  bereft  nfl'^ei 

Having  done  this,  they,  imivied^^tely.  hegim  to  rub 
liis  limbs,  and  to  (irike  hii|n  on  t$e  V^ck*  Jlfing  him 
fttch  tflows:  as  feemed  mote  calculated  to  jliffthi^  quick,  { 
than  to  raife  the  dead.    During  thefe  extraordinary  ap« 
plications,  the  fpeaker  ^bntinued^his  hai angue,  defiring 
the  fpeAators  not  to  be  furprired,  or,  to  defpaur  of  the 
young  man's  recovery,  as  his  prefent  ily^^^clat(^  iituaK  I 
lion  proceeded  only  from  the  foicible  opperaitldn  of  the 
fpirit.  on  faculties  that  had  hithierrto  been^^unulqd  to  ii>| 
Tpiratious  of  this  kind.. 

The  candidate  Jay  feversd  TnMates  wi^out  fenfe  or 
motion  ;  batatlength>after  receiving  nst^y  violent  blow%  ] 
hesbegan.todifcoyerjbmefymptpns  of  retarning  life- 
Thefer  hoWever»  were  attended  With  ftrtmg^cQ^vplIicn^,  I 
^nd  an  apparent  obftrtt^ivin  m  his  throat.  But  tlie^ 
were  foon  at  ^n  end  }  for  hiivin|;  drCbhatged  jj^ljnr^is 
^n^h  the  bean,  or  whatever Jt  was  thatuie  chiif^had 
thrown  at  hhUi  but  which  on  the  clofeft  infpedion  1  had 
^t  p^ceived  to  enter  it«  he  ibon  after  appeared  to  bej 
tolerably  recovered.  ,4/ 

This  part  of  the  cerempiiy  beins  happily  effeifted,  thi{ 
officiating  chiefs  difrobed  him  of  uie  clothes  he  had  ufu* 
fldly  worn,  asd  put  on  him  a  Ikt  of  apparel  entirely,  new. 
iVhen  he  was  dre^cd»  the  fpeaker  oneifc  more  took  him  I 
by  the  hand  and  preCented  hina  to  the'fociety  ^^h  a  reg> 
td^r  and  thoroughly  ii^itiated  member>c)chqrtiinff  themJ 
Wiihe  fame  time,  to  give  him  fuch  heceifdirv  aUiftance, 
•M, biting, a, ^youog  nierabier,  he  n;iight  (^and  in  nee^  of. I 
lie  thep.^jdfoch^ed  ^e  newly  Seded  brother  to  re*] 
tifive  with  humility,  aiid  to  fpUow  with.  pun4it)ality  the 
advice  of  his  elder  brethren* 

AH  thpfe  who  had  been  ad^iitf d   wlth^^  t^  railsj 
t^ow  forined  a,  circle  fround  ta<^ir,  new  brother,  ifmd^ 
muiic  ftriking  up,  tlie  great  chl^  ijc^g  a  fong»  cel^iBbra- 
ting  at  lUiijd  th^tlliarUalft^y^^ 

.  The  ob1|  B|ttCi«.thf;  ladw. wfe  U  it  a  drttptt  whtch  ii| 


^ARVEA'S  tRAVELS. 


W 


lj^mp(ibd  of  a  piece  of  a  hollow  tree  cyrioufly  wroiight, 
llid  over  one  end  of  which  is  drained  a  (kint  this  thef 
eat  with  a  Tingle  (lick,  and  it  gives  a  found  diat  is  far 
[|k>in  harmonious  but  it  juft  ferves  to  beat  time  with. 
[To  this  they  fometimes:  add  the  cbieh{cv>e,  and  in  their 
[ttf  dances  they  like  wile  ufe  a  kind  of  fife*  formed 
\^  a  reedi  which  makes  a  ihx  ill  harfh  noife.     ~ '' 

I'be  whole  afrembljr  were  by  this  time  united  acd  th? 
l^iQcehegan  ;  feveral  lingers  aflSiled  the  mullc  with 
|))ietr  votces/^n4  the  women  joining  in  the  chorus  at 
f^aro  intervals  they  produced  together  a  not  unpleafing 
but  favage  harmony.  This  was  on«  of  the  moft  agree* 
[tble  entertainments  I  faw  whilft  I  was  among  them« 

I  could  nbt  help  laughing  at  a  lingular  and  childifh 
Icoftom  lobferved  tliey  introduced  into  this  dance,  and 
|"whi<n  was  the  only  one  that  had  the  lead  appearapce  of 
I  tenjuration.      Mod  of  the  inembets  carried  .  in  their 
iiandsan  ottei*  or  martin's  ikin, which  being  taicen  whole 
|rom  the  bodyjand  filled  with  wind,ctl  being  comprelTed 
made  a  fd|ueaktri|r^iioife  thtotigh  a  fttiall  piece  of  wood 
prga||^Ily  formed  and  fixed  in  its  mnuth«     When  thijs 
iD^rillie^t  was  prefented  to  the  fac^  of  any  of  the  com- 
|Kiny>  aindtfae  fotkrld  emitted,  the  petfon  teceivtng  it  in* 
ftautly  fell  down  to  appearance  dead.     Sometimes  4wo 
or  three,  both  mien  and  women,  were  oti  the  ground  to- 
gether ;>  hut  immediately  recovering,  they  rofeup  and 
I  joined  again  in  the'danee.     1  his  feemed  to  afford  even 
I  the  chiefs  themfelVes,  infinite  diverficn.     1  afterwards 
learned  that  thei^  were  their  Dii  Penates  or  Houfehdld 

After  feme  hotOri  fi>eht  in  this  manner  tire  fe'aft  began  i 
I  the  diihes  being  brought  near  ine.  1  petceived  that  ihey 

tonfifted  of  dog*s  flelh  ;  ai^  1  Wfts  inforined  that  aU 
I  their  public  grand  fealfs^ey  i^evcr  made  ufe  of  any 

other  kind  6f  ifbod.  For  this  purpofe,  at  the  feaft  { 
him  now  fpeaking  of,  the  new  candidate  provides  fat 
jdogjvif  thejr-can  be  procured  at  any  price. 

In  ihijsctiftom  of  eating  dog's  flelh  on  particutar  dc- 
[eafK^ns,  they  rirfeinble  the  iTihabitant<i  of  foine^pf  thci 
j  Countries  that  lie  on  the  north  eaft  borders  of  Afia.   ' 

Thi^mnthor  of  the  account  of  Kamfchatkk,  published  ^ 


/  ■' 


ill 


CARVER'S  TRAVfiLSl, 


'i 


by  order  of  the  es|iprers  of  Ruflia  (befoVe  referred  io)l 
informs  us,  that,  the  people  inhabiting  Koreka,  a  coutvil 
try  noithof  Kamfchatkaywhdwandeit^bottt  in  hordes  like 
the  Arabs,  when  they  pay  theif  worldip  to  the  evil  beingiJ 
Icill  a  rbin  deer  or, a  dd^.thfe  fleih  of  which  they  eat,  andl 
leave  the  head  and  tongue  fticking  on  a  polei  with  tbel 
front  towards  the  eaft*  Aifb  that  when  tliey  arc  a* 
iraidof  any  |nfedioul»  didentper,  tliey  kill  a  dog,  and! 
wmding  the  guts  .about  two  poles,  pafs  ^between  them. 
Thefe  cuftoms,  in  which;  they  are  nearfy  imitated  by 
the  Indians,  feem  to  add  ftiength  to  my  fuppdsitionj 
that  America  was.  firft  peopled  uoixi  this  quarter.  ■ 

I  know  not  under  what  clafs  of  dances  to  rank  that  I 
performed  by  the  Indiians  who  came  to  my  tent  when  I 
landed  near  Lake  I'epin,  Of\  the  banks  of  the  MiiTilipprJ 
as  related  in  my  journal.    AVhen  I  looked  out^  as  I 
^here   mentioned,   1  faw'  about  tff'enty  naked  young  Ii| 
dians,  the  moft  perfe<5l  in  their  fhape,  and   by  far  th^ 
handfomwft  of  any  1  had  ever  feen,cotning  towards  mt,\ 
and  daiicing  as  tley  approached,  to  tHe  mafic  of  their  I 
iirurns.     Ac  every  ien<fr  twelve  yards  they  halted  aQdj 
fct  up  iheiif  yells  and  cries* 

When  they  reached  wiy  tent,l  alked  ihcm  to  come  in  ;| 
which,  without  deigning  to  make  me  any  anfwer,  thefi 
did..  As  I  ebfexved  that  they  were  psHinted  red  andl 
black,  as  ihey  ufualey  are  when  they  go  againft  an  ene^l 
my,  and  perci^ived  that  fome  parts  of  the  war  d&m\ 
were  intermixed  with  their  other  movements,  I  doubted] 
not  but  they  were  fet  on  by  ihe  Immical  chief  who  hadi 
refufed  my  falutaiiont  1  therefore  determined  tb' fell  I 
my  life  as  dear^s  polllible.  To  this  purpofe,  I  tm 
ceived  tliem  fettiog  on  my  cheft,  with  m)  gun  andl 
pt^lols  befide  me,  and  ordered  my  ^^^  to  keep 
watchful  eye  on  them,and  tb  be  alfo  iipon  theii] 
guard 

1  l>e  Indians  being  entered,they  continued  their  danc 
alternately,  fmging  at  the  fame  time  of  ^hdr  heroic  ex* 
ploits,  ani4  the  fuperiority  of  dieirrace  over  every  oth*| 
ft  people.     To  enforce  theiir  language,  though  it  wa 
uncommonly  nervous  and  expreffive,and  fuch  as  would] 
-of  itftli  have  cariied  ten  or  im»  th«  finneft  heait, 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


159 


rn^sad.  of  every  period  they  flruck  their  \yar  clubs  a« 
^tiift  the  poWs  of   my  ic{\t,    wltli  fuch  ■  violence, 
lisit  I  expe^eil  every  mom.'nt  it  would  have   tumbled 
la  us*     A&  each  of  theibi  in  dancing   round   pafled 
Siifi  by  mef  ^hey  placed  iheir  rij^ht  h^inds  over  thefr 
efestand  coming    clofe  to  inejlooked  me  (leadily  in  tKa 
acCt  which  Icoutd  not  condrue  into  a  tojcen  of  fricad- 
Ep,  My  men  gfve  themfelves  up /or  loft.and  I  acknowl- 
jp  for . my  own  p.ar|»  that  1  never  found   my   a ppre- 
Mldot^i  more  .tumultuous  on  any  occ^fion. 
W^e|it^ey  had  nearly  ended  their  d^nc<iy  I  prefented 
Itath^pi  the  pipe  of  p.s%cei  but  they  would  not  ac*:ept  it » 
|Ithtfn>  as  my  laft  refource>  thought  1  would  try  what 
|p»fent9.  would  do  ;  Cccordingl/  I  took  from  my  cheft 
koine  ribands  and  trinkets,  which  1  laid  before  them. 
Il'hefe  feemsd  to  A  agger  their  refolutions,  and  to  a* 
[yertinfom?  degree  thilir  anger  ;  for -after  holding  a 
3n(ultation  together^  they  fat  down  on  the  ground, 
Iwhioh  I  confidered  as  a  favorable  omen. 

Thu%  it  proved,  as  in  a  (hori  time  tliey ,  received  tht 
IpipeiH'  peace,  and  lighting  it,  fitft  prefented  it  iq  me* 
land  then  fmoked  wiJti  it  themfelVes.     Soon  after  thev 
jtook  l^p  the  prefents.  which  had  hitherto  lain  neglet^ed^ 
\4appeai?ing  tcf  be  greatly  pJeaied  with  them,depatteid 
ii  wiendly  manrier.     And  never  did  I  receive  greater 
pleafi^rfe,  than  at!  getting  rid  of  fuch  foirmidabk*  gueds. 
tifwarnevier  i+imy  power  to  gain  a  thi»rough  know?^ 
dge  hi  'the  deftgns  of  my  vifttors.     I  had  f^fficient 
eifon  to  conclude  that  they  were  hodtle,  and  that  their 
ilifit,  at  folate  ayi  hour,  was  njadethirough   • ; '  rnftigii- 
|it6n  of  the  gtand  Sautpt ;  but  I  wim  afterwardi  in- 
lormedjtbat  it  might  he  intended  as  a  compliment  which 
pey  usually  pay  to  the  chiefs  of  every  oti^er  nation  wha 
Mppen  to  fkll  in  wi^li  th.-m,  and  th  it  the  eircumilat>ces 
their  conduAj  which  had  appeared  fo  fufpicious  to 
ii  were  merely  theeffe^s  of  their  vanity,  and  defign- 
jto  imprefs  on  the  minds  of  thole  whom  they  thus  vis. 
IrM  iiR  elevated  opinion  of  their  valor  aihd'  prowefs. 
In  tlie  moinin^  before  I  continued  my  rouie,  feveral  of 
Wir  wives  brought  me  a  prcjfent  of  fom«  fugar,  jfo? 
irhipin  I  found  ifeiw more  Tibajidl^  .    ^ 


\m 


;Jr: 


160 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS, 


The  danc«  of  ^e  facrl^PC'ts  not  fo.  denominated 
from  their  offering  up  at  the  fame  time  a  facrifice  to  aJ 
ny  good  or  evU  fpirit,  but  is  a  dance  to  wh*ch  the  NauJ 
do\\effies  give  that  title  from  bein^  ufed  \then  any  pub. 
lie  fortunate  circumftance  befals  theoi.     Whtlll  1  refiJ 
ded  among  them  a  fine  large  deer  accideutaliy  Ara}ed 
into  the  middle  of  their  encampment*  which  they  foon 
deftroyed.     As  this  happened  juft  at  the  new  moon^they 
efteemed  it  a  lucky  omen  ;  and  having  roafted  it  whole 
every  one  in  the  camp  partook  of  it.     After  their  feaOJ 
they  all  joined  in  a  dancei  Mvhich  they  termedt  from  iul 
being  fomewhac  of  a  relij^ious  jnaturci  a  dance  of  thJ 
facrifice.  ^ 


CHAPTER  VIIL 


OP    THEIt    HUNTIMQ. 


H 


.UNTlNG  is  the  principal  occupation  of  the  In- 
dians t  they  ate  tiained  to  it  from  their  earlicft  youthi 
and  it  is  an  excercife  which  is  efieemed  no  lefs  honoraJ 
ble  than  neceflary  towards  their  fubfiftence     A  de:iteri 
ous  hunter  is  held  nearly  in  as  great  eftimation  by  tliei 
as  a  diftinguilhed  warrior.     Scarcely  any  device  whicli 
the  ingenuity  of  man  iias  difcovcred  for  eofnaring  oi 
d^ftroying  thofe  animals  that  fupply  them   with  foo<^J 
or  whofe  (kmi  are  valuable  to  Europeans,  is  unknown 
to  them. 

Whilft  they  are  engaged  in  this  ezercife,  they  fliakd 
off  the  indolence  peculiar  to  their  nature,  and  bcconj 
adlive  perfevering.  and  indefatigable.  1  hey  are  equil 
ly  fagacious  in  finding  their  prey,  and  in  the  meant  thejl 
ufetodeftroy  it>  'Ihey  difcera  the  footftrps  of  thj 
beaUs  they  are  in  purfuit  of,  although  they  are  imperj 
c«ptibl«  to  every  other  eye,  and  can  follow  them  wi ' 
jcettainty  through  the  pathlefs  fore  A. 

The  beafti  that  the  Indians  hunt,both  for  their  flcOi  < 


Carve  R»3  travels. 


161 


which  they  fubfid^and  for  their  ikins^of  which  they  make 
their  apparel,  or  J>aher  with  the  Europeans  for  necedfa^ 
ties,  arc, the  buffalo,  the  elk,  the  deer,  the  moofe,  carri^ 
boo,  the  bear,  the  beaver,  the  martin,  &c.  I  defer  gtv- 
ing  a  defcriptioh  of  theie  creatures  here,  and  fhall 
[,onljr  at  prefent  treat  of  thsir  manner  of  hunting 
them. 

iheroute  they  ihall  take  for  thirpurpofe,  and  parties 
that  Ihall  go  on  the  different  expeditions  arc  fixed  in  the 
general  councils, which  are  heldfometiroein  the  fummer, 
when  all  tlie  operations  for  the  enAiing  winter  are  con- 
cluded on.  The  chief  warrior,  whofe  province  it  is  to 
regulate  their  proceedings  on  this  occafion,  with  great 
foicmnity  iitaes  out  nii  invitation  to  thofe  who  chnofe 
to  attend  him  ;  for  the  Indians,  as  before  cbferved,  ac- 
kno'^ledge  no  fuperiovity,  nor  have  they  any  idea  of 
compulfion;  and  everyone  that  accepts  it,  prepares 
himfelf  by  filling  feveral  days. 

l*he  Indians  do  not  fad  as  fome  other  nations  do, 
on  tfaie  riohes  and  mod  luxurous  food,  but  they  totally 
abftalh  from  every  kind  citiiCr  of  visuals  or  drink  ;  and 
Jo^U  their  patience  and  refolutiont  tliat  the  moft  ex- 
treeme  thirft  could  not  ubligie  them  to  tafte  a  drop  of 
water  ;  yet  amld(^  this  fev^re  abdinence  they  appeir 
checrYut  and  happy. 

The  reaCons  they  give  for  thus  f<i(\ing,  are,  that  it 
enables  tlieni  freely  to  dream,  in  which  dreams  they  are 
informed  where  they  (hall  Bud  the  greateft  plenty  of 
game  ;  ^Ho  that  it  averts  the  difpieafurc  ot  the  uvil  fpir- 
iU,  and  induces  them  to  be  propUtous.  Chey  alfo  on 
thefe  occafious  blacken  thofe  p«irt&  of  their  bodies  that 
are  uncovered. 

rhcfaft  being  ended,  and  the  place  of  hunting  made 
known,  the  chief  who  is  to  condutit  them,  gives  .i  grand 
teafl  to  thofe  >*liO  ate  to  form  ified  fferent  parties  ^  of 
which  none  of  them  dare  to  pai^take  till  they  have  hath- 
ed  thcmfelves,  '  A^  this  feall,  nbtwithda^iding  they  have 
Ulmd  Co  long,  they  tit  >nrith. gre.it  moderation  t  and  the 
chTel'that  prefi'Jes  emf^lo^s himfelf  ;n  reheattfing  the  feats 
of  thofe  who  liaVebeen  mod  succefiful  in  the  bufinefs 
tht'j  arc  »)>oat  to  enUr  upott.    They  loon  after  l^fbuK 


I,: 


<rl 


i 


t%    y 


i''  ■>»'.!  ''ill 


ili- 


p^m 


ie« 


CARVER'S  tHAVEL^. 


on  the  inarch  towards  the  place  appointed,  piiinted  (ri 
rather  bedawbed  with  black,  amidn  the  acclamations  cf  | 
all  the  people.  ,        ,  -       • 

It  is  iihpoiCble  tc  dercrJbe  iheir  aguity  or  perfeverancp,  j 
whilft  they  are  in  purfuit  of  their  prey  (neither  thickets, 
ditches,  torrents,  pooh)  6t  rivers  ftop  thentj ;  they  al- 
Witys  go  Hrait  forward  in  the  ntoft  dircA  line  they  pofli- 
bly  can,  and  thete  are  few  of  the.favage  inhabitants  of 
the  woodu  that  they  cannot  overtake. 

When  they  hunt  for  bears,  they  endeavor  to  find  cm 
their  retreats ;  for,  during  the  Winter,^  thefe  animals 
conceal  thenifelVes  in  hollow  trees,  or  make  themfelves 
holes  in  tlie'ground,  inhere  they  continue  without  food.| 
whilft  the  fevere  weather  lafts. 

When  the  Indians  thirik  they  have  arrived  at  a  placet 
MFhete  thefe  creatures  ufually  hiunt,  they  form  thent-l 
felves  into  a  circle  according  to  their  nuniber.and  mov. 
tng  onward,  endeavcr  as  they  advance  towards  the  cch' 
tre.to  dilcover  the  retreats  of  their  prey,    fiy  this  meansj 
if  any  lif  in  the  internnedtate  fpacc,  they  are  fure  rf 
roufmg  them,  and  bringing  them  down  either  with  thdrj 
bows  or  gu^s.    1  he  bears  will  take  to  flight  at  light 
a  man  or  a  dog,  and  will  only  make  lefillarce  vhcn 
they  are  extremely  hungry,  or  '  after  they  are  wounc 
ed. 

The  Indianincthod  of  hunting  the  buffalo  is  by  foirnj 
tng  acixle  or  a  fcjuare,  nearly  in  the  fame  manner 
when  they  fearchfor  the  bear,  llavinr  taken  their  difJ 
ferent  Nations,  they  fet  the  grafs,  which  at  this  tin>e  ij 
ra nk  and  dry,  on  fire,  and  thefe  animals,  who  are  exl 
tremely  fearful  of  that  element,  flying  witb  precipital 
lion  before  it,  great  numbers  are  hemmed  in  a  imi' 
couipafs,  and  Karcely  a  fingle  one  efcapes. 

'1  hey  have  different  ways  of  hunting  the  elk,  thj 
deer,  and  tlie  carriboo.  Sometimes  t^.ey  fVek  them  oul 
in  the  woods,  to  which  they  letire  during  the  fevctitf 
of  the  cold,  where  they  are  eafily  (hot  frrm  behnid  'In 
trees.  In  the  more  northern  elirnates  they  take  tie  Ai 
vai^tage  of  the  weather  tc  deftroy  the  elk  ;' whin  il 
inn  has  jud  (Irengili  enough  (o.  rnelt  the  fnow;  and  tiij 
iroii  in  the  night fcrms  a  kind  of  crett  6u  the  luTfaci 


CA'RVUR'S  -TR  AVEfcS. 


urs 


this  creftCure  b««g  h«avy.breAks  it  w  t!i  hh  fcrktd  hooft, 
and  with  difikiittjr'  extricites  li:ml«If  from  it  :  at 
this    time    th»efo»e    he    is  llton  ovei^tak^a  and  de»» 

Some  nations  have  a  iiiethod  of  htfmitig  thefe  ani' 
mih  #htch  is  more  eallKy  exeisiited.  Htvti  free  from  dan- 
ger. The  hunting  party  dtirid*  ibt-mfelves  into  two 
bands  9nd  chofing  a  ipot  neai*  the  borders  of  fome  river^ 
dne  party  embarks  on  board  their  canoes,  wh'ilft  the 
otherfoiming  themfclves  inie  a  femi  circle  on  thelandr 
the  flanks  of  wiiich  reach  the  fliore,  let  k>ol*s  their  dogsr 
and  by  this  nieans  ronfeallthe  game  that  lies  within 
thefe  bounds  f  they  then  drive  them  towards  the  riveri 
into  which  they  no  fooner  enter,  than  the  greateft  part 
of  thtfm  are  immediatety  d  if  (hatched  ^bythofe  who  re« 
main  in  their  canOesi 

Both  thedk  artd  the  boflTiiilo  are  v*ry  furious  when^ 
they  are  wounded,  and  will  rettl'rii  fierciely  on  ihelr  pur- 
ftters  and  ti'amplc  tneiA  under  their  feet,  if  the  hunter 
fiUds  no  means  to  compete  their  lieAruiftion.or  does  not 
feek  ^or  fectri-ity  in  flight  to  (ome  adjacent  tree  ;  by 
this  method  they  are  frequently  avoided,  and  To  tired 
with  the  purfuit,  tliat  they  Tokmtarily  give  it  o« 
Ter. 

But  the  hunting  in  which  the  Indians,  particularl/ 
ihofe  %vho  inhabit  the  rrorthern  parts,  chiefly  emplby 
thetnfelves,  and  from  uhich  they  reap  the  greated  ad- 
vantage, is  the  beaver  hunting.  The  feafon  for  this  it 
throughout  the  whole  winter,  from  Novemhei  to  April ; 
during  ^hich  time  the  fiir  of  thele  creatures  is  in  the 
grpateft  perfi'dkion  A  dcfeription  of  this  extf agina- 
ry aniitial,Oieconftruftion  of  their  huts,  and  vK»Veg-r 
Illations  of  their  almoit  rational  community,  I  fliall 
gIve'in'Uftother  place 

'I  he  hunters  make  ufe  of  fcveral  methods  to  deftrof 
llitfm.  Thbfe  generally  praftifed,  are  either  rhat  of  ta- 
king them  in  fnares,  cutting  through  the  ict.or  opening 
their  caufeways. 

As  't'h<J  ^yes  of  thefe  rirl?maU  ire  verf  quick,  and  their 

''dfiHh^t^Jttdedingl;  il^ute.  |frejt  piecautiun  is  riecefla- 

ty  io  appioaching  their  bwdius  h  ^^^  ^  ^hey  ieldom  go 


t!<, 


!i^; 


m 


eauvEft'S  mAVfiW. 


it.. 


far  from  the  water,  aiid  their  houfes  stre  s^ways  batlt 
clofe  to  thje  fide  of  Tome  large  riyer  or  lake,  or  Uams  of 
their  own  £o):iftruAing»  upon  the  )eaft  alarm  tfaey  haft. 
eri  to  the  deepeft  part  Qf  the  water,  and  dive  immediate' 
ly  to  the  bottom  ;  as  they: 4^  ihi«,  they,  make  a  great 
tioiie  by  beating  the  water  with  their  tailjSf  on  purpofe 
tp  put  the  whole  fraternity  on  their  guard. 

They  tpke  them  with  fr^res  in  the  following  manner: 
tiiough  the  beavers  ufually   lay  op  a  fuffi«ient  ftoreofl 
proviAon  to  ferve  for  th|?ir  fubfittenee  during  the  win- 
ter, they  make  frpm  time  ^o  time  excu:ilons  to  the 
i)eigh  boring  woodfito  prpcUre  further  fupplitfof  iood.l 
The  hunters  having  fouitQ  out  their  haunts,  plaf;  atrap 
in  their  way,  baited  with  imall  pieces  of  bark»  or  young 
Ihoots  of  trees^  whi«h  the  beaver  has  no  fooner  laid 
hold  of,  than  a  large  log  of  wood  falls  Upon  htm,  and 
breaks  his  back  {his  enemies,  who  jgre  upon  the  watch,  | 
/poFi.iappe^r,  and  inftantly  difpvtch  the  helplefs  antmal. 

Alt  other  timcs»  wJ^n  the  Ice  on  the  rivers  and  lakes  I 
is,Ahout  half  afoot  thick,  they  mak^  ah  opening  through! 
it  with  thpir  hatchets,  ^o  which  tne  beavers  will  foonl 
^aften,  on  being  diilurbed  for  a  fopply  of  fre(h  air.l 
As  their  breath  occafion>A  cqnOderable  motion  in  the] 
water,  the  hunter  has  fulfficient  notice  of  their  approacbJ 
apd  methods  are  iatCxly  taken  for  knocking  them  on  the| 
head  the  morpent  they  appear  above  the  furface. 
,   When  the  houfesof  the  beavers  happen  to  be  nearal 
fivulet,  they  are  more  eafily  deftroyed  t  the  Imnier/ 
then  cut  the  ice,  i^nd  fpread  a  net  under  it,  break  downl 
the  cabins  ,of  the  beavers,  w;ho  never  fail  to  make  ton 
w;ai^the  deeped  part,  where  they  are  entangled  an^ 
tain^.^     But  they  mufl:  not  be.fu^ered  to  remain  there 
long,  a^  they  would  foori  extricate  theinfelveh  with  tiieiij 
teeth,  which  are  well  knovrn  to  be  exceflively  (h^rp  and 
ftrong.  - 

7  he  Indians  take  gr^t  care  to  hinder  ,th;rir  dogs  fron 
touching  the  borps  of^thV  beavets  I  he  realbna  they  gir^ 
for  thefe  precautiotis,  are,  fird,  that  the  bones, aie  foei 
ceflTivi^y  hard*  thatthfy  fpoil  the^tfetlTpf  the  4ogs  t  and 
iecondly,  that  they  art  apprthcnfHre.they  (ball  fo  ex« 


'  r  A  ■ 


sl>t|Mj^' 


eARVER^Sl^kAVEU. 


Hi 


'"j^? 


ptr^ltc  the  fpirits  of  the  beavers  by  this  perm^ifion,  as 
to  render  the  next  hunt  ng  feafon  uafuocefsfuL 

The  flcins  of  thefe  animals,  the  hunters  exchange  witl\^ 
the  Europeans  for  nece^^iriet,  and  as  they  are  more  val- 
Bed  by  the  latter  than  any  other  kindoffurs»  they  pay 
the  greateil  attention  to  this  fpecies  of  hunting. 

When  the  Indians  deftroy  biiffalos,  elks«  deer,  &c^ 
they  generally^ divide  the  Beih  of  foch  as  they  have  ta,' 
ken  among  the  tribe  to  which  they  bel6ng.  But  in  hunt* 
ing  the> beaver  a  few  families  ufaaUy  unite  and  divide 
the  fpoil  between  them.  Indeed,  in  the  firft  inftanc^ 
they  generaUy  pay  Coma  attention  in  the  dtvifioi^ 
to  ilieir  own  families ;  but  no  jealoufies  or  mur- 
murings  are  ever  know*  to  arife  on  account  of  any  ap^ 
parent  partiality. 

AiQong  the  Nau:dowc0iesi  if  a.  perfoii  (hoots  a  deer, 
bufFalo,dtc.  and  it  runs  (o  a  confiderable  diftance  before 
it  drops,  where  a  psrfon  r  belonging  to  another  tribe». 
being  nearcr,firft  fticks  a  knifietntait.  the  game  is  con^ 
fidered  as  the  property  of  the  kitter,  notwitnftanding  it 
had  been  mortally  wounded  by. the  former.  Though 
this  cuftom  ippears  to  be  arbitrary  ana  unjuft,  yet  that 
people  cheerfully  fubmil  to  it.  This  deciiion  is,  how., 
ever,  very  different  from  that  pradtifed  by  the  Indians, 
on  the  back  of  the  colonies,  where  the  fir  ft  perfon  that 
hits,  is  entitled  to  th«  beft  (hare^| 


CHAPTER  IX* 

or  THglE  MAKMBR  OF  MAKIKO  WAR,  ttu 


T: 


_  HE  Indians  beri^  to  bear  arms  at  the  age  of  Ef- 
Iteen,  and  lay  them  aude  when  they  arrive  at  the  age  of 
ifixty.  Some  nations  to  the  fouthward,  1  have  been  in- 
Iformedt  do  not  continue  their  military  exercifcs  after 
[they  are  fifty. 

In  evify  band  or  nation  there  It  a  feleA  number  ^ho 


■♦:      , 


^'  H  i  11 


it  •' 


!'i 


im 


GARVEH^  TRAVELS. 


are  (liljtd  the  warriors*  and  who  are  always  ready  to  ad 
either  offeorively  or  iiefenilv^iyy  as  occafion  requires, 
Thefe  are  j^eM  armed,  bearing  the  weapons  coaimonly 
ill  ufe  among  th^in »  which  vary  according  to  the  (itua> 
tion  ok  their  countries  Such  as  have  an  inter courfe 
with  the  Europeans  make  ufe  of  tomahav«ksi  knives, 
and  fire  ar^ms  4  butt  dic^wliole  dwellings  are  iituated 
to  the  we(^ward  of'the  Miiliiippii  and  who  have  not  an 
opportunity  of  puneUafing  thefe  kind  of  weapons,  ul'e 
bowsaad  at{!aws>  aad  alfo  the  CaCe  Tetei  or  War 

The  Indians  that  inhabit  flill  further  to  tbe  weftward, 
a  iCQ^rtry  which  extends  tOi  the  foutli  Sea,uiie  in  fight  a 
warlike  inftrumeut  that  is  v^ry  undQmnBQn.^  Having 
great  plenty  of  horfes,  they  always  attack  thjeir  enemies 
PD  hprfehack,  a|Ki .  encuflttber  themfejves  with  no  other 
weapon  .than, a  ftonc  of  a  middling  fize,  curioufly 
v>i;0fight»  wlkich  they  failen  by  a:  ftring,  about  a  yard 
and  ^Ihaill' long,  to  their  rjght  arms,  a  little  abpve  the 
elbow.  The&fton^s  they  conveniently  carry  V  in  their 
hands,  till  thev  reachiheir  enemies,  and  then  fwingiog 
"them  with  great  dexterity,  as  they  ride  full  fpeed,  never  I 
fail  of  doing  execution.  The  country  which  thefe  tribes 
peiT^rfSi  abounding  with  large  exienfive  plains^  thofe 
who  atiack  them  &ldom  return  ;  is  th^  fwiftnef^  of  theii  | 
horfes,  on  which  theyjire  mounted,  enables  them  to  o« 
vertake  even  the  flee  mi  of  their  invaders. 

The  Naudoweifies,  who  had  been  at  war  vrith  this! 
people  informed  me,  that  unlejGi  they  found  moraifes  grl 
thicww'ts  to  which  riiey  cpuld  retire,  they  were  fure  of! 
bting  cut  off:  to  prevent  this  they  always  ^ook  care  I 
whenever  they  made  an  onfet,  to  do  it  near  fuch  retreats! 
as  were  isnpaiTable  for  caFalry,they  then  having  a  great] 
advantage  over  their  enemie&twhoie  weapons  would  cot 
there  reach  them 
:  Some  patlOni  make  ufe  of  a  javelin,  pointed  with  bonel 
work"5d  into,  different  forms  j  but  their  Indian  wesiponi^ 
in  general  are  bows  and  arrows,  and  the  Ihort  club  atj 
ready  memioned.  The  latter  is  made  of  a  very  har(f 
woodl  and  the  head  of  it  faHiioned  round  like  a  ball»  H 
J||PUl|bc«6k^ti  iind  ah*lf4uMi?eter>  i|>  tbif  roUnd 


CAltVEK^S  TkAV^S 


1«7 


jjtot  IS  'fixed  an  frdg**  tefem^ng'  that  of  a  tohiahawlc', 
f^r  of  fteel  t)i^  iJinti  whichfcj/evef  they  cart  procure, 
•I'he^  dajjjger  is  pteculiar  tb  the  Naiidbv^eSie  natioir, 
and  of  ancient  confti  uilion,  but  they  caii  give  uh  «c* 
iijiidnt  how  long  it  has  befen in  ufe  Among  them.     It  was 
originally  Aiade  of 'flint  or  bone»  but  iince  they  have 
liad  communicritioh  with  the  European  trsiders*  they 
hirve  formed  it  of  fteel.     The  length  of  it  is  about  tfrn 
i<iiches,  and  that  part  elofe  to  the  handle  nearly  three  in. . 
i}^s  br<>ad;  ^  Its  edge*  «te  keehyand  it  gradually  tap- 
er^  towairds  a  point.     They  wear  it  in  v  fheath  made 
<^  deer's  leather,  tieatly    ©rnsWiientcd  with  pordipine 
s ;  and  it  is  uf^ally  bung' by  a  Itring,  decorated  in 
^6  fame  manner,  which  reaches  ^  as  loVir  only  as  the 
breaft.     The'^Urit/BS  weapon  is  worn  by  a  feW  of  the 
incipkt  clfiefs  alone,  and  confider^d  both  as  an  ufeful 
ftrument,  ftnd  slu  ornkMental  badge  of  fuperiority. 
I  obferved  among  the  NaUdoWeffies  ia  few  targets  or 
Ids'  m;ide  of  raw  -buffalo  hides,  and  in  the  form  of 
Ct  ufed'  b^ !  the  anc iehts.     But  ^s  the  nuniber  of  thefe 
s  Dnall,  and  I  could  gain  no  intelligence  of  thte  Kre. 
liilk'hich  they  fiift  were  introduced  kmong  them,  I  fup- 
itijfe  thofe  I  faw  had  defcended  from  father  to  fon,  for 
any  generations. 

The  reafoiis  *:he  Tndianv  give  of  making  waV  agafnil 
ne  ahother,  are  much  the  fame  a^hbfe  urged  by  more 
ivilized  nations  foi  diflurbing  therranquility   of  their 
ighbors.    'I'be  pleas  of  the  former  are  however  iagen- 
al  more  rational  and  juft,than  fuch  as  are  brought  by 
ere  fure  ofKurdpeans  in  vindication  of  their  proceedings, 
took  carel  Thfe  extendon  of  empire  is  teldom  a  motive  with 
ch  retreatibefe  people  to  invade«  and  to  commit  deptredations  on 
ing'^  greatwterritoiies  of  thofe  who  hapfien  to  d'vcil  nc^iir  them, 
would  cotlto  feciire  the  rights  of  hunting  within  particular  lim- 
,  to  maintain  the  liberty  of  pading  through  their  ac* 
_  with  boneBiftornei  tracks,  and  to  guard  thofe  lands  which  they 
Ian  weapoQiloniider  from  a  long  tenure  at  their  own,  againft  any 
Tt  club  awfringement,  are  the  general  caulcs  of  thofe  difTentions 
very  harAat  fo  often  break  out  between  tht  Indran  nati(>iispand  ^ 
a  Uall»  afcich  afe  carried  on  with  fo  much  animofity 
tbU  ToUndl  Thbu^h  llranger^  to  the  id«ii  of  feporate  prop^tfi 


ly  to  ad 
requires* 
anmonly 
he  (itua* 
lercourfe 
.   knives, 
t  Htuated 
v«  notan 
ponS)  uie 
,  or  Was 

^•eftwardt 
in  fight  a 
.  Having 
Ir  eAemiei 
h  no  other 
curioufly 
It  a  yard 
'.  above  the 
7  Jn  their 
1  fwinging 
,eed,  never 
hefe  tribet 
lins,  thofe 
jeftoftheii 
tl^em  to  0' 

vrith  this 
oralFes  gr 


if'i. 


m 


CARVE Jl»S  TRAVELS. 


yet  the  mod  uneulttTsited  among  them  are  well  a6 
quainted  widt  tho  right  of  their  eommumtf  to  the  do« 
mains  they  poiQGifsy  and  oppofe  with  vigor  any  encroach^ 
inent  on  them. 

Notwithftandiag  It  is  generally  fuppofed  that  frotn 
their  territories  being  /o  extenlive«.  the  boundaries  of| 
them  cannot  l>e  afcertained*  yet  I  am  well  afTured  that 
the  Ifmits  of  each  nation  in  the  interior  parts  are  laid 
down  in  their  rude  plaits  with  great  preci'fion.  B)  theirs,  j 
US  I  have  beforiQ  rbfervedf  Wft»  I  enabled  to  regulate 
my  own  ;  and  attef  the  moft  exa£t  obierVations  and  en*  { 
iquiriesi  fot|nd  very  few  in(tances  ii^  which  they  erred. 

6ut  intered  is  not  either  the  mod  frequejnt  or  moft] 
powerful  incentive  to  their  making  war  on  each  othen 
'I'hepajllibn  of  revenge,  which  is  the  diftinguiihifig  chari 
ajElerift^  pf  th^fe  people}  is  the  moft' general  motive.! 
tnjuiies  are  felt  by  them  with  jexquifite  fenfibility,  and] 
Ve^geancf^  purfued  witlr  unremitted  ardor  'lo  this 
may  be,  added,  that  natural  etcitation  which  every  ln*| 
dian  becomes  feiirible  of,  as  foou  as<  he  approaches  th^| 
age  of  manhood,  to  gire. proof  of  his  valor  s^nd  prowefsi 

As  they  are  early ^  poiieired  with  a  notibn  that  watj 
JQUght  to^  the  chief  bufmefs  .of  their  lives,  that  therej 
Is  nothing  more  deiiroUB  than  the  reputation  of  being 
gieat  warrior^  and  that  tlve  fcalps  of  their  enemies,  oij 
a  number  of  prifone^  are  alone  to  be  efteemed  valuaj 
ble,  it  is  not  to  bew^dered  at  that^he  younff  Indiani 
are  continually  reftlefs  and  uneify  if  their  ardor  is  reJ 
i;|i;efl!ed,  and  they  are  kept  in  a  ilate  of  inactivity,  la 
ther  of  thefe  propenfitives,  the  deftre  of  revenge  •r  tbd 
gratifieations  of  an  impulfe,  that  by  degrees  becon^ej 
habitual  to  them,  is  fcflictcnt«  frequently,  to  induce  tliiin 
to  commit  hoililities  on  fome  oi  the  neighboring  naj 
t'ions. 

f%Whein  the  chiefs  find  any  occafion  for  making  'Vrarj 
tney  endeavor  to  aroufe  tiiefe  habittides,  and  by  tha 
toeans  foon  extite  their  warriors  to  take  arms,  lo  tliil 
burpofe  they  make  ute  of  their  martial  eloquence,  neaij 
ly  in  the  following  words,  which  never  fails  of  provinj 
feffe^ual ;  **  the  bones  of  our  deceafed  countrymen  lij 
lineoveredi  they  call  otit  to  us  to  revenge  their  wrtii;i 


'i^. 


CARVER'S  TJlAVrLS. 


169 


[ind  ?f^  nuft  faCisfy  their  requeft.     Their  fpirits  cry  out 
iioftot*     They  mufl  be  appeafed.    Th^  genii;  who 
Ire  the  guardians  of  duf  h(Ator,f  ofplre  us  with>a  refoln* 
311  i^o  Mek  tlie  enemies  of   our  mundered  brothei^. 
[Let  us  go  and  devour  tbbfe  by  ^honi  they  were  ilalm 
Hit  therefore  no  longer  ina^iye,  givewiy  to  theim^iilfe 
ydur  natural  vi&ri  anoint  youv  hair j  paint  yciurfaV 
It  ^iyour  quitets,  caufe  the  fot^ft  to  refound  with 
}ar  Ibnesj  confole  the  fpirits  of  the  dead  and  teU  them^ 
sylhaU  bereyeiiged.**  •  '  AiiH:^ 

Animated  by  thdie  exhortations  UtA  warriors  ifutm 
$ir  arms  in  a  tranfport  of  fury,  fmg  thefong  of  #ar» 
|id  bmn  with  impatience  to  imbrue  their  hands  in  the 
lood  of  their  enemies. 

Somti^times  private  chiefs  a(!emble  <rmall  parties  and 
lake  excurfions  agpi^n^  tho(e  with    whom  they  are 
lyar,  or  fuch  as  have  injured  them.  A  fingle  warrioi^ ' 
rompted  by  revenge  or  adeff re  to  (how  bis  prowcifs* 
HU  march  unattended  ibr  feveral  hundred  milesy  to 
Iffprife  and  cut  o£r  a  ftraggling  party. 
^ThefeirregularfjUHes  however,ate  not  always  approvw 
of  b^  the  eldl^  chiefs,  though  they  are  often  obl$|;ed 
contiive  at  them  i  asiathemftance  before  given  of 
Naudoweflie  and  ChipeWiy  ifatio^s  .  .  '< 

But  when' a  war  ft  n«tit^nalrahd  undenaken  by  tk* 
imt^nity,  their  deUbera;(tons  are  formal  and  flow^f 
IHe  elders  aflemble  in^  couiicll,  to  jjjrhic  h  alt  the  head 
|aiTiorsand  young  men  ate  admitted,  where  they  de^^t 
er  theit  opinions  in  folemn  fpeeches,  weighing  wttli 
itarky  the  nature  of  the  enterprife  they  \ar«  about  t« 
i;age  in,  an4  balHineing  with  great  ikgacity  the 
Brantages  or  inconvehieuces  that  will  artie  from  it. 
^Theiif  prieQ's  are  alfo  confuited  on  the  fubjea,and  ey^ 
hi  foJAethnes,  the  adtice  of  the  molt  intelligent  af  their 
len  is  afked.^ 
If  th^.  determinatioff  be  fur  war,  they  prepftre  for  it 
Sthmuch  ceremony.  ^?  '         '    ■ 

The  chief  warrior  of  the  nation  does  not  on  aSl  6t* 
pons  head  the  war  party  htmfelfi  lie'  frequently    d^. 
Ites  aWartior  of  whc^e  valor  a^d  prudence  he  has  4 
inioE|.    The  perfon  tlitit  died  Din  being  firft  kt» 


■Ufll 

J 

nili^B 

ji 

m  IH 

f 

III 

■- 1 

JV   i  .' 


-m: 


t  iil 


(    'I'    lu 


'  *.i 


-(* 


170 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


f 


t 


^iawbed  with  bIack«oi)|enre$  a  fgft  of  i(everal  days.durint 
which  he  iQiroke&  the  Grest  Spifitior  deprecates  the  s 
gerof  the  evil  ones,  holding  whilft  it  lafts  no  convert 
with  any  of  his  tribe.    "■  ■ 

He  is  particularly  careful  at  the  fame  time  to  obfenrfl 
his  dreams,  forontbefe  they  fuppofe  their  fuccefs  will 
in  a  great  meafare  idqpend  4  and  from  the  firm  perfua 
iiohevei 7.  Indian  a^uated  by  his  pwn  prefumptiod 
thoughts  is  imprefled  with,  that  be  (hall  inarch  forth  ta 
certain  vidory^  thefe  are  gej^fttlly  favorable,  to  hij 
.  wifhes.. 

After  he  has  faded  as  long  as  eu(lom  prefcribes,  h^ 
afl*embles  the  warriors,  and  holding  a  belt  of  wampui 
to.  his' hand,  thus  addreifes  them  : 
t"^*  Brothers  I  by  the  infpiration  of  the  Great  Spirit 
«ow  fpeak  to  you,  and  by  him  I  am  prom|>ted  to  carr^ 
into  execution  the  intentions  which  I  am  about  to  difj 
dofe  to  you.    The  blood  9f  our  deceafed  brothers 
not  yet  wiped  away  ;  tjieir  bodies  are  not  yet  covere 
and  I  am  going  to  perform  this  duty  to  them.*" 

Having  made  known  to  them  all  the  motives  that  is 
duce  him  to  take  up  ai:ms  againft  the  nation  with  whoii 
they  are  to  engage,  he  thus  proceeds :  **  I  have  ther 
fok-e  refolved  to  march  through  tJi^war  path  to  furprifi 
theit).  ,  We,  will  eat  their  flefliand  drink  their  blood 
we  v^tU  take  fcaips  and  make  prifoners  ;  and  ihoolj 
we  perifli  in  this  glorious  enterprife,  we  (hall  not  be  fo 
ever  hid  in  the  duft,  for  this  belt  ihall  be  a  recompei 
to  him  who  .buries  the  dead.''  Having  {aid  this^he  la; 
the  belt  on  tl^e  ground  and  he  who  takes  it  up  declare 
himfelf  his  lieutenant,  and  is  confidered  as  the  fecieond^ij 
command  ;  this,  however,  is  only  done  by  ^nuf  diAir 
guiHied  warrior  wlio  has  a  right  by  the  number  of 
italps  to  the  pofl;. 

'I'hoOg'h  the  Indians  thus  afTert  that  they  will  eattl 
ileAi  and  drink  the  blood  of  their  enemies,  the  threat! 
only  to  be  confidered  as  a  figurative  exprefiion.  No| 
withlUnding  they  fometimes  devour  the  hearts  of  tho 
they  (lay,  anci  drink  their  blood  by  way.  of  bravado,  < 
A&gijatify^  ia  a  jnorie  complete  manikr  their  revenj 


CARVER'S*  Travels. 


171 


Ijtt  they  are  not  naturally  anthropophagi,  nor  ever  feed 
1^  the  flefh  of  men 

l^e  chief  is  now  waQied  from  his  fable  covering,  an- 
[oioted  with  bears  far,  and  painted  with  their  red  i^aint, 
linfuch  figures  as  will  make  him  appear  mod  terrible  1 1 
Ijpseneniies.  *  He  then  Tmgs  the  war  fong«  and  enume^ 
^tes  his  warlike  anions.  Having  done  this  he  fixes  his 
eyes  if^oti  the  fun,  and  pays  his  adorations  to  the  Great 
[Spir'Ui  in  which  he  is  accompanied  by  all  the  war- 
'  rs.  ■     ■  ■   , 

This  ceremony  is  followed  with  dances,  "ucjb  as  I 
ive  before  defcribed  ;  and  the  whole  concludt^i  with  a 
hiSi  which  ufually  confills  of  dog's  fiefh 
I  This  feaft  is^  held  in  the  hut  or  tent  of  the  chief  war- 
l^idr,  to  which  all  thofe  who  intend  to  accon;pany  aim  in 
expedition  fend  their  diOies  to  be  filled  ;  and 'during 
lie  feaft,  liotwith (landing  he  has  fafled  fo  long,  he  fits 
sm^ofe^y  with  his  pipe  i»his  mouih>  and  recounUi 
be  valorous  de^ds^  of  his  fawiily.  * 

As  the  hopes  of  having  thoir  wounds,  (hould  they  re« 
[ceive  any, properly  treated,and  expedftioufly  cured,muft 
fome  additional  inducement  to  the  warriors  to  expofe 
Jinfelves  mote  freely  to  danseri  the  prielis,"  who  are 
Jfo  their  doiSkors,  prepare  fuch  riiedicines  as  will  prove 
leficaciofis      With  great  ceremony   they  carry  various 
)ts  and  plants,  aud  pretend  that  they  impart  to  them 

power  of  healing.       ' 
Kotwith (landing  this  fuperditious  method  of  procee- 
ding, it  is  Very  certain  that  they  have  acquired  a  knowl* 
)ge  of  many  plants  and  herbs  that  are  of^a  mediciu- 
quality,  ^nd  wliich  they  know  ho^^to  ufe  with  great 
till; 

From  the  time  the  refolulion  of  engaging  in  a  war  is  ta- 
bn  to  the  departure  of  the  warriors  the  nights  are  fpent  in 
eftivity  and  theclaysin  making  the  needtul  prepaiations* 
If  it  is  thought  neceflary  by  the  nation  going  to  war, 
Solicit  die  alliance  of  any  neighboring  cribe,  ^ey  fix 
tpon  one  of  their  chiefs  who  ijpeaks  the  f^rpe  language 
[i  that  people  well,  and  who  is  a  good  orator^i  and 
id  to  them  by  him  a  belt  of  wampum,  on  which  is 
sciQ^d  the  purport  of  the  emha^f  in  ^fx^r^  th^t  cy- 


W'i 


■ill 

■  ^  m 


■ ,: ;   I' 


lit 


e A  RVE1l»S  TRAVELS 


■ 


crjr  nation  IS  acquainted  with.     At  the  i'.ii.*  ihn^he 
carries  ^ith  him  a  hatchet  painted  red* 

ris  foon  as  he  reaches  the  camp  or  village  to  which 
]ie  is  del^ined,  he  acquaints  the  chief  of  the  trthe  wit^ 
the  general  tennor  of  his  commiflion,  wlib  immediately 
aflembles  a  couacil,  to  which  the  ^mhaiTador  is  invited. 
There  having  laid  the  hatchet  on  the  gr(>und  he  holdiii 
the  belt  in  his  hand  ai<d  enters  more  minulelf  into  tJie 
occdfion  of  his  embaify.  In  hi4  fpeech  he  invites  them 
to  take  up  the  hatchet,  and  as  foon  as  he  has  finithed 
fpeaking  delivers  the  belt. 

If  his  hearers  are  inclined  to  become  auxiliaries  tOij 
his  nation)  a  chief  fteps  forward  and  takes  up  the  hatch* 
ct,andlhey  imnnediately  efpohfe  with  fpirit  the  caufe 
they  have  thus  engaged  to  fupporc.  But  if  on  this  ap. 
plication  neither  the  belt  or  hatchet  are  accepted»tlie  em> 
i^Tary  concludes  that  the  people  whufe  afliftance  he  foli. 
cits  have  already  entered  into  an  alliance  with  the  foes! 
of  hi?  nation,  ind  returns  wit)^  fpeed  to:  infprm  his  cp.uiv. 
trymeh  of  hfs  ill  fuceefs. 

'I'he  maniier  in  which  the  Indians  declare  War  againftJ 
each  otner,  IS  by  fending  a  ilave  with  a  hatchet,  the 
handle  cf  which  is  painted  red»  to  the  nation  which | 
they  intend  to  break  with  ;  and  the  mcifenger,  notwith* 
(landing  the  danger  to  which  he  is  expofe^  (torn  thel 
fuddeo  fuij  of  thofe  whom  he  thu^  £;ts  at  defiance,  ezi] 
ecutes  his  comn)iinon  w ith  great  fidelity^ 

Sometimes  this  token  of  defiance  has  futhaici  inftan*] 
-Caneous  effed  on  thcfe  to  whom  His  prefcnted,;  that  m 
the  firft  tranfpoiisof  tlieir  fury  a  frnall  party  will  iflfuej 
forth,  without  waiting  fot  th?  pern^iffion  of  the  tided 
chiefs/ and  flaying  the  firft  of  the  pfendtog  nation  they  I 
meet  cut  open  the  body  and  Click  a  hatchet  of  the  famel 
kind  as  that  they  have  just  received,  into  Jthe  heart  c^i 
ihttrfiaughteted  foe.  Among  ^Jie  mOre  remote  tribcsl 
this  is  done  with  an  wow  or  fpear,  the.end  of  wliicl»>iif 
paintedi  red.  And  tliimore  to  exafperate,  they  difmenii 
ber  the  body,  to^^Ihow  they  efteem^em  pot  ?s  meni  but] 
as  old -women.--.'  ^  #^i*''^-''-x:-''.,^  ,  -. 

The  Indiant  feldomtake  t$e  fi^ld  in  laige bodies, 
fttch  numbers  would  require  a  greater  degree  of  indufJ 


CArRVl;R'S  travels; 


17a 


^'^dVidkf  ^r  their fabfillencei  during  their  tedious 

rdJib^ through  the  dreary  forefts*  or  long  yoyrfges  ov- 
j^4^^t?s  arid  tiftTh  than  they  jrduld  tare  to  beftow, 
'  T^^ir  s|Vmte$  art  never  encdinhered  with  baggage  or 
jjilitary  Itbreiv' Each'Wiatrio^^^  his  weapons,  . 

^Tti^  ^\ihMai*iMiSLrci!Sit,  and  whUft  at  a  diftance 
6ni'ih!<^TroRt{ei^of'hib^aeniy  iup ports  hiinfelf  with 
AegA'm^'he'kilk'cr  the  filh  he  catches. 
■  VViieh  iil^  {^Ms  ihl-<kigh  a  country  where  they  have 
no  apprehi-'nilo^/df  iftfeeting  with  anenemy,they  ufe  very 
IhtlQ  precautioflf  (amctiines  there  are  fcarcely  a  dozen 
«ii^H(^  left  tbgetheri  the  reft  beiiig  dtfperfed  rn  pur- 
fcit  6^*  their  gaoie  i'i^t  thonghL  they  ffaould  have  rov- 
S  to  :V  ye^y'  cbndderable  d^itance  from  the  war  p;ith, 
thejp  are  ftfr^  kO  arrive  iit  the  place  of  rendevoUs  by  the 
fedr  fe*ppiS?i5ea^ 

^^fi^W^yW  pitch  thfeh- tents  W  before  {\\n  fetj 
itd  6etn^  halnrally  prefuinptuouSf  they  take  very  lit- 
de:caW'to  j^uai'd  aga'teft  afurprife.  They  place  great 
tbnfidctf^  irt^efieir  Matittotis,  or  hottfehold  gods,  which 
fliey  iil^&ys'«iat»y  with  'them  ;  and  being  perfuaded 
that  they  take  y'pon  them:  the  ofHce  of  cerainels,  they 
fleep  yi?«V'l^J^r  urttfe^tHeu-  proietSlion.  ^ 
f  I'Ke'fe'Ma^houk/as  thcy^Are^lled  by  feme  nations, 
bat  which  are' teii^Nni  Wakons»  that  is  fpirits,  by  the 
N<iudowe(!{es^  are  nothing  more^  than  the  otter  or  roar- 
tin  (kins  I  have  al^adf  sSfcfibed,  loir  which  however, 
tliey  have  a  gfeaf  veiSei^atten.  ^ 

^  Aftei* thejf^avis  entered  the  entenry  *s  country i  ho  pto. 
Me  c<m  be  more  calittOus  and  dirt amfp'fd;  fiics  are  no 
feng^  lighted,  iio  tnorelHWting^  iiheard,nor  the  game 
itity  longer  pwrfoed.  They  are  n6t  even  permitted  to 
fpeak;  but  rrttfll  convey  whatcfer  thtyhaveto  impart 
to  each  other^%  iigns  and  motfons*         . 

They  now  proceed  wholly  by  flratagtm  and  ambuf- 
(iade  Having  difcovered  theu  enemies,  they  fend  to 
^onAoitre  tliem  i  and  «i  council  is  immediately  held, 
during  wHich  they  fpeak  only  in  whilpers  to  conflder 
the  inteliilgence  imparted  by  thofe  who  were  fent  out. 

The  attack  1i  generaHy  made  juft  before  day  breakv 
«fc#ki<*  period. th«yfuppofe  their  jloes^to  be  la  tlie 


mi  i 

■■'Mi 


I;-: 


If'!  :' 


V 


%H 


CARVER'S  TK^^^S. 


> 


foundeft  fleep.  ^.l^hfoughout  the  whoWp^  U>€;|>Keceding, 
tiighttii#y  w^iU  Se  ftat  op  thehr  faces*  w«hoat(|l^rring  j! 
and  make  their, apprQ9(||^s  in  the  iaaa^  pofture,  creep* 
ing  upon  thftir  hands  aji4  ^t.ttU^thef.^are^j^pr  within 
bowlhot  of  tFoftjthey  hayi^^jftin^^tp  dejl^aion.  Oai 
a  fignal  given  hy  the  chief  w^r;^i^,,|0i5\fhi<Ji  t^  yrhole 
>ody  makes  anfwer  by  the mpft  4?jaepu$,  ij^^; {thfif  all 
fiart  up,and  difcharging  their  anowsi^  j^pi famt  infant 
vitlwut  giving  th«r  adverfaries  |ime7f^  twQverfrom 
the  confufion  into  which  thisy  att€(.t^OWii»  poiir  in  upon 
th^OTi  with  their  war  chibs  or  toj&ah^^'kil 

The  Indians  think  'here  is  little  glory  to  be  acquired 
fVom  attaclcihg  iheijr  eoef^tes  opeioly  in  the  fieW;.  their 
greateft  pride  is  to  furprif?  ^nd  deft roy.  TjieiJ  feldom 
engage  without  a  maniteil  appearance  of  Advantage. 
If  they  find  the  enemy  on  their  guard,  too^ftrongly  eii. 
trdnched.  orfuperior  in  numbers,  they  tetirj9^|,|ii;ovided 
they  have  an  opportunity  of  doing  (b»  And, they  es. 
t<6em  it  the  the  greateft  qualification  of  a,  cbie|"wa|nQr, 
to  be  able  to  manage  an  attajCkt^fp  M  dff^rpy  as,  many 
of  the  enemy  at  poflibler  ?|t  t^^^t^fe  of  a  few 
men.  ,i ._,.•■■-.■   ■^,.  ■         . 

Sometimes  they,  fecure  UiefpafeWes  bebiAd  ;tr<!;es,  hiU 
locks,  or  ftoneSt  and  having  given  one  or  tw9  rounds,  re. 
tirebelore  they  are  difcov^red.     Europeans,  who  are-] 
unacquainted  with  this  method  i)f'figbting.  too  often  find 
to  their  coft  the  deftru^iye  eflicii^y  of  it . ;    ^ 

General  "Jraddock  wss  one  of  this  untuppy  number. 
Marching  in  the  year  1755,to  attack  fon  pu  ^ttefne,he 
>Rras  intercepted  by  a  party  of  French  and  confederate 
Indians  in  their,  intereft,  who  by  this  infiduous  method 
of  engaging  found  means  to  defeat  his  army,  which  con. 
fitted  of  about  tTjfo  ,  thoufand  brave  well  difciplined 
troops  So  fecurely  were  the  Indians  poftedt  that  the 
Engllih  fcarcely  knew  from  whence  or  by  whom  they 
were  annoyed  During  the  whole  of  the  engagement 
the  latter  had  fcart ely  a  fight  of  an  enemy  j  and  were 
obliged  to  relreat  without  the  fatisfadion  of  being  able 
to  take  the  leaft  degree  of  revenge  for  the  havoc  made 
among  them.  The  GenCiai  paid  for  his  temerity-  witti 
hit  ]i&,  and  was  accompanied  in  hitfmll  by  ^  great  nunn* 


,./■■ 


C A|y^l^J3  TRAVIS. 


175 


hp  of  toye  f(|^llo)W5  ;  y^hH  ejierjiies  had 

^pjaljrljtwpqr^    three    of  their  numljer  wounded. 
L  Vii/T&ien  the  lndjjwi«  f«ccped  in^  their  fileivt  approacbea. 
|iind  are  s^hle  tQ  rorce  the  tfamp  which  they  attack,  n 
]fcpaej«t^oiTor  that  exceeds  defcViption,  enfues.      J'lie 

fi^age  fMerceneTp  of  th^e  i^anqueforK,  aD(J  the  defperation 
the  conqiiece^»  wBV well  know  i^hat  thv'y  haye  to  ex- 
Vpe&  Aonlcftliey'  fall  aliVe  into  the  hands  of  their  a iTail- 
[i^^  0^cii|(m  th^^  f»|tiaQrdmai^,y  exertions  on  ,both 

[fiifes;    l^ei&gy^lcei^f.the^Pn^'^^^  ^^^^ 

yack  an4  red  paiiiLaud  covered  with  the  bl9od  of  the 
i^inV  their. hon(dyel\^i$^pd,^U  fvLTYt  are  not 

to  ,!;>£  coi|cf|ived  by  thofe  who  have  never  crofied  the 

j  ;J  hayeifrequ^ntly  be^n  a  fpe^lator  of  them,  and  once 
ijwea  part,ip,.a^^^  B)it  what  added  to  the 

Ibor^br,  ofj^it  W^Ap^^tha^  had  i;ipjt  the  confolation  of  be*, 
hngabie  tp  o|)j!>ojr«5^thi5ir  iayage.  awiacj^a.  Every  circiinj. 
|Qiuice,>ofi  theJa^^ienture  liill  dwells  on  my  remembrance, 
laAd  e|:||2|^l|f^i^]|^  t9  d(c^c^  the 

[brutal  nercencC^  oif  uie  Xii^diails  when  they  have  furprif- 
Iftd  or  oijcrpciwer^d  aa  ^i^efiiy^  ^  ,  . 
j  [As,  a  detaft  ,o{\^e  maJTacre  a^  torf  yVijliani  Henry, 
I  in  the  year  ItSY,  the  fcene  to  which  I  Vefer^  cannot  ap* 
[pear  foreign  to  the  defign  of  thU  publtcation,  bat  will 
prve  to  give  my  readers  a  Juft  idea  of  the  ferocity  of 
itfifis  people,  I  fliall  take  the  liberty  to  infcrc  it,  apolo- 
jizine  at  the  fam^  time  for  tlie  leneth  uf  the  digrefllion, 
lind  thofe  egptijms  which  the  relation  tenders  una  void* 
Itble.  *  ~  / 

General  Vfebh,  who  commanded  the  Englifli  army 

|iB.Nor|(>  Amc^rica;  which  was  Uien  encamped  at  fort 

Xdward*  leaving  uiteUi||«nce  that  the  French  troops  uri< 

m  Monf.  Mbntcilm  were  making  fome  .movements 

Mrards  fort  Wt^i|uv»4^enr,y «  oe  detached  a  corps  of  a- 

>at  fifteen  hundred  men,  contilUng  of  EngliOi  and 

'rovinciah,  to  ftrengthen  the  garrifon.     In  thir  party 

went  as  k  volunteer  among  the  latter. 

The.  apprehen&ons  of  the  EngliOi  General  were  not 

rithout  frundatioh  ;  for  the  di»y  after  our  arrival  we 

tw  lake  Geofge  ,(&rfBerly  lake  ^acr^mcnt)  to  which 


y 


rtK^scomf^liMs;  covered  ^^^w 

twia^ts  V  Jinii  in  a  few  hotirs  we  fo^uftd  odi"  lioes  attiicied 

bf  rhe  French  j»,e^ei^r,  who  had  jtiit  hnd*d  wi 

en  thoufahd   llegiilars  ajid  Cahadiahs,  iiiid  tWo  thou- 

fand  Indian*.     ColoneV Moiwo,  a';  bfA-^e  dfficecj  com- 

taandt^d  fh  tha  fort,  ahd  ha4  no  mote  tb'an ^tvvb  \iteii* 

fanithrtc  hundred  totfo  tvitfe  hini,  pttf''dlefe»thitteqt  in. 

diided/  '    '  ■■^■•-''^**^''-  ■•'■'^i""^'^'' •'■■•• ''^f-^ --'•'"'^  •^: 

J  With  tl>.efe  hetDAiie^itgslilWt  iJ^f^nce, i!|iij  llfbbabljr 
^6\i\<i  have  been  A\sk  at  Tad  tft  pfeferve^  ^'e-^fort,  had 
In*  been  jSropcriy  fapported,  atjd  jpfermltjed  to  continue 
histffoits.     Oa  everi^iiihons'tb  mmnM'ient  by  the 
Ff€nch  general,  who  offeied  the  mofi honorable  ternj;:, 
his  anfwer  repeatedly  wa^.     '1  hat  he, yet  found  hi mfelf 
ifi:a'condittqn  to*  yepel  the  moft  vi^drbos  attacks  hi^  be. 
fingers  were  able  to  iwake  j  and  k  he /^ibttghi  |iU  pref- 
e'nt'  force  Infofficient,  he  coul^  fooni  bf  jfepijplj^d'  with  a 
^rearer  nunrjher  from  the  adjacent'army;  '^'^  ^ 
"^   13fut  the  cnibnel  hating  acquainteif  getrefiir  Webb  I 
with  his  fituaironr  and  defired  h^e  woufd'/cndhiin  forael 
frelh  tto6ps,  the  general  difpaiched  a  meiffen¥ct  to  him 
with  a  letter,  wherein  he  informed  hini  th^ru  was  notl 
in  his  power  to  aflillliirti.  and  thereftirfi^  j^arie  hitn  or. 
ders  to  finrrehder  up  the  fort  on  the  beft  terhis  ho  couU 
procurr.    '  This  packet  fell  Into  the  hands  of  the  French 
general,  who  immediately  fent  a  flag  of  true?,   dcfir'ng 
a  conference  wiih  the  governor. 

'I'hey  accordingly  met,  ateiided  otily  br  a  fmall  gu?rd] 
in  the  centre  bet fpeeti'thie  lines }  when  N^onf.  Montcalml 
told  the  colonel,  that  he  was  come  in  perfon  to  demandl 
pefTeffion  of  tKe  fort,  as  it  belonged  to  the  king  his  mai'.l 
icr.  I'he  colmicl  ret)Ued,  that  hp.  knew  not  hdw  \hAt\ 
■  could  be,  nor  IhouVd  he  furrender  iit  up'inhtlll  it  Was 
his  power  to  defend  it.  '  ^ 

The  French  general  rejoined,  at*the  fame  tt rhe  delivJ 
ering  the  packet  ii.to  tlie  colonel's  hand,  "  J^y  this  au^ 
thority  do  1  make  the  requifition."  The  brave  goverj 
m^r  had  no  fooner  read  the  content,  of  it,  tind  wa^ 
convinced  that  fuch  were  the  orders  6f  the  commandci' 
in  chief,ard  not  to  l.c  difobeyed,  than  Ire  hurg  his  hea^ 
in  rilfnGt*>  «ind  reluilautly  tattred  into  ^  negociation. 


CAftVtR*?  TkAVEijS. 


In  'p5hri(^eration  of  the  gallant  defence  the  garrifon 
told  m^de,  diey  wert  permitted  to  march  oat  With  all 
(fee  honors  of  war,   to  be  allowed    ^overed  waggons 
[»  tninfpoit  their    baggage    loi  fore  Edward",  and  a 
guatd  to  protifft  thetn  frbrn  the  fury  of  the  fivages.    . 
1  he  morning  after  th«f  ijipitiiiati'nn  wa<»  Hgried,  at 
diy  broke,  the  whole  garriioa,  now  (Jbrifilting  of  about 
kifo  ihoufaad  men,  befides  wbtnen  ^nd  childi:en,  were 
[drawn  up  within  the  line^,  and  on  the  point  6f  march- 
ling  off,  when  gr^a^t  nunsibers  of  the  Indians  gather6<l' 
[itbouc,  and  began  to  plunder/  We  Were  at  firft  m  hopes. 
Itnat  this  was  their  only  view,  ind  fqffered  thetn  to  pro- 
[c?ed  without  opppfition.     Indeed  It   was  not  in  oufr 
pewer  to  make  any,  had  we  beieft  fo  inclined;  fof  though 
he  wei e  permitted  to  carry  off  our  arms,   yet  W*  were 
|ftpt;UloAeda  finglc  rouad  of  an:\munitton.     In   thefe 
Ihopes  howe/er  we  were  disappointed ;  for  prefently 
Ifome  of  ihem  began  to  attack  the  fick  and  wounded) 
Iwjien  fiich  as  weje  not  aje  to  crawl  into  the  ranjcs; 
MotvriJiftandingihej  endeavored  tp  av-ert  the  fury  of 
ilheir  enemies  by  their  fliHeks  or  groans,  Were  fv)6n  d\(^ 
MtcheJ.    \/ 

Here  w^  were  fully  inexpedatiotithat  the  difttnrbance 
Iwould  lutye  concluded  ;  and  our  little  army  beean  to. 
Iroove ;  but  in  a  (hort  time  we  faw  the  front  divifion 
[driven  tvick,  an4  difcovertd  that  we   were  entirely  en- 
circled by  the  favages.     We  expedlcd  ei^ery  momept 
iat  the  guard*  which  the  French  by  the  arMc.     of  ca* 
jjlwlation,  h.ii  agreed  to  allow  us,  would  have  irrived, 
uid  p'lC  an  end  to  our  appiehenfions  j  but  none  ap- 
icaieU..     Th^    Indians   now  began  to  ftnp  every  'ojie 
mhout  exception  of  their  arms  and  clonics,  and  tlioie 
rho  made  tl\e  leall  ref^hioce  f«lt  the  weight  of  their 
tomahawks. 

i  happened  to.  he  In  the  rear  dlvifton,  l»ut  it  was  not 
long  before  I  fliared  the  fi/|te6f  my  companions.  Tliree 
vt  tour  of  the  favages  If  id  hold  ot  me,  and  wh»lft  fome 
Md  their  v^eappni  over  ifty  head,  thtf  others  difrobed 
iieofmyco^t,  waiftcoat,  hat,  and  buckici,  omitting 
not  to  take  from  me  what  money  I  had  in  pocket.  As 
'\ii  was  tranfa^cd  clofa  by  the  paiEige  that  led  froni 


'"'     I 


irt 


C^mm*^  TRAVELS. 


tli£  lin|es,.Qn  t:Q  the  plaipj  ne^r,  which  a  French  centlnel 
was  pp6»4  ^  Tan  to  him.  ana  clairaed  his  proteftionj 
fauv^e  Only  cs|l|e<i  me  an  EngltOi  ip^,  %kd  thrufl  me 
with  viplen^e  back  agaip  fnto  the  midft  of  the  Indians* 

I  now  endeavored  |tt  join  9  body  of  our  troops  that 
were  crowded  toget^  atToine  diftance  ;  biitinnumer. 
able  were  the  blowf  that  were  made  at  roe  with  (differ. 
ent;iiireapcins  as  I  puffed  on  ;  luckily,  however,  the  fav> 
a^were^fD  clofe  tj)g9ther,  that  they  could  not  ftrlke 
a^  lii^  without  endar^^ing  each  ochei .  Notwithftand- 
mg,  i^hi^b  one  of  the^n  JTouad  nieanito  make  a  thruft 
at  Hii?  with  a fpear,  which  grazed  my  fide,  and  Trom 
another  I  received  a  wound,  with  the  fame  kind  of  wea. 
pQn>^^inm^  ankle  At  length  I  gained  the  fpot  where 
^  countrymen  ftood,  and  forced  rnyfelf  into  the  midll 
of  them.  But  before  I  got  thus  far  out  ot  the  hands 
of  fhe  Indians,  the  collar  and  wriflbinds  of  my  fhiit 
were  alj  that  remained  of  it,  and  my  fle(H  was  fcratch* 
edtand  tbrtiin  many  places  by  their  favage  gripes. 

By  this  time  the  war  whoop  w^s  given,  and  the  In- 
dians beg^n  to  murder  ihofe  that  were  neared  to  them 
without  dillindion.  It  is  not  in  the  powei  of  words  to 
give  any  tolerable  idea  of  the  horrid  fcene  that  now  en- 
fued ;  men»  women*  and  children  were  difpatched  in 
the  moil  wanton  and  cruel  manner,  and  immediately 
fcalped.  Many  of  tliefe  ravages  drank  the  blood  of 
their  viflims,  as  it  flowed  warm  from  the  fatal  wound. 

W|»  now  perceived*  though  too  late  to  avail  us,  that 
we  were  to  expect  no  relief  from  the  French  ;  aacl  that 
contrary  to  ilie  agreement  they  had  fo  lately  figned  to 
allow  us  a  fufficient  force  to  prote^  us  l^om  thefe  in* 
fults,  they  tacitly  permitted  them  }  for  I  could  plainly 
perceive  the  French  officers  walking  abottt  at  fome  dif- 
tance,  difcourfiog  together  with  apparent  unconcern. 
For  the  boflor  ofhttman  niiture  I  would  L«>pethat  this 
flagrant  breach  of  every  facred  Iav,  proceeded  ravher  | 
from  the  favage  difpofittbii  of  th^  H  n$,  which  I  nc* 
knowledge  it  is  fomettme^  almofl-  impoilible  to  controal, 
and  which  might  now  unexpedtedly  hav^  arrived  to  a  I 
pitch  not  eafily  to  be  reftiained,  than  to  any  premedita* 
Ud  defigo  in  the  French  commander.    An  unprejudic- 


CARtER*S;  tR:A*felSi. 


iSf-.  '• 


obfervcr  would,  hdweve'rb^apt^o  cdfl^^^^  a 

body  of  ten  thoiiraiid  |chMian  troops.  th(^- b^^^ 
^ops,  liad  it  in  tbelr  power  to  preVeot  the  n^ifacre 
^om  becomil^  £q  gen^riaK     But  whatever  Was  the 
cattie  from  which  it  iiTpfe,  the  coniieqUences  of  it  were  . 
dreadful,  and  not  to  be  paralleled  in  inqdern  hiftdrj. 

As  the  circle  in  Wl^'ich  I  ftood  enclofed  by  this  timift 
was  much  thinned,  ahd  death' feehred  to  be  approach- 
la^  with  hafty  ftridesy  it  was  prppofed  by  "Tdme  of  th^ 
ihoff  refolttte  to  make  one  vigorous  effort,  and  ende^v- 
<(Hr  to  force  our  way  through  the  favae^s,  the  only  prob- 
tbie  method  of  preferving  our  4ives  that  now  rsihained. 
This,  however  defperate,  Was  refolved  on,  and  about 
twenty  of  ttsfprung  at  once  into  the  midft  of  them.    *^; 

In  |L  moment  we  were  'all  fu  parated,  and  what  was 
thefat^  of  my  cdmpahionf  t  coul^jiot  leain  tiU  fonii| 
nonths  after,  when  I  found  tl^at  ^nly  fix  or  feVfen  df 
^em  effeded  their  defign,  rntent  only  on  my  own  haz.  ^ 
ardous  (icuatronrl  endeavored  to  make  my  way  through 
fDy  favage  enemies  in  the  bell  mrnner  poffible.  Arid 
I  have  often  been  aftonifhed  (ince,  wh^i^i  I  haVe  recol- 
lected with  what  compbfure  I  took,  as  1  did,  every  nee* 
•sCay  (lep  for  my  prefervation  Some  I  overturned, 
being  at  that  tiipe  youi^g;  and  athletic,  and  others  Ip^f- 
$i  by,  dextroufly  avoiding  their  weapons" }  till  s^%}^i 
two  very  (lout  chiefs  of  the  moft  favage  irtWtit  as  I 
6ould  ditMngui0i  by  their  drefs»^whofe  ftrength  I  could 
BOf  reCiAt  I^id  hold  of  me  by  each  arm,  and  began  tQ 
force  me  through  the  crowd.  -!  * 

1  now  refigned  myfclf  to  my  fnte,  not  doubting  but  that 
theiy  intended  to  di^atch  me,  and  then  to  fatiale  tneir 
fengeance  with  my  bfeod,  as  I  found  they  were  hurry- 
ing me  towards  a  retired  f\^amp  that  lay  at  fome  dtf- 
tince.  But  before  we  had  got  many  yards,  an  Englifh 
ientleman  of  fome  diftinAion,  as  I  could  diCcover  by 
his  breeches,  the  only  covering  he  had  on,  which  were 
et  fine  fcarlet  velvet,  rufted  doi^  by  in.  One  of 
rhe  Indians  inilantly  relinqaiihed  his  la!  i,  And  fpring- 
bgon  this  new  nbjetft,  endeavored  to  ieize  him  as  his 
|Mrey  ;  but  the  gentleman  being  Urong,  ihrtJf  him  on 
the  ground,  and  would  probably  have  got  away,  bad 


'41 W 


!    !i!,-I 


nil 


.1^1 


.'i'ifl 


li   M 


IIP 


cmym^  T^^vELs. 


,  K- 


l£ 


notJj^  \yhp  hjld  my  9^iNC|  arm,  quitted  me  to  ?iffift  his 
bi^t^^  ^'1  ^ticd  the  Opp^^ity^  away 

0- k?|n  jl^no  that  were  yet 

^nbi-Qi^nv  liod  1^0^  at  iome  diftance.     But 

lieifore  I  liad  takc^n  many  fleps,  1  hastily  caft 
lay!  eye  towards^  the  genttema%  and  faw  the 
Il^^a^^s  toiiaaI^4k  jga^  into  his  back  and  heard  him 
iilier%  lajl  Miao^i  Mi  ^dded  Pih  to  my  (peed  and 
^gfrati9i|. 

I^ad  ten  thii  lh<M^mg  fcene  hnt  a  few  yards,  when 
WIShe  boy  atfput  tWe^^^  pfsgef  that  bad  hitherto 

eica^di ,  ca&e  up  to  me,  and  begged  that  I  would  let 
Vim  l^y  hold  oCmetfo  (hat  he  might  ftaad  fome  chance 
ol*  getting  out  o^tiie  ]&ands  of  the  favages.     I  told  him 
tirit  i  wouid  give  ^him  eirery  afllftahce  In  my  power, 
jft)4  to  this  purpofe  bM  htm  \^y  hold  t  but  iii  a'few  mo. ! 
ijl'ent?  he  Was  torn  f|-Otb  my  fide,  and  by  his  fhrieks  l' 
judge  %as '  ibon  dfivioliflied.     I  couM  not  help  forget, 
ting  my  own  csires  for  i  minute,  to  lament  the  fate  of  | 
fo  young  a  fuferc! ;  but  it  %vas  utter^  Impoflible  for 
hid  to  uke  any  any  methods  to  prevent  it^ 

i  no#  got  once  more  into  khttmidft  <^  friends,  but 
%e  were  unable  to  affbl-d  each  other  any  Tuccor.  As 
thisw^st^e  divi(i6n  that  IraH  ^(^vaaced' the  furtheft 
from  th'e  fort,  I  thought  ih^e  might  be  a  poflibility 
(thoiigh^ut  a  bare  onc)of  my  forcini^^my  way  through 
thie  oiit^ank*  of  the' Indians,  and  getting  lo  a  neigh- 
b;6f tng  Wood,  (Whjcji  I  percetvcid  at  "fomtL  diftancc.  I 
was  mil  (^ncoiiraged  i6  hope  by  the  almoft  miraculous 
prefiBfvs^iion  I  had  aheady  experienced. 

i^or  were  niy  hopes  in  vain,  or  the  efforts  I  made  in- 
e^auaU  Suffic^  it  to  fay.  that  I  readied  the  wood ; 
but  by  »hetimel  had  penetrated  a  little  way  into  it, 
my  btet!  •  w  fo  exhaui^ed,  that  T threw  myfelf  into  a 
brake,  d! id  biy  for  fbnrjc  mlnuies  apparently  at  the  laft 
gtlfp.  :  length  I  tecovned  the  power  of  lifpira. 
tion  ;  but  my  appreheiifions  returned  with  all  their! 
former  force,  when  Ifaw  feveral  fava^h  pais-by,  prob- 
abVy  in  purfuit  of  me^  at  no  v|ry  great  diftance  In 
this  fituation  I  knew. not  wherher  it  was  better  to  pro- 
ceedt  6r  endeavor  to  conceal  myfelf  where  1  ky,  till 


jimmms^m¥f44' 


rs,|(aniiedft  MVtlMt<^i^l9i«^  iv%h^I 

odf  ftori^  ftt}l  TiigBii  with  ii»*fc^te4  f\»y  -.       , j    ^ 

feverlty  of  the  cold  dews  for  three  nights,!  at  length 

acii^  fiait  .E<twwd  t  J??h^i«^i  >Rilh4irj?jj>«r.4jar€  tny  iof 

foQn  recovered  its  wonted  ft rength,  and  my  mjDdi 

fir  as  t(i*  r£66)leAi(^ii^  of  ili^  Iftie  «pel?Ma'c;holi  H? yehts 

Jt  w^rcempmed  ihat>ftfteeiii'  hwdf^d  pcr^ocf  ^^e 
led  prmiac^  prifonecs  by  ihefe  lavages  during  ^  tJvis 
itai  dijv^  Man  y'ofthe  latter  w^rei  carried  off  by  t^em 
njairen  retoideid      A  few,  thra«ig)i  favorab^  acfgi- 
lontSyloiMid  their :way  back  to  their  ndttve  county,  a^ 
hairing  exp^rittictd  ar  Jo»|^  and  fevere  captivity*   .> 
1  he  brave  colonel  Mujm>  ^^ad  h  ^ftcii jd  asvny /oon  af- 
r  th^corfuiion  began,  tatlite  French  cajh^  ioeadcav<r 
to  pRxdrf  the  etlard  3gi^ed  by  tbe  ftipwation ;  but 
s  afipii«qtian.  proving  ineflft'dual  he  rtniamed  O^erc  ■ 
general  Webl>  feikt  a  -partyof  troops  to  demaiid  and 
ddluiin  tolc  to  fort  Edward.     iJut  thefe  unhappy 
nciirrenoe«i  which  would  probably  lia/e  biren  prevent^ 
had  he.  l^een'  left  to  purfue  his  Own  ^^^lans,  togethtr 
itk^erlo&  of  fo  many  bra^  felloi^s,  inurdered  in  cokl 
lood,  to  whofe  v«ilor  he  had  btet  fo.  lately  ^  witn^ff, 
4de;>)F*j¥  ail  impreffion  on  bi«  iktiiuJ)  that  he  dfdncs 
^me.     He  died  in  about  threenionths  of  ii  broil* 
I  Reavt>rand  with  truth  might  it  be  faid,  di^t  he  mm 
honor  to  ht3  (Country. 

I  m^an  not  to  point  cut  the  following /ctrctimftance 
the  tmmtdiate  judgmer^t  of  heaven,  and  intended  a^ 
atonenienr  for  mis  flaaghter ',  but  t  cannot  omit  that 
ry  few  of  thofe  different  tribM  of  Indians  that  firared 
it  ever  livedto  *«im-n  homt,  -The  fm.ill  poi,  by 

Q  . 


■•'! 


.!> 


lis 


eAt V£llt*$  T  R A vsu. 


0ieaii«  6f  Ui^r  c^iQll'tMicMioii  #ith  Um;  faro 
i^liJilCf  i»7  a.m6ng  clittittfAnd  mademi  eqaal  ha 
to  vlit  dicy  tli^lillfdiitiliad  ctoM.i  Tht  methods 
»iiff«ed  on.thtt  lilftjIUack  of  that  naligiiam  ijifor^ 
^odircd^kfiital     Whtllt' th«fr  blood  was  ma  fta^ 
£^ii^ntitioB«  and  tfature  wat  Mving  to  throw  out  i 
iMecatit  iWltlcn  dM^^l««kedher  opperatioot  by  plui; 
inr&iio^^  watei^l  the  c/^feqoence  was  that  they  i 
j^hfi^vtndTtds^    The'ftfw  that  iiiTvWed  ^icre  trj 
^«ted%  it  into  liidebusi  objeAs,  and  bore  with  the 
'4b  we  grave  deep  in#nted  marls  ^tfalt  mtith  drc 
iCd'dt&afe.   -.       ■: '\<4-->  ^v^^^V '•■:.'>'/■'' .. 

R^ofieur  li|<^tcalm  fcji.foov  after  on  the  pliuns 
;QuebeCk  ■' ",  c-i 

V  >  1  hat  the  «i«)^itoyoked  crueltf  of  this  commander  ^ 
-jiot  approved «f  by  ^hegeneraltty  of  hts  cdns^tryi 
I  have  fince  been  eOnviiMed  of  by  many  proofs.. 
oiUy  however,  wbtich  1  received  from  ^  perfon  who  ^ 
-Witneik  to  it  (hatl  I  jit  prefent  give^     4  Canadian  vat 
t<«hanCt  of  foflie«onfideration»  having  heard  of  the  fo 
^vender  <>f  (he  B^igliih  foxt,  celebrated  the  fortaoate 
vent  with  great  fejoktags  and  lM)rpiulity».aceoFdfng 
the  ieciAom  of  ^t«ai^country  ;«bttt  n(^  fooner  did  the  nti 
cf  the  maflacre  which  enmed  resich  h|t  ears, .  than 
«yt  an  imttiediate  (lop  to  his  leftivitr»  and  cadaii 
m  the  ievereft  terms  againlk  the  inlMiman  peiJnifilon j 
declaring  at  the  fame  time  that  thofe  who  had  cont 
((•d  at  it,  had  thereby  dravA  dowii)  0|i  that  part  of  tl 
hinges  domkiionf  the  vengi^ance  of  Heaven.     To  tli'' 
^  addedi  that  he  much  feared  the  total  lofs  of  the 
erould  de^rvedl^  be  the  confequence.    How  trtily  xl 
'pfedlftion  has  been  verified  we  weU  know. 

.  Bat  to  retncn-*-»thoagh  the  Indians  are  negligent  ij 
guarding  agamil  furpriRSi  they  are  ali^t  and  dextroti 
tnfurpTifing  their  enemies,  lio  their  caution  and  p«i 
Severance  in  tealing  on  the  party  .they  def^n  toattact 
they  add  that  admirable  talent*  or  rather  inftin^Slifi 
qUaliticHtion  I  have  already  deicribed,  of  tracing  oh 
thofe  tlii'y  are  in  pnrfuit  of.  On  the  fmoothf  A  gra^ 
ou  the  !i;irde(l  earth,  and  even  on  the  very  Aone^,  wij 
Ib^y  dii  cover  the  traces  of  an  eeemyi  and  by  the  ihi 


CAItVER^S  TRAVELS. 


laisf^ 


fJ^tilcpS)  and  the  did^M^  between  the  priiits,  dif^,. 
^11%  i!iot  cmly  whether  itU  a,^an  or  womaa  whQ^,r 
'f^iki  {hat  way,  but  eye ti  the  natipiisi' to  which  thef  , 
iog'  iHo^ef^  in^iiedihl? jtu«  may  appear*  yet  from 
tiiuifiy  proohl  recerved  whilft  ?>iiong  them  d  their 
laslligj&ga^ty  on  thu  point,  I  Cte  no  reafoa  to  dif^^; 
l^tevef^theie  extraordinary  exertions  oi  it  ^  j> 

Whisn  they^have  overcome  an  enemy,  and  ttdory  !• 
'|[>nger'douf>ifai*  tbecenq43ieror«  firl^  diipati^K  all  fuchf 
idwy  think  thof  (|uil\  npi^ be  ^l^^  *»  Wy  off^  without  ? 
^  It  trouble*  and  tKen  endeavor  to  take  as  n)any  pri^ 
i-s;  fi)i.  no$b)e;  after  this  they  return  to  fcalp  thofe 
^'afe  either  deadly  of  too  much  wpunded  to  bet^kei^ 
liththjrm*. '  ■     ^  ^^  .  . 

At  t^ii*  bufinefs  they  are  exceedingly  expert.    Thejp^ , 
Hirthe  hea4  of -the  cfif4b^e4  9t  4eiii  fnemy,  and  plae«  ,* 
^onf  of  thctK'feet  on  tke;nf;e|c«  twtft  their  left  lian4  j. 
the  hair  ;  by  tjlits  ;!heans,  having  extended  the  ikifi«  r 
u  covers  the  top  of  the  headi  they  draw^  out  their 
lp\a^  knives;^  whtcih'aie  alwaft  kept  ill  good  order  ; 
dus  cruel  purp^ife;  aivd  wi^h:  ajew  dextrous  .ftrokei^ 
ikeoff  the  part  that  i^\ termed; the  fcalp:     They  are  p>\ 
Expeditions  in  doing  thift»  tfaatitiie  whole  time'  required 
Cjirc/eiy  exceeds  a  minute.'  Thi^e  they  preferye. as  mon*  i 
lent!  of  their,  prbwel^    and  at  tlie.  fam<  tiipp  j^s^ 
'^  of  the  vengeance  thty  hHyeinfii^ed  on  their  efikf^' 

if^twa  Indians  fe|7e  in  ^e  fam»  inlhint  a  prifbner^ 
'  feem  to  have  an  equal  claim,  die  conteA  between 
»m-  is  ipon  dccidtd;  for  to  put  a  fpeedf  eisd  to  any 
Sfpnte  that  might  arife,  the  perfon  t{iat  is  'ippreheniive 
be  (h^U  lofe  his  expected  reward,  inimediately  has  re- 
)arfe  to  his  toniahauk  oi  war  club,  and  knocics  on  tlie 
id  the  unhappy  caufe  of  their  contention.  , 
Haying  completed  their  purpofes,  and  made  as  mu^h 
ivoG  as  poflible)  they  immediately  retire  tu wards  their 
»wn  country^,  with  the  fpoil  they  have  acquired,  for  fear 
[0I  being  purfued.  " 

Shoiild  tiiis  be  the  ca^,  tliey  make  ufeof  many  (^rat- 
igemt,  to  elnde  the  ieaiches  o(  their,  porfuerfi  1  hey 
'imeiipMi  i«sitter  ieavesy  faady  or  dtt4  over  the  ^rinig 


■ ;  i: 


mil] 


rel 


li^ 


dUM^STKAfEht^ 


•dWit feet;  <bmetifflft»^t«Ria^lW'tfaeh^6th«r'B'/6b*f|tfp^ 
arid  f6i4i^iimrs  Uft^  th«ffefetfo%h^nait*e»a  lb  UpStii^ 
lyymt  not  to  roake^artV  imprMknph  the  ^rOun^  i  Bafi 
if  ^e;^  fitjd  all  thtCi  'ptetAaiibnr^tfi^iilmg,  knd  that . 
they  ars  nt?ar  b^g  Wert^ldifav  tll«f  iir tl:  aifpatgJj  «ni 
fealp  tneif  pnfonit*,  anci  tbert  4f*iij>w3»  ^a^  endeavor* 
toregaiuhisni^fecottrttry  by  a  cttflfe  Ihig 

tirevep^^  ajl  further  jiarftrit  f  fef  theii-  j>mftiers  novr 
defpairrn^i^ithei' of  gratifying  theit  re v^ji^  or  of  re. 
leafing  thole  of  iheh-frj*i*d%  wfcb  W«re  thadtJ  eaptiV^^^ 
rctiim;  hdmef..  ^■••■^■^^«J  ^iif;^  ■  :i[/%j, ,  .;  .i.c:v■^•'J'^<»■i:^  ;:•• 

^f  tlie  if ucb^fiful>af tf  4i  fy'Wcf  as  W^itke  gootf^ 
iUtt  tinit^t  xmiMmeiiiih^  huti^nm^  tile  gfeaiel 


"'^rieiif Httei*^^fe  milfe  ill  i'ru^manncr  €^  tHe  bran-  ^ 


cR^;  C:^^  t^e:^'    Thsh^  fledges  coiflfift  of  two  ^iroaFl] 
tlffp  bosirdi^^  ilrbit  a  fo«>t  Wide  i^eft^  joihcd,  aad.  ftear  ' 
fif  fe'ct1f^#;-<  1  he  Wrej^rt  i%  llittfetl  tepi^nd  thefidey 
a»%  tiDiiJ^^'  **i»i*iiiMaif  ban^s.     llie  -Indiarts 


tf54i»  cariiage*  wiUsgr^  ever  fo  inuch  , 

loltfded-,  by  im!«^^©f;4i%nng  which  paflfei  rotind  the  1 
htmit    This  coHarJs  ciHed%  Mettt«i^i^n5  is  in  ufe  I 
throughout  Anieripa,  berth  in  the  fettlements  and  the  in* 
ternal  payti.    TO^e'ttfed  ih^tWktter  arfetnade  dfteath- 
ci^.aiidVery-teioilfly  ^r»aghtr:'l-'":  '•^:  '^-'-^:yj^  ^r.  ' 

7  he  ^rifonendtilitvg^eh^  march  are»*^i»ftii;d  with 
iWgtHMcivt.  l5iiring  iheday,  if  the  jbtWrf^y  %  o- 
\et;fe4,  they  utenlwayi  held  i>f  fome  erf  the  vjaori. 
0U5  partjr ;  if  bjr  watery iheyaVe  ^afteneJ  to  the  canoe. 
In  the  nfgh|:  titfap  they  are  ftretchfed  along  the  g^cfund 
qfilt«  ttaked,  i^!th  thlir  fegS,'  anais,  .and  nedt  fattfrilfed  t.j  ^ 
hdol^i  6 jced  iii  the  gr<nlnd^  Bdidds  liiis,  cdrdst  j^e  tfed*  j 
to  th^irirhii  d*?legfi  which  are  h^Fd  by  an  IiidJk/i,  y;hq 
inftanUy  awakes  at  thf  Feaft  motion  of  tiirern^.' - 

Notwi4M!aini;lirig4bcli  prt^cautltmt  ire*tiftiany  tkken 
hfiJ^t  Infef-JtS re^de<l  in tlm^^R^li dJF'^^'Mg/i 


CARVER'S  TRAX'ILS. 


181? 


h  the  ^rdun^.  ^  fiufi 


|ifi(led>  found  means  to  elude  the  tigilance  of  a  party 
[of  warriors,  and  not  only  to  make  her  efcape  from  them, 
[tat  to  revenge  the  caufe  of  her  coantrymen 

Some  years -ago,  a  (mall  band  of  Canadian  Indianiy 

[eonfiiiing  of  ten  warriors  attended  by  two  of  their  wivest 

made  an  irruption  into  the  back  fettlements  of  New 

England.     They  lurked  for  fome  time  in  the  vicinity  of 

cne  of  the  moft  exterior  townS}  and  at  length,  after  haV« 

Uog  killed  and  fcalped  feveral  people,  found  means  to 

take  a  woman,  who  had  with  her  a  fon  of  about;  twelve 

years  of  age.     Being  fatlsfied  with  rbe  execution  they 

I  bad  done,  they  retreated  towards  their  na     e  country, 

vhich  lay  at  three  hundred  miles  dillar       and  carried 

cff  with  them  their  two  captives. 

The  fecond  night  of  their  retreat,  the  n,  whofe 

I  name,  if  I  miftake  not,  was  Howe,  formeu  a  refolution 
worthy  of  the  ipoft  intrepid  hero.  She  tnought  (he 
iliould  be  able  to  get  fiom  her  hands  the  manacles  by 
[which  they  were  confined,  and  (letermined  if  (he  did  fo 
to  make  a  defpsrate  effort  for  the  recovery  of  her  free- 
dom. To  this  purpofe,  when  (he  concluded  that  her 
coqquerors  were  in  their  (bundeft  (leep,  (he  (Irove  ta  flip 
the  cords  ftom  her  hands.  In  this  flie  fucceeded  ;  and 
cautioned  her  fon,  whom  they  had  fufered  to  go  un- 
bouad,  in  a  wh;fper,  agaiaft  being  furprifed  at  u''htt  (he 
was  about  to  do»  (he  removed  at  a  diftance  wii'-.  great 
waiinefs  the  defbn(rve  v/eapons  of  the  Indians,  whicU 
lay  by  *heir  ftdes. 

Having  done  this,  (he  put  one  of  the  tomahtwks  in,- 
(0  the  hands  of  the  boy,  bidding  hin».  to  follow  her  ex- 
ample ;  ajid  taking  another  herfelf,  felt  upon  the  (leep* 
ing  Indians,  feveral  of  whom  (he  inllantly  dtfpatch^d. 
Bather  attempt  was  nearly  fruftrated  by  the  imbecility 
of  her  fon>  who  iKunted  both  ftrength  and  refolution, 
made  a  feeble  ftroke  at  one  of  theni^  wliich  only  ferved 
to  awaken  him  ;  (he  however  fprung  at  the  riling  war- 
rior, and  before  necotld  recover  his  arms,  made  htm 
fiak  tinder  the  weight  of  her  tomahawk  ;  and  this  (he 
alternately  did  to  all  the  reft,except  one  woman,  who  a- 
woke  in  time,  and  made  her  efcape. 

The  kcroine  then  took  off  the  fcalps  of  her  Tanqu'ib^ 


».< 


I  r 


^^^■-'■•' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


•^  Uii   12.2 
I!f  144    ■" 


IM 


1^ 


m 


-> 


'^I^; 
^j" 

■> 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  Wni  MAIN  STMIT 

WIUTn,N.Y.  MSM 

(71*)  •71-4S03 


> 


M 


N> 


r 


1 


«AtV£t*«  -il^f  tLS. 


,  V 


*^ 


ed  eneftiies,  and  fetzing  alfa  thofe  they  were  carrying  a. 
^way  with  ihem  a$  j^roofs-  of  their  fuccefs,  fte  returned 
in  triumph  to  the  town  from  whence  ihe  had  fo  lately 
been^ragged,  ^  the  aftonilhflfient  of  all  her  nejighbors, 
who  coiiWtcarcelf  credit  their  fea&s,  or^ftimonies  ihe 
bore  of  her  ama^ontaii  tutre^dity.      ^ 

During  their  itiarch  tliiey  oUige  their  piifoners  to  fing 
theh-  dearh-fong,  which  gefierally  coinifts  6f  thefe  or 
fimifar  fentences  :  *'  I  aof  a  going  to  die,  I  am  a* 
boiit  to  f^ffer  ;  bolt  I  will  bear' the  fevereft  tortures  my 
enemies  can  tnflt^y  with  becbiatng  fsrticade.  I  will  die 
like  a  brave  roan,  and  £  JhaH  go  t&jota  the  chiefs  that 
ha^e  differed  oii  ihe  fame  account"  Thefe  fongs  are 
continued  with  the  necefTary  intervals,  until  they  reach 
tfif6  village  or  camp  to  which  they  are  going. 

"When  the  warriors  ate  arrived  wUbtn  hiring,  they 
Ut  up  different  cries»whidi  communicates  to  their  Iriends 
a  genewlhllVory  of  the  expedition.  The  number  rf 
dl'ath  cries  they  give,  declare  how  matiy  of  their  own 
party  are  loft ;  the  riumber  of  war>whAops,  the  num- 
hfr  of  prifonen  thwy  have  taktfn. 

It  Is  difficult  to  defcribe  these  cries,  but  the  heft  idea 
t  can  convey  of  them  is,  that  the  former  conAfts  of  the 
found  whoo»WhoQ»  Whoop,  whi<;h  is  continued' in  a  long 
ihrill  tone,  nearly  till  the  Weath  if  ejthauil^d,  and  then 
);f<okeit  off  with  a  fuddeh  elevation  fX  the  voice<  The 
l;itter,  is  a  loud  cry,  ef  much  the  fkme  kmd,  which  is 
modulated  into  notes  by  tlie  hand  being  plaeed  before 
the  mouth.  Both  of  th^m  might  be  heafrd  to  a  very 
cenfiderabfe  diftance.  '• 

Whilft  thefe  art 'Uttering,  the  petfont  tq  whom  they 
are  defigned  10  convey  the  intelUgencc,  continue  mo< 
f  iontefs  and  all  attention.  When  this  ceremoy  is  per- 
formed, the  whole  village  iffue  out  to  learn  the  par- 
ticulars of  the  relationthey  have  juft  heard  in  general 
term,  and  accordingly  as  the  newfpr«ve  mournful  or 
the  contrary,  they  anfwer  by  fo  many  acclamations  or 
cries  of  lamentations.  :,  * 

Being  by  this  time  arrived  at  the  Tillage  or  cifmp,  the 
women  and  children  arm  themfelvei  with  fticks  and 
bludgeops,  atid  foroi  themfelvei  into  two  racksitbrough 


CARVEr^  TKAVELS. 


m 


■  %• 


llfaich  tlie  priibners  a?e  obliged  topafs.     Tlie  treatment 
[tliey  undergo  before  they   reach  lihe  extremiiy  of  the 

if^is  very  fevere.  Sometimes  they  are  fo  beaten  over 
|the  head  ftnd  facei  m  to  have  fcareery  any-  remams  nf 
[l^e  J  and  happy  would  it  be  for  them  if  by  thisi  iifag«? 
[att  end  wsis  put  to  tbeir  wreicii^d  beiiigs.  But  ihetr 
Itermfiitors  take  >c^e  t^hat  frone  ,iof  tbe>  bloWs  tbey^ 
[give  prove  mortal,  as  they^wifb-  to  jeCVrvc  tl*e  mifera. 
tbl«  fwerers  for  more  feKei»e  iniidions.  i     ;^.' ; 

After  having  undergone  this  intPOduAory  <!lf4npl{R^ 
Etbey -are  bound  faan^aftd  foott>  whiliil  the  «hief»'  hold H 
[eouncil  in  which    their  fare  is  cktermined»        -^-^-p^^^ 

Thofe  who  Are  decreed  to  be  put  to  death  by  the  ufu« 
|altor>mef{tts,  ^redelivered  to  the  chief  of  the  warriort | 
[iach  1^  are  to  be  %ared(  are  given  into  die  hands  of  dw 
[cbief  of  the  nation  t  f  >  that  in  a  ihort  time  all  the  pri^ 
ooerS  may  be  affarcd  of  their  fate,  as  the  fentcnte  tiow 
brmoufieed  is  irrecoverable,  iheibrmer  the>  term  be* 
ing  con&gmd  to  the  hoofe  of  death,  the  latter  to  tht 
Ikoufe  of  grac«< 

S«ch  captives  as  are  pretty  far  advanced  in  life,  and. 
jhaveacqutred  great  honor  by -their  warliilie  dlicds,  il* 
ways  at^ne  ibr  (he  blood  they  have  ipflt^  by  the  tori 
[tures  tf  firf.  Their  fttccefs  in  war  is  readily  knowg, 
by  the  blue  marks  upon  their  brealts  -^.M  arms|. 
wluch  are  as  legible  to  the  Itidiaiis  as  letters  ar^  t«( 
[Europenns,; '"■''--■■»  .-'■-  ■'  . 

The  maiiti^t^in  which  theft  hieroglyphics  are  madr» 
lis  by  breaking  the  ikin  with  the  «e«,th  of  il(h,  or  (harpeiMd 
Hints,  dipped  in  a  kiad  of  ink  made  of  the  foot  of  pitch 
pine.  l4ilK  thofe  of  the  anclcFtt  ptAs  of  Brlt^  diefe 
ate  ttfteemed^ornanMntal «  and  at  thciteie  time  ih^ 
ferve  as  regifters  of  the  hemic  anions  of*  the  wairrtOTt 
who  dios  bears  about  him  indeliable  marks  of  his 
v^lor*  '  ' 

The  prifoners  deftlned  to  death  aie  foon  led  to  th« 
kaceor  exectttion*  which  is  generally  in  the  centre,  of 
the  caiMp  or  village}  Vthtin^  being  ftript,  and  evciiy 
pan  of  cNrr  bodies  btaAleenedt  the  £in  of  a  erow  orm^ 
veo  is  6itd  on  ihehr  lMii4s.    Thoy  Are  then  bound  to  4 


—  tir 


-  ill! 


i  ! 


'^^*a* 


m 


CARYEIt'S  TRATELfi 


ftake,  with  faggots  heaped  around  them,  and  obliged, 
for  the  Ua  tifiie»  to  fuig  their  death  fong.     ^ 

The  warriors,for  fuch  it  is  onl?  who  comroonljr  {vlSqx 
this  puriifhmenti  baw  perform  in  a  more  prolix  manner 
this  fad  folemnity.  They  recount  with  an  audible  voice 
all  the  brave  anions  they  have  perforiiiedt  and  pride 
themfelves  in  the  number  of  enemies  they  have  killed. 
In  this  lehearial  they  fpare  n«t  even  their  tormentorsr 
but  ft  rive  by  every  provoking  tale  they  can  invent,  to  ir- 
ritate and  infuk  them.  Sometimes  this  has  the  defired 
e^e^  and  the  fuflPerers  are  difpatched  fooper  than  they 
otherwife  would  have  been. 

There  are  many  other  methodf.  which  the  Indian* 
aaake  ufe  of  to  put  tlieir  prifoners  (o  deaths  but  theft 
are  only  occafional^  that  uf  burning  is  mcfil  generally 
«|ed.  i^-v'f;: 

Whilft  I  was  at  the  chief  lowo  of  the  OtUgaumies^l 
an  Illinois  Indiau  ^as  brought  in*  who  had  been  madej 
piifoner  by  one  of  their  war*parties.  I  hod  an  oppor- 
tunity of  feeing  the  cuftomary  cruelties  tnftdled  onl 
their  captives,  wrough  the  minweft  of  their  procefi. 
After  the  previous  fteps  neceflary  to  this  condemnttioiN 
he  was  carried,  early  in  the  morning,  to  a  little  dif*  { 
taace  from  the  townt  where  he  was  bound  to  a  tree. 

'fhis  being  done,  all  the  beys  who  amounted  to 
great  number,  as  the  place  was  populous,  were  permit- 1 
led  to  amufe  themfelves  with  ihootmg  their  arrows  at 
the  unhappy  viAim.     A«  they  were  none  of  ^icm  mere| 
thtn  twelve  years  old^  and  were  placed  at  a  confidera* 
ble  diftance,  they  had  not  ftrength  to  penetrate  to  thel 
>tital  parts,  £)  that  the  poor  wretch  Hood  pierced  witbl 
arrows,  and  fuffiering  tip  confequcnt  ag       >,  for  motel 
than  twd  days* 

During  thU  time  ht  fung  of  hi^  war  like  explciti.l 
He  recapitulated  every  ftratagem  he  had*  made  ufe  of  tol 
furprife  nit  enemies ;  he  boafted  of  the.  4nainties  of  fcalpil 
be  poiteiled  and  enumerated  the  priibncis  he  had  taken.! 
He  then  defcribed  the  different  barbarouf  methods  byl 
which  he  had  put  the  iatter  to  deatht  and  fcemed  evei| 
tyhea  to  receive  ineoncei«abl«  pleafure  from  the  rf  ctta 
•f  the  horrid  talew         ^  ^ 


CAlirtit5e/imA5f«Lii 


»./ 


1^1 


[niijfois^  a^lwd  iidUcft  Intrt  |ji%i)^[^s,^}  j^ajd^^pirjflg^^^^^ 
rtiiresi  ililiiJll  i9%lift  |(^ii|i)^iO;  ^  ,|jf^^ejP..p3fopl*^ 

-td{%7tbt  ihdiaA]^  fts  pmdtt^ive^  c^  n^Qr^  ^^n  i<N|6r^^ 
fi$|irlil4<>^e<^u0oce;    fit  r^l'tgtfi^^i)  %  £^^^ 

/^l  Ha^f  been  ififor|ned,«tbAt  an  ItMjiat^vwfiq  w^^tinder^ 
■  lt«uisr  of  bis  tonntfitemy .  h,a<jl  -tli%9>i^dAoky  to  tf^i  r; 

in*  thaft  tW/ were  IgiiPlniitt  (My^m^t  9044^  nop  § 
^  Ji(T«:hdiw  tft  ^ufe. brave;  prisoners  tp^ dejaibj.,^  lie  acr  4 
loainted  them  that  lie  bad.  hertl^fpre  t^lm^i  fpnji  p6I , 
W«f;  *^*T"t6ri>,:and  niiifti&ad  P^  the  trtviai  puiii(bn(ient» 
'  )i  iiifiifled'cm  hiii^lhi^'haddeviM-fop  t^ 

rncimting  itot^meiAsrt  ribtitt  has^g  ^u4  them  to  » ;1 
lafcet  he.badiiftaicfetiMir  bc}4t«i  AlH  oOlt^i^p  rplipters  o€  f 
|«ip»»tNtie;A»ood)  io  inrfaioh  he.^i^i'^r^^^*  a^4. f|a{u;tn|^ 

i^Hh  (bravado,  which  carried  Wirh  it  tdij^tee  pf  m(ii)t»<  n 
bat  even  the  accuftanied -earof  an  ln«is»|i^Go^ld  apt 
pfleR>to^nncfved»  threw  bis  torment prs  off  rh?if  gjuaird. 
d  iiiorieiiedttlHP  dunicionof  hi»;jlon»<)r{^}:ifqr  <9tnQi)^ 
f«h4eft'  tad  lo  himiiattd  r}pj>higt)Ut  »Jvi»  hfim^  ih^pp^dt  > 

^language.  v  . jTf;.j    jm^  ^.„>  j, .,  ,, ^, ,  jr, 

l^auftieviubW  are  the  fteriet^tbairtmaf  lip.  told  ot  the* 
•rage  and  refoJwtiontjf  th*  ImU4if»»  w$)Q.hap^a>ta 
madJe^fdRcrs  bf  ihc'ir  ad? ca^Ciries,     M$K^ ,  that.. I r 
TiliMrd  gie  |9  «ftpatiBmg»:fthat  tb^|r  ibe lAiP  «xf€«d 


..IiPid; 


1 


I 


^■■, 


GAItinfcR'S  TRAtllLS;^ 


gtwof'of'ibitftdate^liUi^l^ii^^^^  of 

the  andieHi'lienN^s  «tdKi<^^Oi«e6e^«p;oC  Atat^    v 

tiit«^^  t^>  1i4fidi^  ^^^  tif  dMnnhsTe  Wen 

noiatlced-^'  tlDfii^  ^ttiod^rsuitMf ^te?  #ch  f«siii^e  friron* 
ei%  li44Mi^^^^l;#t)le^'Bll^^  lm^ie^ppen< 

^'td^betalieA^f  tlic^nii   ^Witmeh  of  great  boaiifcy  kaVe 

vMHiit^NHhi^  a^i^wkhmidm  iniles»  th|iou^^  their 
Tetitedfof«ft»  InlW>ki«f  bf  theirftde^  wUhoiic  4«ceiving: 
wty^lliriilt*  'ai}d  diiir  cbatUt^'  baa  'r«nnain«d  irivtolate. 
Inflkhttdft  lia¥e  lip^tlid  •  wheiie  fiwiak  eaf»tiYt^  who 
'K«vi^.b«en  jH-eg^ant  at  tlie^iine  of*  thdr  betiig^keii) 
have  had  the  pangs  ^fdkftd  birth  come  upoa  them  in 
th«  midft  df  lbt|tsSt^i»«^ii  stad  fa Vmge^  their  oiily  com. 
IttAfdRi  I  y«|  f^oBtt  thtfilr»  favaget  as  they  were,  have 
ih^teceiveddrerf  aflfftaiite  tb^^  iitttation  weold  ad- 
mit of;  and  been  t]«ated  with  a  degree  of  delicacj  and- 
Iniffnanitf 'they  little  exikiaed. 

This  f«rbearaf^,  tcmu^  bo  aeknowledged*  dotis  not 
pfbceed  ahogfethffi'lVom  thehr  difpbfition,  bnt  U only  in- 
herent  in  tliofe'^ho  bji^«^fi»si«^<>aN'rontcation  with  tht 
French' niiflioAttfi^.'    Withointn^  their  nat- 

Oftt^itiiteiHies,  the  E^gllA, 'tbotild  enp^the  benefit  of 
tb«iriitb6M;  ^e^fil^lehttVetahta  great  paint  to  incaU 
Mteon'the  Ritiidi  of  the  Inditns  the  general  principiei 
6£  hdnaaiiity;  4^Sth  has  diffttfed  ttfelf  through  their 
-snannehi,  and  has  proved  of  pnblie  utility. 

Thdft  firlfoners  that  are  cohftgned  tov  the^houfe  of 
grace,  ind^heft^e  commonly  the  young  noift,'  women, 
ifid  chiUren,  await  the  ^fpofal  of  the  ■>  ctiktU  «^o»  af> 
ter  the  c^i^Mida  qf  fn^  ai  arc  condeMmect  tOi  di^i  hold 
«  Coulcjl  for  this  pilrp<.ft. 

A  H«r;ild  is  UnvwiAid  the  village  nr  catop^  to  give 
notice  th)tc  fnch  as  have  loft  any  relacions  in  tlie  late  ei* 
pcdition,  aredefired  to  attend  *be  diftriDUtioD  %hich  ii 
^hoiit  to  ttl^e  plaoe*     ^'holt  irotoca  «ho  hil««<l<A  Ibcir 


fARTOIflS  THAVEIS, 


W 


.|Bfi%iQf  I v^pds,  ^rje  jen^rally  iatisfied  in^tbe  firft  pkcei 
: fft#i^lhf^  beeii  depriTed  of  friends  #f  a 

S9fe^  |(emQt^;fic^e^  pf i;cmi{»ngii}iiity>  or  who  choofe  to 

;  '&ip  diviitofi'  being  4ii9de,  whrcb  is  done,  at  in  otbpt 
f|f<^^itliQut  the  ietft difpttjee, thofewhphavexeceived 
:^tn|l  (kme>  ^^4  them;to  their  tenU cr  huts ;  and  having 
vilfih^^nd  titein*  V»ih  i^d  dteis  their  wounds  if  thej 
^ppe«^  to  l^iii^f  .received .  s^^y  i.  they  then  clothe 
theni,  and  give  them  the  nnioli  ebisfortable  and  rt^ireft- 
^^'tl?^^  ^*?*' ^^  I^Hl  Mf'M 

*ir  r^w  doi^efttcii  arcie^ing,  they  endeav* 


:^t  to  ^fninifter  cotiibl:|tipn  to  then) ;  they  lell  theia 
[^iiatjis  thff  ,^jf  redeeitoed^^f^  death,  they  muft  nofr 
^  cheer&l  ^nd ;  h4^f  f  iipd  it ;  they  ferve  them  »eV^ 
fMlh9i|tiB,9iQ»u?iug  or  tepining«  nothing  (bali  be  want* 
[^  to  mak^  ,them  iuch  atoneroetu  for  the  loTs  of  th^ 
^iMltr^y  4(^d  fneuds/as  circuoiAances  wiU  allow  ot  ,, 
,,  if  ^,ny,n^9n  arefpfiied,  they  an;. commonly  given  to 

tewiflow^tli^^av^loli  their  hu(bands>7  the  bandit 
e  enemy,  (hould  there  be  a«y  Inch,  to  whom,  if  ,thef 
liappen  to  pfc^fe  agreeable,  they  are  foon  married  But 
fbould  il^;  dame  b<  otherwiie  engageo,  the  life  of  him 
who  iaUs  to  her  lot  is  ia  great  danger ;  efpecially  if  (he 
^Bcies  that  her  late  huib^nd  wants  a^flave  in  the  coua^ 
.<ry  of  { ptriti},  to  wl^ich  he  ii  goi^. 
'  Whei^  this  is  t)ie  cafe,  a  number  of  ypung  men  take 
^  devote^  paptiye  to  femif  diftance,  and  difpatch  hinl 
without  any  ceremony  :  ^aftfsr  he  has  been  fpaied  by  the 
council,  they  confider  him  of  too  little  confe<)U«r*ce^  to 
.be  entjjtJed  to,  the  tormeats  allotted  to  thofe  wLo  have 
been  judged  worthy  of  them.* 

.  'ili««womei),areufuaUy  diAributed  to  the  men*  from 
whom  they  do  not  fail  of  meeting  witli  a  favorable  re- 
f^p^iofi.  1  he  boys  arid  girls  are  tkken  inty  the  familiei 
i^fuch  as  have  nf«d  ot  ihero^and  are  con/lder^d  as  fiavesf 
Ind  }t  is  not  uncommon  that  they  ate  fold  in  the  fame 
•^padty  to  the  Hurope^n  traders  whoi  come  among 

v  'l\^  Ittdtaus  havenq  idea  of  moderating  ^he ,  ravag* 
«  oCw«t-«  by  fparipg.t^e^  prifoQcit,  and  cutering  into  A 


iri  rr 


;! 


d  y 


f: 


If,' 


W*" 


l!» 


M*Lf  feft^B  ^ti^tim 


t^eti;{6tzn  txm^k^^'  M^  '■hj\ 

ilaves  of.     AndfopartkuUrki^r  ei»W*slt*Waii  in  ^%\ 

%e  talren  prifwwrj  And  hf  lih^^c^bet^^f^y^tm  ffee 
lifeMe  bf  j^race  efthi^  ii  att'tdoptefii  perfon  tt  *  fla¥e, 
^d  flioUW  itfttrw^t^s  to^ke  m  elc%i  ^  tfefey/^lll  by 
^^'  i*eitn^  ^  tecei V^  hiitt;  or '  act^£lv,1^4%e  Kia'  w  oae 

The  c<mditi6n  of  Cixch^'^^kidp^,  i^^Hnol  k 

lS^dnejuft;mcefrbhrt!ie  chtMtferiiomie  fMttlibA«V  Which 

mtf  T\(nt  belong,     ^'hey  afl«i«e  aH  thc-rtj^  of  thofe 

iftiiolTe  jpthces  thfey  ftip^yi  *nd^  fr«s<|uefti*y  ^fUse  jio  dif. 

'V^ountf  y  wien;    Shouldr  h»^ever»  aiiy  <iMi)fefef '%  thancel 
"^fc^  tte#  ekxptinwi  be  alter  Vi^iB:d»^ret*k)B«.  fl%  We 
'  iefteei^edias'  iiili^attlM  ^Hildten  attd  Qn^raiefiUiip^i^fons, 
ifiirffty  l|irc?  dijftTted-^srAa  ih^4«  wai*  uj^  ^liT  ^awnti 

?^''^^rhat  pMt  of  the  prlfoneris  whteK  are  confidet'ed  as 
^avif,  an?  gfent^MUy-^iUfibuted  among  the  cfhl^f  ji ;  who  I 
^4ui"*^y  i^iike  pr^fetiti  of  iV^me  of  uiem  to  the  Euro. 
!jila:ii  governors  tn' the  obtpoft Si  or  tb  die  fuperintend* 
'  «nts  or  comm'irartes  erf  titdian  affjltr^<     l^haye  b^n  in*| 
*loribfed  ibat  it  ^ai  th^  IfeMs  and  FreRch  miffidnaneJ 
'Hi^t  ^fft^  dtizafioned  fth#  intrbdufi^ioii  of  thei^  unbapprj 
^ifptlv^  md  Hhe  &tilem6ntt»  and  ^of  if  isy  doipgl 
Sbili^ht  iht^  Ifidbm  that  Uiey  %er*  vi^nabii^.        '  >         [ 
*    Ibeh' Views  hidfeed  We  laudable,  as  theyWa;^a«l| 
that  by  this  methQct  they  (hinsdci  Hot  ipif  prcveiiit  mvim 
JhMwtfxnd  blpddihed.  biit  and  thW^e^^rtiiiitties  of 
'Q>re^adMg  thdir  -f eligfOii'  aitibng  them  enc  r^ed.    Toi 
^mn^fhtp6{^W^  eiiieouraged  the  irad^  to  piirehafej 
^cb  ftav^s  as  they  met  with.      '.       '..-.  r  '•  '  I 

'■^  l^Iifegdbd  effeils  ofthts  mode  of  prOeWiftg  were  nSt 
llbw«Wr^al^tl«'the  exp^diiticHts  6i  khefe'  pToos  fathJ 
■t0:  Iniiead  of  b«fing  the  means  of  preventing  crliehyj 
*lh^  blocdOiedrlt  only  c^ufed  dtir^tioii#  JMiweeti  th«| 
lAdiao  n^oilt  to  be  «»rri««l  «i  viKh  a  f  ^i»#^«gri 


«♦ 


tARVfiR'S  TRAtrLS. 


m 


bn  ct  ft^  fla¥ei  I 
li^f^^m.  by 
l^'-as  ooe 

tjibikfli  Which 

^a^  no  dif.f 
fl(l%4iroW4 
6l(^%  thence 

klBtt,  ll%  aref 

l^ii  parents  I 

?  dilifii  J  who! 
I  to  the  £uro.| 
•  riip«riiitend» 
kaVe  bi^n  tn*| 
iroi#6narie!i[ 
}^  unhappyl 
%  lb  doipgl 

bey  ih-jk^^iiiftll 
3reveii(tii)tfdi| 
(yortoiitties  ofj 

s  to  {ttirehad 

jj«oof«  -  fath.] 
itiiig  crllehyj 


ilif  tiolence,  iind  with  unremitted  ardor*  The  prize  they 
jbilght  for  ^inr  no  longer  revenge  or  fame,  but  the 
icj^uirement  offpiritucus  liquors^  for  which  tbetr  ciip*  ^ 
^'yes  were  td  be'exchaoged»and  of  which  silmoft  eyery 
lotion  is  immoderately  Fond*  they  fought  for  their  en« 
tmies  with  unwonted  alacrityr  and  were  coofiantly  on 
the  Watch'  to  furprife  and  carry  them  off. 

tt  might' ft  ill  be- (aid  that  fewer  of  the  captives  saH 
tormented  and  put  to  deaths  fince  thefe  expe^ations 
of  receiving  fo  Valuable  a  eonfideration  for  them  have 
ken  excited  than  there  ufually  had  been ;  but  it  does 
sot  appear  that  their  accuftpnied  cruelty  to  the  war- 
riors they  take,  is  in  the  leaft.^  abated ;  their  hatuial 
idefire  of  yeng^nce  miifVbe  gratjified  ;  they  now  only 
Ulcbnie  more  afltdnous  in  fecuring  a  greater  number  of 
young  prlfoners,  whtlft  tho/e  who  axe  made  captive 
ill  their  defence,  are  lohnented  and  put  to  death  ak 
ttrfbre.  ' 

The  miffionaries  finding^^  that  contrary  to  their  wini* 
hi  their  zeial  had  only  fer%  ed  to>ncreafe  the  fale.  of  the 
noxious  jufces^pplied  to  the  governor  of  Canada,  in 
the  year  I69S,fQr  a  prohibition  of  this  baneful  tryde^ 
An  •rder  was  imied  accordingly,  biit  it  could  npt  pu£ 
a  total  ftop  to  it ;  the  French  Couiier  de  Bois  were 
hardly  enough  to;  carry  it  on  clandeftinely,  notwith* 
(landing  the  pcnalcy  annexed  to  a  breach  of  the  profaU 
bition  wai  a  conriderable  fine  and  imprifoi^ent* 

Sonde  who  were  dete^ed-  in  the  proiTecution  oif  rt« 
Withdrew,  into  the  Indian  countries,  where  they  interv 
in^rried  with  the  nlitives,  and  underwent  a  Voltm* 
tary  ^nifhment.  Thefe  however,  beipg  an  abandon- 
efi  and  debauclied  fet«  tlteir  condudl  contributed  ver<f 
little  either  to^^ards  reforming  tlic  mannets  of  their 
new  relati€»ns,  or  engaging  them  to  entertain  a  favora- 
ble opinion  of  the  religion  they  profciTed.  Thus  didi 
thefe  indefatigable,  religions  nteo,  fee  their  deHgns  in 
fome  meafure  bnce  more  fruCtratevf.  ,    ;. 

However,  the  cmigraiion  was  productive  of  an  e£^ 
which  turned  out  to^e  bencficiril  to  their  nkttoh.  Hy 
Uie  connexion  cf  their  refugres  with  the  Iroquois,  MilP 
'^  liures,  Huron,  Mianiies,  TowtoWMtbltiits.  Pu«ttl» 


M!  r, 


tH 


CAllVEll'8  ntAVELl 


Meooindnieiy  Algonkios,  :&c.  and  the  conftaAt  teptiJ 
lentatioiii  (hefe  vattdusnaticms  received  from  them  o^ 
the  power  and  gmndettr  tff  the  French,  to  the  aggrand^ 
heitienti:6f  whofe  oionar^,  notvithfiandine  dieir  banj 
Hbmcnt,  tliey  fttU  retain  Uieir  h;ibit«al  inchnationt  tlRi| 
Indians  infenfihly  prfjodiced  in  favor  of  that  people,! 
and  I  ain  perivadea  will  take  every  opportunity  of  (hew.| 
ittg  ilHiit  attathtoVnt  totheni, 

^nd  th?s  eiren  in  dcfpiteof  the  difgiac^folefttmationl 
they  flnnft  be  held  by  then,  iince  they  have  been  dtiv.! 
en  out  of  Canada;  for  ^e  Indians  confider  every  conJ 
qvered  people  as  in  a  ftate  af  vaffalage  to  their  ccnquer-l 
ors.  After  one  nation  has  finally  fubdnod  anothf  it  andl 
a  conditional  iubmiffion  is  ligieed  ont  it  is  cu(los:ary| 
for  the  chiefs  of  ^e  conquered,,  when  they  fit  in  couq.) 
.  cil  wiih  Hieir  fubdvers,  to  wear  petticoats,  as  an  ac* 
Incvledgement  that  they  are  in  a  ftate  of  fubj«6iuj)J 
and  ought  to  be  lanl^ed  amcrg  the  women.  Their  pat.l 
tiatity  to  the  French  has  however  tfUien  too  ^c^p  roetj 
ipr  time  itfelf  ta  eradicate  it*^ 


CHAPTEKlt. 
xtT  tim  iUMMKa  Of  itittvc  feici,  Isifi^ 


1 


HE  wars  that  are  carried  OR  between  the  Indiafi 

nations  are  in  general  hereditaryy  and  coatinne  froA 

age  to  age  with  a  fevir  interfnptions*  If  a  pMce  beccmei 

rectlTaty^  the  }rit)cipa!  care  of  both  parties  is  ie  avoid 

tlieapl/tarance  of  making  the  firft  advances; 

When  they  treat  with  an  #nemy,  relative  to  a  itifpen* 
fici)  of  heftilities,  the  chief  who  is  commidioned  io  an- 
dertake  the  negoci3^t;on,  if  it  is  not  brcnilit'abcPt  by 
tbec^ediation  of  foijpe  crghboring  band|Siba(H  toothing 
of  hts  natural  hlanghtines  t  even  when  the  ai^ihrref  hit 
country  ate  in  the  wcfH  filuationrhe  makes  «o  toneti' 


I:- 


CARVER^S  TRAVELS. 


191 


ir,  bot  endeaTors  to  purToade  hie  adverfaries  that  it 
rtbeir  interei^  to  put  an  end  to  the  war. 

Accidents  fomctimes  contribute  to  brmg  aboat  a 
||eace  between  nations  that  otherwife  could  not  be  pre* 
[fliUd  on  to  liften  to  terms  of  accommodation.     An  in- 

ice  of  this,  vrhich  I  heard  of  in  almnft  everf  nation  I 
UxSled  through;  I  fliaU  relate. 

About  era^hty  years  ago,  the  Iroquoit  and  Chipewayst 

inro  pdW6rral  nations,  Were  at  war  with  the  Ottagau. 

lilies  and-^aukies,  who  were  much  inferior  to  their  ad- 

lv(ir{aries  both  in  numbers  and  ft'rength^    One  wfnter- 

faear  a  thoufand  of  the  former  made  aki  etcurfion  from 

[hie  Chatario,  by  way  of  Toronto,  towards  the  territd* 

liies  of  their  enemies.     Fhey  coafted  lake  Huron  on  its 

dft  and  northern  borders*  till  they  arrived  at  the  jfland 

of  St  Jofeph^which  is  fituated  in  the  ftr«iits  of  St.  Mk« 

rie.    Thcipe  they  croflTed  thefe  ftraits  upon  the  ice,  about 

fifteen  miles  below  the  falls,  and  contmued  theiir  rout«^ 

Iftili  weftward.    As  (he  ground' wgs  covered  with  fnow 

I  R>  prevent  a  difcovery  of  their  numbirr,  they  marched 

I  is  a  fihgle  file,  treading  in  each  other's  footfteps. 

Bbilr  Cbtpeway  Indians^  pafltng  that  way,  obferved 
dlis  army,«if!dVeadily  guedbd  ^atn  the  diredion  of  their 
march,  and  the  precautions  they  took,  bothrthe  cou&try 
to  which  they  were  haftening,  and  their  defigias.> 

Notwitftandtng  the  nation  to^  which  they  belonged 
was  at  war  with  the  Ottagaumies,  and  in  alliancif  with 
thtir  invaders,  yet  firom  a  principle  which'cannot  be  apr  < 
counted  for,  thi&y  took  an  inftant  refolution  to  apprile- 
tile  former  of  their  danger*.  To  thU  purpofe  tliey  haf. 
tifiied  away  with  their  u(halc«lerity,  and  uking  a  cir- 
ctiit  to  avoid  difcovery,  arrived  at  the  hitntfog  grounds 
efthe  Ottagautnies  ,.bdfore  fb  large  a  body,  moving  in 
fo  cautious  a  manner,  could  do.  There  they  fidund  ar 
party  of  about  four  huadred  warriors,  fame  of  which 
were*  Saidtic^  whom  they  informed  of  the  approach  of 
llieir  enemies.  ^ 

The  chiefs  immediately  coUeded  their  whole  force, 
and'  held  a  council  on  the  fteps  that  were  to  be  taken  for 
their  defence;  As  they  were  encumbered  with  thrir 
CiiililieS|.it  wu  impolCble  that  they  could  retreat  ia 


■■'  >.1,o 


■*■  % 


w 


CAItVIll'i  tKAtttl 


titfle }  they  therefore  determined  te  choefi^  the  ttidft  ad  j 
Tanugeoon  fpot»  and  t«  gi^e  Uie  IrO^oti  the  beft  le. 
cemton  iti^etF  power,  "     ^ 

Not  far  frofli  the  pUce  where  thef  then  happened  to. 
be»  (lood  two  jhMiV&Wes*  hetveen  which  ran  a  narrow 
neck  of  land  id>oiit  a  iQile  in  length,  and.  only  from, 
twemjr  to  forty  yards  tii'hreadtb.  Concluding  that  the 
IroqttcMs  tnteode^  to  pafs  |hroa||^?tiiit  defile,  the  unit- 
ed bands  divided  tlieir  liitle  parly  intd  two  bodies  o£ 
two  hondi'ed  each. ,  One  of  thefe  took  poft  at  the  ez- 
tr^ity  of  the  paf*  diat  lay  neare^  to  their  hnnting 
gtbiunds,  which  they  inimeoiiiteiy  fortii^d  with  a  breaS 
w0rk  formed  of  paltlfu£es  s  whim  the  .ot^ier  body  took 
a  compafs  jround  one  of  the  lakes,  with  ad^figpn  to  hem^ 
tl^r  enemies  in  when  ihcy  liad  entered  the  de61e. 

I^heir  ftrat^eni  fu^ceeded ;  for  no  fooner,  had  the 
,_^  whole  of  the  Iroquei&<eiitered  the  pafs»  than,  being  pra> 
\ided  with  w<»d  fo|  the  IMirpofe^  they  formed  a  iimtlai>'| 
br^|£  work  on  the  <>thifer  exaemity,  and  thus  enclci^ 
tiMiii'enjniuei'  -    :.  ■  '  . 

J^ l^e  Irpgnois  Ibbn  pereenred  t^^^  fituation,  and  ih>« 
nei^Utery^ey  acoDncil  on  the  naeafures  that  were  ne- 
ce^iry  to  be  pnrfttied  to,^xtriciite  thi^mfelves*    Un!uck-''| 
llyyorthemathawhad  which, had  fa 

far  di^dlyed  t^  ice  as  td  reorder  it  impai^le,  and  yet 
therjp  (10  reiniained  fuflScient  to  prdvclhtthem^om  either 
.  paffiiii^  over  ihe  lake  on  rafts*  or  from  f^i%mtng  acrofs. 
In  this  dil^maJt  was  agreed  that  they  fhonld  eadeav« 
or  to  force  one  of  the  breaft  works  ;  but  they  foonfpnnd> 
them  too  well  defended  to  effei^  tfaeh*  parpofe.  .  ; 

Notwithftanding  .^is  dtfappoihtflaent,  with  the  nfual. 
cotnpofnre  and '  ynapprehenfiveneft  of  Indians,  they 
amared^then^elvjes  three  or  four  d|y«  in  fiihin|^  By 
this  time  the  ice  being  quite  dtfloi?ea,  they  made  ihem- 
felves  rafts,  wh&h  they  w^re  enabled  to  do  by  fbme 
trees  that  fortufiftfely  grew  on  (he  fpot  and  attempted 
u  crofs  one  of  the  lakes. 

They  accordingly  fet  otf  bobre  day  b*>eai: ;  hAt  the 
0|tagauinies*  wlto  had  been  watchful  >f  ih^  motions, 
perceiving  their  defign,  detached  oiM^  ktiiidred  sMid  fifty 
men  from  each  of  their  parties,  to  oppofe  their  tending. 


CAItTOI(?ttKAVEI.S: 


19t 


efe  three  hundred  inarched  fo  eipeditioufly  to  tkr 
prade  of  the  lake*  that  they  reached  it  before  their 
jonenu  had  gaiiaed  the  Ihore,  the?  beihg  retarded  kf 
^r  polte  ftickiiig  in  the  mod.  ^         , 

Af  ftk)n  at  the  confederates  arrTred.  they  pdored  m 
libeaVy  Hrt,  both  from  their  hows  and  mufquetry,  on 
l&troqooii,  «^icH  gTWrtly  dtfconcerted  ihem  « tiU  the 
litter  SmBng  th^r  (itoatioi*  deijpirate,  leaped  »otcr  Ae 
Ifftter.  and  mght  their  way  through  ib«  enemiej.  Thls^ 
l^wet^,  they  coold^Hlc)!  do  wt^out  loilng  more  than* 

lidf their oiea.^  ,        .  •  .- 

Ait^  the  Iro^ots  had  laiided*  they  made  good  thetr' 
..^eil,  but  wUre  •bilged  to  l^veiheir^nemiei  maftert 
[of  the  field,  and  in  po&flfiott  of  all  thef  fun  they  hid  ti- 
tten  during  theit  winuSr*«  hun^.  Thw  dearly  dl^they 
my  for  an  unprcJvdked  excurfiou  to  fticb  *  «Nftance 
Ifrom  the  route  they  ou^t  to  have  ptirft«ed,«udto'w^icIi 
li|ey  were  only  int|ielled  by  a  fadd*a  dtefiie  of  f^tttijjg 
i^We  of  tfiiraMetttepwmi«^  ';  ; 
I  Diit  had  they  ko6#n  &or  arentflh,  they  might  haire 
l&ftroyed  every  man  of  Ae  party  ttiat  oppofetf  diew  > 
Uhich  even  at  the  firftonfet  was  only  inconfiderable,  and 

then  di»ii^%J<?^  br^^t^^  ^tally  unable^  make 

[Uny  Bbskd  a^niinift  tlilm.  V 

The  viaoSousbiiirds  rewarded  the  Chipe^iyi,  who 
pd  ten  the  means  ^  their  iucceft,  widi  alhare  otim 
libails.  Ihcypreflfed  them  to  take  any  quantity  tbcf 
[ctofeof  the  ricfca  of  the  furs,  and  feni^m  wnder  an 
tacort  of  fifty  m^,  to  thdr  owh  country,  ihrdilm* 
Ittt^ftid  ChMway«,>sthfe  Irtdiaitsin^g^ 
UiStealed  by  meitwiary  moUves,  for  a  coilfideraMe  timii 
[refi?<ed|heft  prifimis,  but  were  at^ngth-pilrllM^^ 

|ac<:ep|  of  them;    ^  '^       ^  ^       ^ 

T^e  l^ave  aittt  Vrdlcottcerted  ri^flance  her^ 

the  OttMaumier  and  Saukics,  aided  by  thomedJatn 

(tf  &  Chipewayj,  ^m  ^^  a<i^«  on  this  oc^afiiMi  •^ 

[ihimofitythey  hM  folongibdrnethci^lpw^ 

ltd  0^ ^e  generous  condua  of  their  four  chiefs,  m 
ttdier iheWni  oT^tf^to  a^r«<JoncUi|tion  beti 

[3^  nation^  I  and  in  pif<^df  tin»  umted  them  m 

[Afflandsofamttjr*  V    "> 


m 


6\knfi*&  tRAVELs; 


And  I  believe  that  all  the  YA<ildns  inhabiting  that  ex. 
tenfive  cottntryt  «hich  lies  between  Qiiebec>  the  banks 
of  the  Mifl^ippi  north  of  the  OaifcoBfint  and  the  fettle. 
ments  bmiglog  tothe  HudfonS  Bay  Coinpany,  are 
at  preftnc  in  a  ftate  of  profound  peace.  Whentheitj 
reftiefs  difpofitioDs  will  not  fuilfer  them  to  remain  inae- 
tirt,  thefe  northern  liwHans  feldom  coninit  hoftilities 
on  each  other,  but  make  excurfiont  to  the  fouthward, 
againft  the  Cherokees,  ChoAaht,  Cl^ckafkws  or  Illinois. 

Scmetimet  the  Indians  grow  tired  of  a  war  which- 
the^r  have  carried  on  againft  fome  neighboring  nation^ 
for inary  years  without  much'f uccefv,  and  in  this  cafe 
they  feek  for  mediators  to  begin  w.  negOciatioa^  Thefe 
beifigobtahiedt  the  treatyjf  thus  conduced  :  ^ 

A  number  of  their  oWn  chiefs,  joined  by  thofe  viho 
have  accepted^  the  friendly  ofBci.  fet  out  together  fot^ 
th^  country  of  their  enemies  r  futb  ai  ai'e  chofen  for 
this  purpofe,  sire  chiefs  of  the  moft  ^tienlive  abilities, 
and  cf  the  grcateft  integrity  lliey  bear  before  them 
the  pipe  of  peace,  which  I  need  nbt  inform  my  readers 
is  of  the  fame  nature  as  a  flag  of  truce  among  the  Eq. 
tODeans,  and  i»  treated  with  tbegreateft  refpeA  and  ven* 
eratmj  even  by  the  mo  A  barbarous  nations-  I  never. 
^  heard  of^ln^  ipftancQ  wherein  the  bearers  of  this  faored 
badge  of  fr?«rulibip  were  ever  treated  difrefpedfuUy,  or 
hi  rights  violated*  Ihe  Indians  believe  that  the 
Great  Spirit  never  Aiffers  an  infradion  of  this  kind  to. 
go  unpunished. 

The  pipe  of  peace,  which  is  termed  by  the  French 
the  calumet,  for  what  reafoot  could  never  learn,  is  a- 
bout  foui*  feet  long.  The  bowl  of  it  is  made  of  red 
marble,  and  the  (tern  of  it  of  a  light  wood*  curioufly 
painted  with  hieroglyphicki  in  various  cok>rs>  and  a* 
^omed  with  feathers,  of  the  moft  beantirul  birds  4  but 
lie  Is  not  in  mv  power  to  convcv  an  idea  of  the  various 
tints  and  pleating  ornamenu  of  this  miich  efteemed  In* 
dian  imimmept. 

£very  natiqp  has  a  diiRrrent  method  of  decorating 
t'heie  pipet,  and  they  can  teH  at  Irft  fight  to  what  band 
ft  belongs.  It  is  «(ed  ti  an  IntroduAion  to  all  treaties, 
tad  great  ctremooy  ttteodi  di^vft  of  it  on  thefe  occa* 
ion«. 


.■^■■i*- 


CAltVEtt'tTR^^LS: 


H9 


Vbt  afliftant)  or  aiddecamp  of  the  iJTcat  warrior,/ 
luliet)  thd  chiefs  are  aflembled  and  felted,  fills  it  wiUr 
ftobateo  mixed  \^ftfa  th^  herbs  befbrt  mentioned^  taking 
jcareat  tberametink  that  no  part-  of  it  tjc^ches  the 
ground.    When  it  is  filled,  he  takes  a  ccal  that  is  thor- 
[ottghly  kindled,  from  a  fire  that:  is  genially  kept  buri^^- 
iog  iiijhe  nlidft  of  the  aifemblf,  and  i^ac^s  it  ob  the  tp« 
[bacco.  ;•'■  * 

At  fpoi)  as  (c  Is  fuAtiently  lighted,  he  throws  off  the 
He  then  turns  the  ftem  pf^lt  towards  the  h^T— 
Imh  after  this  towards  the  earth,  aiid  now  holding  it 
horiaontallyi  i»otes  himfelf  rouftd  t'tll  he  has  completed  * 
MLcircle ;  by  the  firft  a£lion  he  is  fuppofed  to  prefent  it:: 
to  th«  G^eat  Spitit,  wbofe  aid  is  thereby  fupplieated  i 
by,thefecQnd«  torFVertany  malicious  interpofition  of 
the  evti  fgifiu  t  aad  by  the  third  to  gain  the  protedioitf 
of  the  fpitits  itihabiMng  the  air,  the  earth#  and  the  wa» 
Iters.    Havlttg  thtis  (ecured  the  fator  of  thofe  invifiblr^ 
agents,  in  wHofe  powi^  they  fuppoTe  it  is  dther.to  for« 
[ward  or  obftniA  the  iflue  of  their  prHeni  deliberatronii . 
I  he  prefents  jt  to  the  hereditary  chief,  who  having  taken. 
\  two  or  three  whiffs,  blowf  the  finoke  from  his  m  outfa,(. 
fik-ft;towaidsheaveQ»a»d  then  atound  him  upon  the 
ground 

It  ia  afterwards  put  in  the  fame  manner  into  the-'' 
mouths  of  the  aioAbaffadors  or  Grangers,  who  obfenrt 
the  fame  ceremony,  then  to  the  chief  of  the  warriors* 
and  to  atl  the  othe^  chiefs  tn  turn,  according  to  theh^ 
gradation.  During  this  time  the  perfon  who  ezecncet 
&is  honorabk  office  holds  the  pipe  (lightly  in  his  hand, 
as  if  he  feared  to  pttti  the  facred  inltrument  {  nor  does  . 
any  one  prefume  to  touch  it  but  with  his  Kps. 

When  the  chiefs  who  are  inflruAed  witli  tn^  commif* 
Son  for  making  peace^  app..  oach  the  town  or  camp  to  •> 
^ich  they  are  going,  they  begin  to  fing  and  dance  the 
fongs  and  dances  appropriated  to  this  occafion.  Bv 
this  time  the  adverfe  party,  are  appriied  of  their  arrivair 
and,  avthe  fight  of  th*  pipe  of  peace  divetting  them- 
felres  of^thctf  wonted  «mmity,  invite  them  to  the  habit* 
ation  of  the  great  chiif.  and  futnifli  tkem  twtrj  content 
iMicy  daring  the  ncgocuitioA/ 


h  M 


'•'Ji 


!'  I  If  I 


i\  'J 


"^  A  council  is  then  held ;  and  wlien  die  Q>eechef  and' 
debates  areended^  if  no  obftradiotks  arife  to  piit  a  ftop 
totW  trea^  the  ps^ini^  b|itcliet^it  baried  in  tlw  grouad, 
as  a  mei^plat  that  aU  aninioruies  between  the  contend- 
ing nattotii  have  cei&dt'  and  a  |»eace  taken  place.  A- 
liiong  the  ruder  bands,  (ach  asltaire^no  comoiunication 
with  the  JSor<>peans,  a  waf  clnb*  painted  red  is  buried, 
i^fteadof  tlic[h.itched.  • 

, j^  hclt.  of  wampum*  is  alfo  gi|?n  on  this  occafion, 
which  (erves  as^a  raVificatio»*oftnev|M|ace,  and  records 
to  tbe  late^  po^hj,  by  thie  hierpelyphics  into  which 
tjie  beads  ax^foxm^*  ^^  Aipiulated  art|^  in  the 
treaty.   -•■.;.•."  \''   .,.  ''^^-  ^.■■-■ 

llUle  lielu  are  made  •MheUi^vnd  cm  tht  crafts  of 
New  England  and  Virginia,  which  are  Hiwed  ont  into 
beads  of  an  obloae  fbrm»  about  a  (|aarter  of  an  inch 
long,  and  i««ind  likf  other  beadhi.  Being  Airuhg  on 
l«ft£ar  Uring^^  and  iever4  (tf  iHem  ff  wed  neatly  togeth- 
er wiUi  ^oe  fmewf  threads,  they  tlben  comppfe  what  is 
termiMl  a  belt  of  wan^Koni'         ^    .  . 

l*hc  ifaells  are  generally  of  two^cokiirf,  fhme  white 
and  others  violet  ;l>iic  the  latter  are  more  highly  efteem^ 
ed.^aa  the  letfmtr    Ibe]^  are  held  in  9s  much  eftima- 
tion  by  ^e  Indians,  as  gold;  filver^  or  precioiis  ftones^. 
^are  by  ^e  Europf ans  :  "^ 

'tie  belu  are, compoied  of  tf n:  tiiretVe,  or  a  greater 
number  of  Arjngs,  aecording  to  the  iinporuncc  of  the 
affair  in  agitation,  or  the  dignity  of  the  n?rfon  to  whom 
it  is  preifented.  On  more  trifling  occauuns,  firings  of 
thefe  beads  are  prefented  by  the  chtVs  to  each  other, 
and  freqi;iently  worn  by^'thtm  mbottt  their  ne  tits,  as 
^oablt  ornament  1' 


»>, 


^'-m' 


^ » 


'  -"'''.yj^'  ^""'''  ':!!^lr;pl^^Y'^>''^'.*,rr'^^^'i^:^^ 


thtiVm*^  TILAVEI.S.: 


im 


'^.. 


i> 


'ill 


% 


,S  I  hiifiiliftfQre  obferi^ed,  die  itiiik^ii  fti-e  gt^^f' 
[tddiaifd  to  »m!ng.  ind  will  even  ^k^,  aild  1<^  wttll 
ipordre,aTl  t^e  valuables  they  are  poflbfled  of.     Tbey^ 
iafe  tlieiiiielm  at  ftvttiA  forts  of  games,  but  the  prtn* 
Iclpjil  and  moll  efteeraedattidnj^thdnhthatofthe ball* 
Ivhich  is  not  UaVikc  the  European  gSLVOe  of  teAnit. 
I  The  baits  they  u(«rifeie  ratlierlar|^  than  tHofe  nHtd^ 
\ifk  of  at  teniiis,  sind  aneibrtned  of  a  pjece  <^  deer  ikin  | 
rhich  beiojff'^Oifteoed  to  reader  itfupple,  i»  ftnflbd 
ktd  with  u6  haii^  of  the  fsioie  creature,  and  i^wed:^ 
rith  its  fme^s.    The  ball  ftick«»  are  abocit  thrtefe^ 
|l(»ig»  at  the  end  of  which  there  is  fiked  a  kind  ot^  racket* 
rembltng  the  palm  of  the  ba|!id,  aiul  fafliioned  of' 
Vngs  cut  f^om  a  d«er  ikiii.    In  theft  they  catch^ 
f  ball,  and  thtd«^  it  to  a.  max  di%noe,  if  th'Sf  are- 
lot  prevented  by  fbme  oCthe  oppoiice  party,  #ho  fif 
intercept  it. 

This  game  is  generally  played  by  largi^  cofflpanfefr^ 

bat  fometimes  cOnitft  ol  more  than  three  hundred  $  an^ 

is  not  Unc4»miti0a  fdr  dlffsreiit  bands  to  pky  again^ 

other. 
They  begin^y  fixing  tt^  poles  in  the  ground  at  «• 
out  (ix  hundred yardk  apart«  and  onfr  of  thefe  goalf> 
elong  lo  <Ach  painty  of  the  combatants.    The  ball  it  ■ 
kroivn  up  high^  in  the  ce«^tre  of  the  ground,  and  in  a 
'  '.&  line  between  the  goals  i  towards  which  each  par^- 
endeavors  to  Arike  it,    and  whicRfoever  fide  tirdf 
fes.  U  to  reach  their  own  goal,  reckons  towards  tli*: 

>"»».  .^■     ''.  ■  -V'' 

They  are  fo  etceeJt%  dexteroas  ttt  ihts  man1)r  extf«v 
ffe,  thait  the  ball  is  uiU4)iy  kept  fifing  in  different  dU 
lions  by  the  force  of  the  rackets,  without  touching 
ground  during  the  whole  contention  ;  for  they  are 
ii.  allowed  to  c  uch  it  in  their  handii  They  run  with 
laiing  velocity  in  patfuit  o£  each  other,  «pd  whcA. 


■^■.A 


mmM0mT^A:vBijs^ 


I  ■#• 


%•' 


•ne  ii  <m  the  point  of  hurltng  It  to  zgtm  diftanc»,att  an* 
tagonta  ovttudEei  InmmSbf  flucMeB  Aroke  daihts 
401TO  thetlfl.     ; 

Thtf  pllf  with  fo^ckf ebtmeiice  tlbat  diey  fit. 
quentlj  Wound  eiieh  otker,  and  ibme  tiines  a  bone  it 
broken  {  butnotwitfaftanding  thefe  accidents  theye  nev. 
tTf  appears  to  be  aity  ipite  or  wanton  eiertipnn  to  effeft 
thfyni  iidridoiuif  dtfpiitBi  ever  Jiappen  between. the 
piiurdii!*. 

jTbene »  aao^ier  g^me  alfo  in  n(e  among  them  worthy 
«g  Q^iiark,  9^-  ithis^it  the  f^wm  of  the  bowl  or  platter . 
tnrtgaiiM^  IS  ^yiesd  between  two  pcrfont  only.  Each 
vafyuhMCvijktti^^  nnUke  apeach* 

ftpneflUi^c,iii.Asj?  or  lhi|pe,exoept that  they  are  qnadrao* 
gt|larf|ii^qf  the  fi  black,  and- 

tl^othert  wbittt^t  Tiiefe  they  throw  up  Into  the  ab>  from 
whcnoe  they  ^  Imo^^wlor  platter  placed  ttndemeath> 
•nd  made  to  J)nn  rowMl 

Ae^pidii^jifjheier^ft  pre^t  iKe  wfake  or  blaclf:| 
fi^'upwardt^they  reclcon  the  game  i  be  tl^t  hapjpeni 
to  have  the  grea&dl:tii|i)fa«r'  turn  up  of  a  fimilar  colori 
counnf  fiye  |K)in^  {  Wd  foit^  thvgamk 
^  1  he  winning  party  keejpt  hb  plfcCTr  and '  thle  loilfr  I 
yielda^hit to  another  who  if  appointed  by  one  of  the  um. 
pifct.i  for  a  wHoler  >iUagf  u  femeciinef  concerned  inj 
the  party»  andat  timee  one  hand-pjiiyf  againft  an*] 
'Other.  ■ 

.paring  tht»  play  the  Indians  appear  to  b»  |reattf 
ngitaKed}.  at  every  decifive  throw  they  ^  up^  n  jndeoui  | 
mjrat  •  They  make  a  thouAnd  eontortipns^  addreffingj 
themielres  at  the  fame  tiaw  to  |he  bones*,  and  loadingj 
with  imprecationsi  the'evil  fpirits  ]that  aflU  their  fuccefi* 
f<|l  anU^oni^lv    « 

At  this  game  fome  will  lofe  their  apparrel,  all  the] 
moveables  of  thetr  .cabhis»  and  fbmetimes  even  their  lib>| 
erty.  I,  notwithttanding. there  are  no  people  in  the;  noi.^ 
verie  more  j^iUotti  of  the  Utter  than  thelndiar 
act. 


:^ 


4^m^zm  i*ftAvix& 


,;.-■«' 


*r  ■ 


,  ••1 . 


^^HAH^EIL  Xrt. 


inr  TitfimilAltRtAtf^  CfKBliONIf  9|  &t* 


IJ%      5ii.5 


rery  raiak  iiidiM^^t%»fi^hf^  in  t^^^  pom  'l%t 
faiiefs  in  paitf^WJir  We  a  fenjgli5D>  vhfch  confifts  of  at! 
"temafin  ntuntier.nfntUy  ff 001  fix  ta  twelve  or  fourteen, 
be  lower  raaiEji  slrep^ittitted  to  take  as  many  as  diert 
a  i»obalnUty  of  tteir  bifing  able,  with  the  trUildren 
"ey  mky  bear  td  ma|iutn.  tfc  U  liot-  tmcomiaon  fik- 
iXn«ii*n  to  marry  two  flfttrs  ;  ibm«tt«fte»  il'tee  haj- 
en  to  be  rtore  the  i^ole  number  ;  ttrd  not  ^ithttasd- 
^is  (ag  It  app^rs  to  civittted  nltion«}  uimjilarii 
w*  they  all  iive  in  the  j^reateft  harmony. 
'Ilie  yoongef  wives  are  fdbmrave  to  the  elder  1  and 
loft  who  have  n0  ciiil<^«  db  ftich  inenfal  tofficei  fbfe. 
kiif^who  are  feitiiei  ««  eanfes  their  fituation  to  diflb* 
Ht  Itttle  from^  a  ftate  of  ferTitude.  However  «|hey 
»form  every-iniiinAidn  with  the  greateft  cheerfulnefs^ 
ifapjifti  of  gainrtiir  thereby  the  affeftion  of  their  huT- 
Ms,  thatttey  0  iheir  ttrrns  w«5^  have  the  happi^eff 
rib^iomteg  mothers;  and  be  entitled  to  the  refpea  iC^ 
ndamonthiitAateK  ^  ^ 

H  is  not  ttncommoo  for  «n  Indian,  ahholigh  he  takM 
•  l^tnrdf  fo  niany  tirives,  to  litre  in  a  dat^  ot  continent 
rih  many^i  them  for  fet^niil  years.  8nch  as  are  not  ' 
^foltunate  as  to  gain  ^  fairor  bf  their  hufband,  bt 
'-fi^  ftlbniiffive  and  prudent  behavibK,  ard  by  tbnl 
"H^  (hare  In  Wteiilbl<ic**»  iiScmtfniic  in  their  virgin 
doring  the  whole  of  th*ir  lives,  cx«Vpi  they  happen' 
►be  presented  bf  him  m  fnm»  ftranger ehiefr  whoilii 
ted«  among  them  wfllnot^admit  of  his  entering  intd 
re  la|li%  cimineaioii.  In  thU  frafe  they  ibbmit  to 
iftiiiaion  ^  th^'iroiband  without  Oinnitttriogi 
are  not  difpleafed  10  tli«  temporary  nnioft.  But  % 
tm  time  ft  U  known  <hat  tliey  fake  this  Khtny  widi* 
^'  fm  rt^vHift  hit  eoiOent,  they  are  pnnifttd  ia  lUf 
"  «anMmi  if  tbi;  lud  been  guilty  of  ndolttry; 


1*1 


■*;.. 


161 


ifeA«L*EW  Ti^ArVfti 


■m 


Thif  eviRtim  It  more  prevalent  among  tbe  ^^tn^l 
%hich  lie  in  the  in|pr}Or  ji^rtSy  ifcan  among  thofe  tnat  v«| 
nearer  thie  fettlementt,  as  the  manners  of  the  latter  vi 
rendered  more  coiiforX&a1>le  la  foliie  poin^  U>  thofei 
the  Europeans,  b)  the  intercoiirfe  Uiey  tibld  with  thei 
TbelndiiOi  nations  differ  bat  little  from  each  othc 
^  In  l^ftrmafTiiage  ceremonies,  and  lefs.in  the  manner  ol 
.  Ihifcir  4iyor«et.    The  tribes  that  ii^)>i|  the  b(»rders  oi 
iCMda,  mtyce ufeof  i^ fdlowiiik  emffifu 

when  a  yomiglmiiianbas  fixedhis  inclinations  on  on 
.pC  ilie  other  iex,  be  endeavors  to  gain  her  tonfent,  anil 
.ii*  he  fncceeidsr  it  is  never  known  tfiSLt  her  parents  eve 
.if^raft  their  iinioik  When  eve^  preliminary  is  a greei 
f^il^nd  the  day  a^pomted.  die  friends  and  acc|[uaintance] 
jpf  both  ^uties  anembWat  the  houfe  or  tent  o|  the  old 
ill  n^^flion  oCthe  brid«^ro«Pi  ^h<^re  a  feaft  is  prepar;] 
^  on  the  bc«afioa. 

^IVeompany  mhomeettbaflsft  at  the  ieft|val  ar 
J9ni«|i^  very  hlilmereiis  :  they  dance,,  they  fiug,  and 
^is^fMO  eveiy  other  diveriion  ikinaUy  made  ufe  of 
Ml^fmOi  their  public  rejoicing^*       \.  ' 

When  theife  are  finiflied,  all  thofe  who  attended 
ip^rely  out  ^f  ceremony  depart,  and ,  the  bridegroci 
ud  brid#  are  left  alone  with  thieeor  four  of  the  neaN 
id  imd  oldKk  jelttions  oiF  either  fide ;  thofe  of  the 
tn'idegroom  being  men,  ftnd  thofe  of  t|ie  bride,  womco 
,  Pldently  thto  bride  attended  by  thefe  few  friends 
ii^iftj{[  witbdiiiwaherliiif  for  tht  porpofei  appcnis  ai 
^iie  ot  the  doors  of  the  hobi<l,  and  is  led  tn  tho  bride 
^ro^«  pbo  Qands  teady "to  receive  her.     Having  nov 
^](en  their  fiatioiu  on  a  inat  placed  in  the  centre  of  tli 
>oom>  ihey  lay  hold  of  the  extremities  of  a  wand,  abov 
four  feet  Umg,  by  which  they  continue  Separated,  whilf 
p^  old'  men  pronounce  ibme  (hort;  hatrangQes  fuitabli 
Id  thciocca^a. 

Tie  n^arried  couple  afier  tMs  make  a  publie  declaj 
IfdoQ  of  the  love  and  regard  they  entertain  for  eadi 
#ther,  and  All!  holding  the  tod  between  them^  dam 
and  fing.    When  they  have  finUhed  this  part  of  tl 
mtelBdn^i  they  brenk  the  rod  inta  ie  miiny  pieces 


■■te.'*ii»iV>,i  > 


~i'' 


*AaVER*3  TRAVELS. 


kt 


fie^es  as  ther«  anj  witncffes  prefent,  whQ  ealf 
i^aa#|ii^fvtifwliKi5reat  v     ^ 

TlWbn^e  is  thiC  «e^im<te«ed  ;0^  ^f  tfie  doi^  at 

tod  her  Ci^  W  fiHto^  hottfe  j  there  the  billegrbibfi 
J  obliged  to  feek  her»  and  the  marriagejs  cpnfijiii^te^ 
Piryf &n  tj^  N^  at^h^  father's  hotifeAlU  (he 

WaShiid^wijiii^iy^ksiip  h#^  which  is 

i^ies'her  Wil>atidt^?*|iamt»don^  '     v 

W^lrbmH^  dMlke^%ftWHln  takes*  [llac^ 
Sey  iice  ieldcwj  kh^^n  to  quatrel  ihi^jr  gencrsiUy  giv^ 
tir  fr)4nds  a  few  dayi  notice  at  their  intetitions,  Md 
^^iTiKcs  offer  Wafc*!*  to  jaftiff  their  conduit,  Yhe 
^Itfjeffes  who  w^fe  pr^ifent  at  the  tnarri^ge,  jmeet  on 
1^  4ay  wq^efted,  at  th^/houfe  of  ihe  coipiiple  th^it  are  a* 
iiit  t^  fef&at<f.  ^hm^  wi^  die#  tW  t>?t?ces  of 
<)di?hich  Tirey  ^dlMitfed  aVth^ir  i)tijpd«MhrO«?^iem 

ftto  the  6ti»  lA  tlii^c^i^*^^ 

ThU  4  ^he  whole  of  ife  <*ei^einofi  jr  required,  an^^ 
epdtati&iii^cirried4n  WithOlit  a^jr  murinurings  Or  HI 
ipjll  between  tlie  cotiple  ot  U^ein  i^eiatio^s ;  and  after  a 
ew  mpnth^  they  are  at  liberty  W  marry  again.  :  • 

When  aybarriage  is  thus  diSoived,  the  jshildreiii^hich 
Itve  been  ftiodubedtVom'  it/  '^re'  et(uillf  dt^i<fed  h<*^ 
|#cen  tiieliij  ihd  aWchiRIren  are  ^Uecitted  a  trifafare 
If  the  Iridians|tf  tfie  hoj^fepr  jb^ppcnsto  beodd,  the 
IPi^ian  waUowedto^alceihebfetrci*  half.      ^       ' 

?though  this  cuftoiii  feerosf  to  encourgc  ficWenefe  ahd 

tquent  iepsiraiions,  yet  there  He  tftiny  of  ilje  Ind?atis( 
-iio  fiifehtit  one  wif6,^nd  enjoy  \^\\h  Ux^  ftate  of  ^o|» 
ftttbialhipplnefsiioi  to  he  exceeded  in  more  refined  to- 
fefetie^  Thite  ai^i#  n^^  a  few  inftancw  of  w<^ 
Kefcrtina  an  InrtoraWe  'attathmert Jio their  hisftands, 
Kcept  Ih^  c^t  b^^ntioned;  tv^uch  #^JJ>]E^ 
fcde^das  eiihpr  a  Yi#J«^  ^^il^*'r^J^^«\!5  ^^^^J  #: 
r  Ahhougb  1  have  faid  that  the  Indiah^j^atroni  iifi^ 
Ittj  Ilftiritom  ^ach^Othcrfniht^tr  marriage  cejceroo- 
JieiVth^r^  are  foire  cxceptichs::.  Ihe.NandowcflHM 
tve  a  tinfinlar  method  of  cele^rajihg^  tMr  marnagcj* 
Rich  iceros  Id  bear,  1.0  reTehitjtafSce  to  thofe  mtfde  oTt 


-f- 


•^1* 


r^7?|i!))i5fe!r'^i':>»i^»|<(# 


V-'  >■-■ 


W 


I'      ' 


r 


^  l^it  y^g^ng  men  has^  1^      pn  iyoi^i^g  wotftan  he  i 
fr^^l^^  his  ]^6M  tp  %  p#rtts,  wj 

AiffiM^  ^  coipe  and  lrr«  viw  thcni| 

J^B^  t«  ielmriiiit  ^  a>  Vhoie  year^t^ffi  tSill^ard^ 
;^a,meQUi^^E%    P^  t^0  h^httbts,  9 

brings  all  tiie  gai^e  be  i^lls  ta.  t|j<f  fl0\fi  by  wBij 
■vpeana  the;iatl|er  has  an  opportiitiitj^pf  ^seii^  wheitf 
litis  abki^o^p:p«ici^  %  thf  %p^t;  of  his  daugh^ 
i^d  the  chikireii  that  might  he  me  cipnle^tieh^  or'  tl 
tinfon.  I'hishovevfcr  is,  piily  dpnewfailil  they  are  yot 
.ineni  and  i^  ihtir  foft  Wi%,  ahci  ndt  r6j?ea      iike ' 

r   Vi[h«i|  this  period  if  ici^^m^^  is  iblei 

Jj«diS^|ker  the  cu^ioi^  in  the  foUowl^ 

tnaripjpr :  Ihree  pr  fpnr  qf  the  old^ft  male  gelations 
>^  hfldegrooifti.  arid  as  many  o|^  the  hride>i.4ccom( 

lj||lheyQUOg  cmpleSTota  i%inir4tpeik\v^  iitU,  to 

<^^  l»ft  in  the  ce^lre  of  the  cam^ 

^e  chiefs  and  warriors,  being  here  ffl^mhled  to  < 
;cnve;.themf:4  party  of  Uie  letter  lare  drawn  up  in  tt 
wmofci  <^  eath  ftde  of  the  hin^e  and  hrfdegroom  imir 

„  diately  on,  thieir  arriyal.    Their  principal  chi^f f  then  i 
i||tt$ints  the  whde  a^^  wiui  Uue  defign  of  tl 

..  fneetlng*  aqd  te}is  them  that  th^  couple  beli^re  the 
jQSlitiflnipg  at^hefametiii^ey  their  names,  are  come 

ji^ow  p^^cly  their  intent icias  of  living  tbgether  as ; 
0ad^  vfife^    1^e  ^tn  aiks  the  two  yeting  pf;Qp)e  alt 
palely*  iirhethir  they  defire  that  the  union  might  ta 

^f^^e,  0ann|i[  declar^  with  aiiaudh>k  ypiee  mat  t| 
do  %.the  frarriprs,  fijT  their  arrows,  and  dilfeharge  thsji 

[^j^fixfi^  ^dids  of  thi^  mairr^d |>ait t  ^i^  the  chif 

"^IfNTO^ilif^  thiera.jnan aud  W/»y:  ' \ ' '  ■^.'"!f  '  ' 

^     Jli4  l^rJdi^lH^^    then  tnnproiindrjand  beiidipg 
he^l*  takes  his  ^ife  on  his  hackirln  whlJch  manner 
^arrtes  hf^  ^mid^  the  acclatnations  of  the  fpe^ators  ( 
his  tfiu      i  he  cerefhotiy  it  fucceeded  hy  the  mpft  pld 

jBlulftjaft  the  neV  i«atr^#mancaiiiiffoird<  and  foi" 


t>ii,iy^Silik>i 


■~  ■^■'. 


CAEVER'I  1  kAVt$4 


sor 


tBCfSfjKcor^t&S  to  ^e  ufual  cullom>  conclndtr 

Mpri?;$i  hsiipgcn  fo  fetdom  among  the  Nka4ofreffi2f« 
ani)ad  flat  an  oppohunity  of  learmng  hW  tJiey  atr 

^i&ed  Wiiih  the  gtieateft  i^l^^^^^     Hl^hnftandinthefe: 

J»|^^  off  th^  WoiiEiati 't  note;  9ndiifi^ati(^  ^Afanftr 

Infiies.    I  iji#  an  ty(a[hcewher»IM»  triodt  of  p 

lent  v«^  inffwjifcd,  wbM  1  iemaJned  airiiong  tkfi^u 

^  fchildreh,  irhcti  tils  happens,  are  dtftribuied  accow^^ 

[tb  tbc  ti^nli  ciiiftoiM  dbftfve<iby6tl»r  nation,  idfc^ 

meyajf  e#»<*y  <*^^^^«     ' 
lllibitg  thii  Incdahs  iis^  me}^  as  B^ro^an  natiO:!!,. 

eaitiliaa^  l^at  devote  thei^ekes    t«>'  pteaftlW, 
,  ^twhayuiliJHM^ the'ac^^    p^etihf  "Sbmw  «togU 

writers ^th0  rolgiditir  of  anJhdian  €0fi^{tatl6fi|i^ 
^me  th^  zeal^sVotari^ of  Verijii.  -The y«il%ir|^, 
i»i  (bat  are  thus  dii^f^l.  l^dom  want  oppoiPti|tii^p 
^^atilyh^  th«ir  piffion  J  and#^th*  liMid#  t^Plf^ 
btloWed  da  tb«;ir<ic«^Bons  iii^i»^  fif^tllil»,  I  ihatl^ 

ipionebfidl^  yc^iig  d<^ii*«idiM  imal^iM^^lhMai 
j)^^i^  of  the  pei^ii  b^  his  Chofen  for  his  «lis^» 
1^  thatne  f^il  iM»t  nif^t  with  ady  gi«k  obftmab^^ 
itisfoitfrortisher,  he  |>urfoesth^ 
I|j|^be«i  alre^y  difitrr;^,  %tirt:^t^ 
"1|dfte  hbfttj^ricftpity,;  itor  haW^y*k%'  Weiis  of' 
lihation,  erte|it  m  thejietefiart  ^^ttWw^ 
_  Or  hunting  par^jss ;  th^y  confeqaifntly  live  neaily" 
ta^iit^of  equ^ity,  parAiliRt  tothe  Bfft.  pf2hei|»kfS  <bI^ 
litiii«».    The  iovw  tbirefore  Istjot  appte^ttifiv*  of  im^^ 
bect'^  control  In  the  ^ccomfHtfltt^^nt  d^  hii  pui^ofes, 
^M  oin  ^d#€i9nvement  opportiiimtr  ^r  cOniplediEig^ 

A*  tbe:Indtan3  are  alfo  nndcr  no  appfeheofion  of^r<Sb^- 
rs,  or  i^eret,enemi«Sf  they  leave  the  doors  of  their 
us  4>r  huts  unfaltened  during  the  litghiti  'ki,  w^  as  in^ 
'  r,     Two  or  three  hours  afeier  fin  fct,  the  flUves 
^pcopte^ter  ilie  jlfei  ^  is  gtpwfifally  humlng 


..f.'. 


'^f'^yhiiwt^M 


30$ 


CAfeVEleS  TR.W^ELS. 


in  t^e  4td#  of  fhdr  iipiltBiciilrwhli^^^^^^ft^  and',  rettft.{ 
•  to  tfaeif  lepol^.  -    -Ur  ■  ^^-z -]^.\ .  1  c:-; :, ,  ,„v>v ;\i  y '  -.    • 

of  thefe  font  ol  pleaiure»  wra^|>e(|  op  doielir  lii  hB  blao- 
ket,  to  prevsoafhis  tttbg  b)Oi^»^^^ 
ihe^a^«ui^nae&l^hi»  intended  iniiU^ii^- ;  lija^if  fir(l 

wfakh sfifffers ,^e  j^ui^^  of  «  ai^cbtli^sfV^ 

farthertonfirimttt^ii^^  H>»  cosl^i^  if  nor  ^»greea- 
iuw4#f^ift#%ilM?Hc^^  and, 

roe^^|l%[ri}a4^ifi»:i^j^itell   ^|am>  ,9yiv«»^tt«lciu9,;^ 
he  j^i^lt  y^U^iat  df  t^iH|.     It  i»^id^a^^>o^% 
nvoinrn  wBosdiiiit  their  loms  <m  iheic  occ^fi^ftfc^  >take 
gi«4t  ji»ure»f  ^  m  }miif^9^$!tim$0^iai$m^<^hi^ 

to  prev^  thes^li^s  ol  M  y^#l  lljaori^iiro^lilis^ 

ed'tHF'fih^  ttiaii;^t)flihe,ii^|hi^  ^'^4^  If  •'«  %«ro|ll;*|pbar, 

thait^«i#pf  ^«f^g  »f^^^ 

ibiij^i^  iii1^0b«r^iFl^  niother^ 

for  tb^ir  ^orpprenl  and  apparefit  part*  it  i{itfnori|^^f^^ 
al  ttiat  tbiy  Ihould  be  dtftingui^d  by  the  nanie  df'tht 
latter,  from  whon^  tliey  iodtitnt&bly  derive,  their  |Mi|ng» 
thaiiJI^f  that  of  ithe faUi^r,  to  which  a^ojjbt;  Q|i|;h|jppe*. 
titt^$0i(k  whether  thcfar^juLJ^Ixentitled*.  ,       X 
'l'h#e  arc  fomsr  oerenopniei  ni^de  uCe  9f  by  the.^ 
dians.at  the  impQ&uoa  o^ihe  na49e>^si^it  tsoond^' 
by  them  as  a  matter  of  giteat  imi^rtamce  $  but'^IHilit 
thefe  are  I  could  a^ver  leara^  through  the  fecreff  «V 


■'  ^ 


6AKHts;  tiCh^tf- 


red  oa  the  occafion.    I  onlf ,  know  ihat  it  is  urualiy   / 
^ren^whiBn  the  chilijitii  Jiavt  aiUKl  ^e  age  of  io- 

Nothing  c?n  exded  the  teodern^rs  ihown  by  theni  to 
lit  offspring  f  and  a  perfon  cafin(>il  recommend  him- 
Ttoth^tr  favor  bj^alijr  method  mprecertainy  than  b;;. 
j^ing^me  attention  to  the  yoHhger  hranche*  Qf  4heir 
amil^/   i  caa  impafe;  tt^  foine  tteaCm[*>^  th^  pref* 
t  made  to  th^  children  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Kattdo«  ^ 
iesy  the  ho^able  reception  I  met  Mrh  when  among^^ 

Thiti^  is  fomed^libtftf  4tte6d«  an  explanltioAof  t|i|;; 
iner  in  which  the  Indians  diftingutfh  themiftWes^r 
each  odier;    Befides  the  name  <»  the  animal  b^' 
every  nation  and  tribi!  is  denomtnajfed*  thev^  attt^ 
»rs  that  are  p^tfonal*  aikd  which  the  children(receff6' 

their  motlieri; -J;  ■';■••,■';,. 
Th^  ekidBtaire  atfo  dtftingniOied  by  a  name  that  hs^r 
;fom#  ref(erenee  to  their  abilities,  or  to  the  hiero*  < 
fl^c  of tfaek>  familial  and  ther^ are  acquired lifter' 
^rrire  at  the  age  of  manhood.    i>iich-Sbi  l|a^%^ 
jcd  themfii^lves  either  inr^their  war  or  huntii^  |^- 
f oplMcc  poife^  ^SAmtf  enyneht  qmalifi^itioil,  tc^ 
a  MnBf  diAtlb^  to  perpetuate  thr^ime  oTtfaeie^ 
1%  or  to  inaken^i^f  abilities  confpj^^i^ 
Thiis  the  great  i^arviorbff he  Naiid«»pre0ies  w  i<  nam^t 
'  C^htbogiipililiacaWlhat  is  the  jCrregt  E«t titer  of 
iafc^i r  ottw lieiQi^ m iEogli& iaiOieri  xons!^mgr9^ 
iil<iiAi6ah<a  Cnalte^    AndJI^er  c^iefi^s  failed  Ho^ 
iv^nr  «^ich  mtaMa fwut  vumiing^'o^irrtl&ii^  raoiif^^ 
ins.  ilfnd  wiie»  the^iado^ted^ie  ft  ckv^lafofrng  ^en» 
ley  miiiied  mtf  ^M^i^r^  whi<di?%ilfiei^a  inrtier^  or'' 
p4rtfon  thatl»^o«»  ila  8^k«%h  asr  they^' 

iw me o&cQ  iMniti^«>  ■        '•-.■;■>*.-  ,y  ,_, 


'    '  '       r    ' 


!T  ^  fet^  diflleiiWtasfitain  a  perf^a  lesowledf^  of  the 
f^iotii'pniielplfcs  of  tha  Iitdtiids.  ^  Their  ceremoiii«s| 
ahcl  doA^hes  hftve « 1>«enu  fo  ^ften  ndicokd  by  the! 
Hiit^tf ntj  that  dief  «iuieavpr  xo,  coAccail  them }  anc 
if  after  the  greateft  intisiac^  yott  defire  aay  of  thet 
to  e(a|»1airtto  yott  their  fyftem  of  reUg^oni  to  prevent 
yt>Or;V!cnctilej  ih«y  mtenntr  iRf ith  If  many  of  f  he  tenets 
they  have  tec^lv^  of  the  l^reindt  i^ilibntriest  fa  that  it 
jSi'  at  )aft  tendered  an  unii^teHIgibli  jajrgoii  and  not  to  i 
di'^ded  tipon 

Such  its  1  coald  difcQver  among  the  ^^ooowefliea 
I ^ IfMiy  alib  Vere  very  yeferved  in  i^s  polt^t)  I  (hall 
give  tifiy  readers^  iirithout  pacing  any  jitt«mt<>n  to  th« 
'"'■MzQ^Mj^  of  o|her«*  At  liie  rdig^ofi  of  Uial'  people 
froi§llii»ir  fttnitioit  appieiirs  to  be  totj^tif^nkeratec 
tvPkIt  the  Alp^aitton^  <j«  th#^ditirdi  gf'R^Mnei  we  Oialj 
bcf'ab^  ti>^iaiiifr6ai  their  retrgtouicttftofnt  a  more  perj 
fe^^idila  of  t!i6<irigtfhit  tenets  Mdceremotiii^  of  the  Inj 
dfatis  in  g^toner^  ^^  li'iatii^thdi^^^^a^  itiitkiftt  thaj 

a]pp#6a^d^tteat^'t{rtfiie.&itlam>tts<' '^     '-^^I'-h- 
o  li^  certain  tbff  icknairlet^3<tii^^  ^ 

e^  Giveif'  of  JLtfet  «^hd  prefideir 4>w^^l  things.    TH 
d^}|iewayft  call  thb  belo^  lifim^a,  or  liitcbi  Manitoo 
^4f  Naodovireffiesi  Wakon  or'iSsnga  Waionirthat  isl 
the  (Slrc^Sf if^^  and  the^Mkii^<^  l^iif^«^  fourc/ 
tKf  ^iiii^Mtl  aliil 

^ii^#  itr  k  %ad^tii  0^  #h»dinMriMy  4ilblii»»  |;reat  pov 
er,  and  (tippofe  tliat  though  hit  ^i»e«m  m  the  evi« 
which  befall  mankind  are  infliaed.  Td  him  iherefoH 
d6  they  phiy  ii^  their  di^reiiei;  begging  that  he  would 
either  avert  their  tronbleis»  or  moderate  than  when  thej 
k^e  no  ibnger  avoidable/       -   "■-' '      '      -  1 

lliey  fay  Chat  the  Oreat  Spfrit,  who  is  infidittfly  good! 
neither  wiihet  or  is  able  to  do  any  inifchief  to  mankindj 
bttt  on  the  leontraryi  Ui^ic  lie  (howera  doiira  tm  them 


o^M^f^&xmmi^» 


fikh 


tl|«  t>kffingi  th^  d^ferve  ;.,\vhereas  th9,cvil  fpirit  is  ccb« 
tlm^^^mp'^oy&iijmconmvlj^^  pualQj  the. 

h0toan>ra/Q^  \  aiid  tp||p  wMch  be  i^  ^oc.opl/  ^pffeff^id  oL 

Tliey  bold  a]^^9t there  lire  goQU^Q;ii-!ts  qf  a  leffer^ 
d|g^»  wliohsure  t%ir>f  ar%^Ur  wk'ieh . 


ifw,.^,ilW»|^^^4^       of i^ipmop  pgtiitttde J . 

lid  ItlEevi^lKf  i;h^Jte^vl»?rds.$Je^^ 
mSiqpf^  llil^l^eed  tl^  irert  ofe.  th^ljr  fre^a*  w  Tmbc  or , 
rin^ai4ri;y.    To  all  of  there  thejr.  j^r  fow^^  liuad  of  a0. 
orJ#M|f,  jT)»ws  Tjrti^ail^^ar^ 

^i^a^ibo^jf;  of  wate^.  ibejr  pjc^nt^to,  t&  Spjrivw^^ 
Hd^lb^teiome  tw4.;jP^  ofefiiig,  a^«  the^^rin^e  ^thc; 
l^iai^gpesd^^w  K^tt^hjU me  to  the fi^itf  of.; 

t^tjk^thf  fillip  .time  .1  ianc3r  tbJit  tl^  idea§  they  riik. 
oei^lO jy|ie^,si^oiiclI|^  dififereiu,  Iroin  |^  jcon^ 

ceplj^^ii  iniK^eeaUg|^t|iie 

app«4^tq[  l^a  W  cb^d||y^^nt«;i(^^ 

of  tpeir  go4t|  afti  M'^-^  them^(oi>eof  a  huoiiin  Fora^iv 
te»f ^  of  «|Hitji|ff,mo|»  !^*celleftithai»  mvk^      .    ,  / 

•  Of  thitowfr  J^  |?^g  ^-^ 

i«r|iy-  ;pi^  ckM^jt  no^.  jiut  tbe|  .ffia^  ^i^^  m  '{njine 
futvli*  fli*i»  ^«^«J|,b^w«ve^*^^cy  that  tM^r.jipc^\6jmf?tkii 
th%,>i^ jMS.T»^ilar  to  tfepfftSi^y  ^f«  enra^j|  ln|#re, 
wilbout  tbf  tu>or  aad  4|£i«^Uie)E  aaneie  jT  to  tbeo; .  ja. 
tbUC||cn94>?|.their  exilkence.      ,   .     :., 

'ri*b  c^  to  be,nan(l^d\^  a^ 

Iigbt|H^c<pit^^  a  Vleaj: 

i]^9»^ Jiuii  fiKd  ^nipy:  a  perp^tiial  fpnng ;  wjisre 
the  tire^  wifl  »b0%id  *|.*Uh  garni,  and  t6«  *aHes  with 
ii%^^bicbi  Aiighf  hi  i^ken .  wjtho^it  a  painfiil  e  xertio^  of 

uve  fpiwir  mregioiwjof  plentyi  jyia.  eajoy  every jjritti* 
fi^tip^  jhey^   jdelig^t  ,  iJV  fen?,   U  a  greater  d#- 

W  iotelk^liud  jtleaft^s  thejr  art  ftraog^rf ;  Qor  are 


^w.-^ 


■i* 


:„  i..i 


mm. 


thefe   irictiitfed  to  Ufeir  0itme  of    kp^iiiefs.    Buf 

pM-Eioned  Md  diftraieteil  aca^lng  to  tbw  merit ;  the 
(kilful  faanter,  the  Md  wd  Itttqeftftil  w»rior»  -wil)  be 
entitled'  to  a  g^ter  fii#t  t3*iuif  t^ofe^  i^ 
ttttffiieii(»  or  w&t  bf  ifiitai  e«^         of  my  ftipefiority 

TiirteHliftt  of  tin  iil^flfi  m^d  «  at  the  fame,  time 
theijr  p&f6cijim,  awd^^  tl»y  Heal 

their  wwndt  or  cpri^^w-dwiaflN^^^Aiey^^i^ 
dreapis,  gite  then*  the  pro^^aiy^charii^   aiid  fatisfy 
th^  d^l^i^  wb»i^«illb  pTe^alem  a^ong  tHem  of  feairch* 

irtmiiiWjrAmuity. 

Ipo^weHll^MiiKiil^tli^lalter^^^^^^^^^  of  their  pro.- 
fe£oaiit<ei|gagei«pi^^  and  the meHiOf^ thejrinake  afe 
ol^Qti  (bine  ot  tib<^e  oecafiontf  I  have  already  (hewn 
id'tbeMertioniQf  the  prieftof  £ilbftmoet,who'^i  for^ 
tiinate  enoagh  to  fneceed  in  his  eixraor^ary  attempt 
near  Lal^^  Siipeifior.  They  fre^aeotlf  are  fiieeefiiful, 
llke#iA|iii  admttiiiRiRinft  the  ialubrioi^l^erbs  thfy  lUme 
a(i(|t|ii^  a  knowledge  of;  hat  that  the  ceremomei  they 
male  life  W  dtsrlng  the  admhtiftrattoiiK'of  them  contri  b. 
in^i  to  Mr  im^tUt  I  Ml  not  take .  upm  me  to  af<^ 
iftrt.  .-:.^;' ■■  ■■       '  •Vv.-'^-^  •     ■'"  'y^r'  •'      ' 

When  anjr  of  the  peopH  amfriUi*  thif^  pvifbii  who  it - 
invefttfci  with  thU  trippW  cbarader  of  doAor  prieft  and 
magiieiaii^  Oii  by  thfc  patient  day  and  night,  rattling  i  n" 
bis  tan  a  goad  ihel^  fitted  with  di7  beans/ealled  a  Chi- 
diiciwe  and  malUng  a  difagreeable  nolfb  that  ti 
Well  defcribed. 
This  uocomh  harmonj  one  would  knaginer 

diAuib  the  fick  peribo  and  prevetitthv  good  ei. 

die  doAo^^s  pre&rij^tion  }  bntpn  the  contrary  they  be* 
Beve  that  the  method  made  ule  of,  eontHbutes  ta  hh  re . 
eoYery#  by  diTerting  from  his  niidigiiant  purpofes  the  e- 
▼il  fpirit  who  has  iHfliAed  the  diforder  {  or  at  leaft  that 
it  will  take  off  hit  attention,  £p  timt  her  fliaH  not  increaff ' 
the  malady.  This  they  are  crediilons  enough  to  ima- 
gine he  is  conftantly  on  thfrwateh  to<^iaAa  woald^ar- 
ry  his  inycttracy  toafrttallii^th  if  they  did  ^Ot  thai 
charm  l^im.  ^ 


c  AitiffeR*i  fR/ivitifc 


2ir 


deoid,  oa  I^r«p|^^ll^«ci6  of ;  1^^     iih»qa  >  thief  dancr* 
and; Inif'  $' "MPit  it  liot  €vi4«ftt  th«t  th«f  (lay^that  plativ- 
[ce^Kl^wilii^^  t'k^f^ft^m tckrejoice  «  the  ire- 
]tM#%kiiiMkiaiy  ti»»tm.4^^  che«iful,  and;) 

^whllflt  lii^efs  lor«  ;^gii( '  ih^m  oft  thtit  way  when  thej" 

'    l!kfti^tiiaft»4iii^^^l^  Aikwr  l«ftr  si0ened  thftt  Ute  Tia. 
|jtiaiil>il^o^Whditt  i«  nt^iKki^  i^yg^f^*  Mi^tli  very  Htclc 

[owir  l^tvtildiievtt^dKibbv^r'  among  tlioCif  tribes  that  (is 
Uni  %^ft#^^^|^|^i^t0«M  IM  traces  (^ 

l^rJ^Wiflii^rel^8»iice)it  it  be  admtttdtf^thkt  one  jp^n 
liic«k^'#(^86^/«l4l\dto  ai)^^  tribes, 

hmfr  \M*  i^tHtm  pmiiMcktit  to  ^aMTffli  this  ai&t. 

:^  'i^^ti  *  aii<i  IVeiich  -  mlillotikriet  hare  ali<>  tire* . 
indedt^t the. Italians  had>  y0hittt<th6f  fif(if  titled 
Btd'^minic^i/binfc  9^i<ms,  dibaglvth^r^  wei^ds^l  ind 
9Mifyd,6(ih9  chf lai^ '^ inftimieh  ^  |hat  th«y  ha^' 

ffea%agJ«aled at  the ifight  bfVi%!?oi^;|ittcr  given 
jr/i^h^tmpre0i«Mi»ma<ie^-^ft  them»  that^^u^^    were 

te^rHy'^^ac<liMiflted^idl  th^  faered  Oji^fleries  of 

Bmmtr   f*«d^not  ia(y4hil*ihitfe.ai«  to«i:gkii^^  ' 
biurditws  to  be  cteditedi  and  could  only  riedtive  theS 
itilftnce  from  thtt  zeal  of  thofe  fathers,  who  endeavoiw . 

1  at  once  to  give  the  pubiic  ^  better  opinion  of  the- 
becefs  of  cheir  miflbns  andito^add  I'upport  to  theciuA  ■ 
hey  were  engaged  in. 

Vhe  Indians  appear  to  be  in  th%ifre!tgioos' principles, , 
ode  and   uninftruAed*     The  doAiines  they  hold  a^ 
^vr  and  Qmple,  and" fuelfas  have  beeageoeraiiy  impref- 

'  oathe  human  mind,  by  Tome  mean«  or  other^  in  the  - 

i(l.ignoran|«ag«3     'i'hey  however  have  not  deviated 

iMfty  •ito-'nii\c»viHBai:iMti< 


^Biti^tand  too  many  citilizedo 
have  donetinto  IdoSairotts  modes  ot  worfliip  i  thev 
^oerafe' indeed '^%rid'm4b4r*bllertags  to^hc  wonderful 
of  creation,  as  1  have  beiore  eb&tvcd'r  bat  wheth* 
\thm  rtt4;s  ar<»  performed  Od  account  of  the  impreflioa 
ch  etcisiordinary    appearaocta  make  on  them,  or. 


iP 


• 


If 

ill 


IP  '  I! 


I  Mi 


I  (I 


u 


*   .1 


I'    ;l 


f 


•  !  i: 


i 


h.. 


w 


mi 


cikVER'aTKAliriiii 


Che  «iAi^l)&ce^  of  Y«04encc  qi^rin)  mii^^M^^^^^ 
Tbt^nin^n^miQci  in  its  uaculti^aied  Out*  if^sipt  t^  ai; 

eari^fititaHi^  thvnderrait^  hurrU^iietic  ta  t)i«  JQtfi^rt- 
ttortclnnifenbeings  i;  theiroiiblet  «^d4if»ftert  4Co  that 
are  anoezed  to  a  iavage  ti^tlie^cipir«liei>^»s  atteiulant 
OD  M.  ptitAmVii  fnWlteiMc^i  ^d  ibofe  n\ua»|s^]ei]i  incon. 
▼enkiii^i  Irhichimaa  m^A  JmprQVtd  A|»^  ^has  £pund 
meant  to  retile^  atife  rup^<^«d  to  F««*^  ^^  ^ 
mterp«>ritlDn  xf  evit  fpirii*  f  tbe  favage  ^onft<iucntllr 
U?es  in  eiDntinual  apprebenliQlis  of  their  uaktnd^atta^Ks, 
and^li»  avert  them  haft  cecourro  to:fharin%  to  tl^e/an. 
taRte  cerettonief  of  Khf  rieft^  or  Ui»  <#o«trfm»ftjl«oee 
of  hit  Manitdoi.  Sear  hii  Ol  tmm  A  pn^  ihare: 
in  bis  devotions  than  gratitude*  and  he  pays  tnore  atteo^ 
tion  10  dfttf^ceeatingthe^i^of  die  evil  than  to^fccnricg 
the  fa4iir  of  the  good  beingt^ 

The  liaaiaiis,  how«v^»  entertain  th^fe-  ahHirditief  m 
coiMBon  li^th  theft  of  every  part  of  the  ^^obe  yho> 
hate  not  yet  been  jUumtQated  hy  that  reUgioo,  which, 
only  can  difperft  the  cloudt  of .  f9perftitioo  and  igno. 
rancc,  and  tliey  me  as  free  from  error  at  a  people  eta*. 
be  that  hN.  not,  been/inmeii  witliiti  Uiftroditi: 


CHAPTER  Xm 

■•*.,-■■■  ' ..., 

ov  T.Miia  MttAsitB.&e* 

1  Hit  Indilms  in'genewd  are  healthy»  ilmd  £iX%]t^ 
bat  to  ftw  dtfeafet,  many  of  tbofe  ibat  aflia  civilized 
natinnt,  and  ate  the  immediate  oimfequencot  of  IwujT 
or  Ilutbi  beSflgnot  known  among  dhem  \  nowevor,  the 
hardfhipt  and  fatigues  which  (hey  endure  in  hunung 
or  war,  the  inctemency  of  the  fcafont  to  which  thtj  »xt 


tikll^tlt'S  ^TltAS^ELS. 


m 


itteodant 

^^  the 


A  attacks, 

g^  (bare: 
aore  atteii^ 


^rdltie»  in 
,be  vbo> 
100,  1fV»cb. 
and  tg'^o* 
pevple  can 


Sad  iii^}*^ 

pf  ln;iury 

in  hunting 
klch  thfX  we 


^ite^llftmf  ^>P9M^  itttb  above  ail;  t&e  extrqn^,«|.luin- 
fir^%(^^Riail#ybofti^i^  excur^oas  cobie. 

^  ^jUM^Mft^^^  of  impittrtng  the 

tonftitutiba^iiid  htmpn^mn  diborden, . 

#k|ns  ai«d  weakneflla  in  i^e  ftokiiach  Suikfi  breail  artf 
IflliviimM  tb§  rcfolrbf  thett^  tonefaftmgvaod 
•tiitt^iof  thif  ejQ^fltve  faitigtte  ai3  violent  exer^iies  the^ 
•k|»if«1ihttttfdir«s  to  firoo)  thohr  tnf^noj,  bejfore/thex^ 
^  liaWltifficieAt  ft  rengtiv  to  iuppovt  tKeoi .  ^ut  tb^  dif- 
•  )Dr4ifir4b>wbic]b  theif  srt  moft  Mjed^is  Uiekpifikri^; 
Ib^  the  removal  of  whicb,  feh^jr, apply  tbeti^  grmd  irfine* 
ii^  and  prefervattjftt  iigainft  the  genscilily^  tbeiis^om* 
/^tntl ,  fweating.  , 

Wt :  '^hc  ODslnhet  jn  wbich'th^y  conftruiS  tbeir  ftoveji  fof 

itbif  pttrpofa  i&  as  follows  t  Tbey  fix  ieveral  fmall  poles 

i  in  tl«e  ground,  the  tops  of  which  they  twKi  tufgeth^  fd 

;ii>to  forma  rotunda ;  this  frateie  tbey  cover  withiikins 

0  4>r  blankets  $  and  tbey  lay  tbeili  onjwitb  for  miieb  nice- 

tf » that  die  air  is  Icept  from  entoriog  uliroilgb  aay^Qr^v- 

»;ibe;  a  fmall  fpace  beiug  only  left,  JaA  faffictcni^M|:cv^p 

^^n'at;  which  is  immediately  after  clofed*     In  the  mid* 

die  of  the  cOnBned  bailding  they  place  red  hot  ftones, 

on  which  they  pour  water  till  a  deam  arifes  tbat  ^o» 

duces  a  great  degree  of  heat.  ,    ;  ' 

Tbi^  catifb^  ^n  inftantaneovts  pet  Citation  which  tb^ 
IncreSii^  as  the^rpleafe.  Having  continued  in  it  £of 
fome  ttme«itbey  immediately  baften  to  the  ncarcA  ftreani 
abd  plufigti  into  liie  water  ;  and  after  badiitig  thereirt 
for  about  half  a  minute,  thjey  put  on  their  clotheii  fit 
down  and  fmoak '  with  great  compofiire,  thorotiffhlf 
purfuadrd  that  the  remedy  will  pvo^e  eilcacious*  ijicy 
often  make  ufe  of  , this  fudoriferous  method  to  refrelb 
them(blves»  or  to^  prepare  their  mind^  for  tbemanagC'' 
ment  of  any  buHnefs  that  re^ui^es  «mcommnn  (kii6era« 
tion  and  fagacily. 

They  lire  like  wife  affllded  with  the  dropfy  and  para- 
lytic complaints,  whichi  bo\v€vcr»  are  bat  veryvieidotn 
Inown  among  ihem.  * 

As  a  remedy  for  thefo  as  well  af  for  fevers  ibey  mali# 
tile  of  lotions  an  J  decoAions,  compofed  of  berbs»  winch 
tbe  ph)  ficiani  know  perfeAly  wtM  how  to  loaipeund 


S' 


tl  '1\\ 


ice 


cmfmg^ 


p,  ^ik40i^]k  0Qtt|eyiiefte!rttrttftt<x«i^fe^ 

%^i9(HJyii^Uhoit  wilii^  l^cTf  |«itteal^iliriM^       dunk 

:  >  %6  e)[tra#  by  tbet^,  I  withotit  MlkiBV^litt^  or 

\  /tof  dt|i«r  io^t  of  Ibaitet  ^^  ilidlj^^  tfrit  t^ri^^ 

^  lOt^ttret.  t)f  th»  jiijd  theyiiiv  eaciretnely  ^tcij^f^Ms^  arid 

.  tcpiletft  theai  in  much  leif^  time  .tkati  Miglit  be  eipe^l. 

• '  >eii'fif<eiD  ^r, |n(>^ 'of  |>roc^e<iir(^'  ^     ■%■■■-■:■■'.-. 

.     Wi^h  ifie  jQ^ofiL  inak^r  j^hicKUi^teptiies  annn> 

ally ^ed»  they  Will^^tibextrad^  It  is  amaz- 

^      :  to  iee  tbe  faddffn  efficacy;  (dfiftliu  application,  nctv? ith* 

4sinding  ihete  does  not' aj^^ar  to  ht  the  leaft  tnoiiiur<f 

V .  Ut :lia» iprg  been  a  fu^e^  of  dirpttte, on  what  conti. 

-  Mnt  1^  vra^r^i  ^driGa&;B^     received    its  dfftru^ive 

'pQwitr;;^J0r>|^4^e|id^^  toiiave  ori- 

.gtraiMfal m  JliB;^ric^  i>nt  the  literary  con^ft  Aill  remains 

ttfidecided  ;  tp^ive  f<Me  eiucid^ttbn  to  it  I  AiaU  rttnaik, 

.floras  i  coald^Dot.^ifcoTer  tW  ieaH  traces  among  the 

'>li[aQ^!vei&cs,with  vhom  I  refid^d  fo  lrh|t'aniS  wa»  al/b 

Informed  tti^i  it  w^  yet.iin)t»<^fi.moi3g  die  fnore  weft- 

i^n:i&aiioni«'  tt||iii|tJ  »af  :Y?nrtud  to .proi^oiince  that 

7it  Jiad  not  its  origin  ii  t^otth  Amernf«,  '  lltefe  Datiofis 

r  Ibatj  have  any  €omBiiiQic»tion  friifa  the  Europeans,  or 

tlie  fonthern  tribes,  are  greatly  affii^ed  With  it ;  but 

3!tbc7  haveall  of  them  acc^iiired  a  kooivlcdgr  df  fudi 

'  jdnrlain  Mi'J  expeditious  remedies,  that  the  crmmuoica* 

•  lion  ir notattended  w tih  any  dangeroos  c^r k quences. 

Soon  after  I  ih  out  on  ttj  trairvlti  ohe  of  the  tradieh 

%horo  1  accompanied ,  complained  of  a  violent  gonorr- 

hcsa,  with  all  its  alarmsng  ijf,tApton§ :  this  tncreafed  to 

fach  a  degree,  that  by  the  time  we  had^  reached  the 

tewniof  £»  Winnebagoet,  h(^  was  nnablc  ro  travel; 

Having  madchis  ccmplaint  Ictipwn  to  one  of  the  chiefs 

of  diat  tribe,  he  told  him  not  to  be  uneafy,  for  he  vrould 

engage  that  by  the  ibllowin^  hit  adviccn  he  (honld  be  a* 

ble  in  a  frw  days  tO'  p^rfue  hfi  jovrtiey,  and  in  a  littlf 

loDg^miimeiyeeiititfely  free  froin  hii  diforder. 


eARVi;R's  T^j^yMS, 


'i'ilt^ 


217 


The  chief  had  no  fooner  iaid  this  than  he  prepared 
Ifor  htm  a  decodioa  of  the  bark  of  the  roots  of  the  priek- 
|)y  alh,  k  tree  fcarcely,  known  in  England,  but  which 

Sows  in  great  plenty  throughout  North  America;  bjr 
e  ufe  of  which,  in  a  few  days  he  was  greatly  recpTer- 
led,  and  having  received  direflions  how  to  prepare  it,  in 
U  fortnight  after  his  departure  froni  this  place,  perceiv 
[ed  thathe  was  radically  cured. 

Kfroki  eicefljlve  exercife,  or  the  extremes  of  heat  or 
[cold,  they  are  effe^ed^with  pains  in  their  limbs  or  joints, 
they  fcarify  the  parts  affe^ed.  Thofe  nations  wlio  haye 
jno  commerce  with  Europeans  do  this  with  a  (harp  flint; 
land  it  is  furprifmg  to  fee,  to  how  fin^  a  point  they  have 
|th6  dexterity  to  bring  them  ;  a  lancet  can  fcarc^ly  ex* 
ceed  in  iharpnefs  the  inRrumcnts  they  make  of  this  UQ«t 
Imklleable  fubftance. 

They  never  can  be  convinced  a^petfon  is  ill,  whiljl 
[he  has  an  appetite ;  but  when  he  reje^s  jM  kinds  or 
iD&ttrintmeAt,  they  conCider  the  difeafe  as  dangerous,  and 
bay  great  attention  to  it  |  and  during  the  conticuancr 
[of  the  diforder,  the  phyfician  refufes  his  patient  no  fort 
[offood  that  he  is  defirpus  of.  '\ 

Their  dolors  are  not  only  fuppofed  to  be  (killed  in 

\ht  phyfical  treatment  of  difeafes,  but  the  common  peo- 

ble  believe  that  by  the  ceremony  of  the  Chichicoue  uf* 

|o4Uy  m^de  ufe  of,  as  before  idefcribed,  they  are  abkMo 

^ain  intelligence  from  the  fpirits,  of  the  caufe   atme 

Icpinplaints  with  which  they  are  a(Ei(fted,  and  aie  there* 

Iby  the  better  enabled  to  6nd  remedies  for  them,     i'hey 

Idfcoyer  fomething  fup);rnatural  m  all  their  difcafes,  and  ' 

pe  phyfic  adminiltcred  mull  invariably  be  aided  byi 

Wfe  fuperftitions 

Sometimes  a  Tick  perfon  fancies  that  his  diforder  a* 
tifesfVom  witchcraft  ;  in  this  cafe  the  phyfician  orjuj^- 
{It^r  is  confuUed,  who.  after  the  ufual  preparations,  givei 
ills  opinion  an  the  ftate^^of  the  difciife,  and  frequently 
Snds  foroe  means  for  his  cure,  Dut  notwithftanding 
|the  Indian  phyficians  always  annex  thefe  fuixsrilitious 
7remonies  to  their  prefcriptions,  it  is  very  ccrt;<in,  as  I 
have  already  obfeivcd,  that  they  exercife  their  art  by 

T  . 


U't.m 


M  m 


it%^ 


rARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


prmclplies  which  are  founded  on  the  knewledgeof  fim* 
plei,  and  bn'the  espetience,  which  they  acqaiie  by  ao 
indefatigable  attention  to  their  operations. 

TheioUowing  ftory,  which  I  received  froni  aperfoQ 
of  undoubted  crcflit^proTes  tliat  the  Indians  are  not  only 
able  to  reafon  with  great  acutends  on  the  caufes  and 
fymptons  of  many  of  the  difor^ers  which  are  attendant 
en  httinan  nature,  but  to  apply  with  e^ual  judgment 
4>roper  remetdiei. 

In  Pen«bfcot  a  fettlement  in  the  province  of  Maine, 
in  tht  northeaft  parts  of  New^  England,  the  wife  cf  a 
foldier  was  taken  in  labor,  and  notwithftanding  every 
necefiary  afliftance  wa»  given  her,  could  not  be  deliver* 
cd.  la  this  fituation  (he  remained  for  twb  or  three  days, 
the  perfons  round  her  eipe^ing  the  nest  pang  would 
put  an  end  to  her  exiftence. 

An  Indian  woman,  who  accidentally  pafTed  by,  heard 
llie  groans  of  the  unhappy  fuffeier,  and  enquired  from 
whence  they  proceeded.  Being  made  acquainted  with 
the  defperatecircum A anee  attending  the  cafe,  (he  told 
the  informant,  that  if  Hie  might  be  permitted  to  fee  the 
perfon,  (he  did  i^>t  doubt  but  that  (he  (hould  be  of  great 
Service  to  her. 

I^he  furgeon  that  had  attended,  and  the  midwife,  wht 
was^en.  prefent,  having  given  up  every  hope  of  pre- 
fervi|p  their  patient,  the  Indian  won^an  was  allowed  to 
make  tife  of  any  methods  (be  thought  proper  She  ac«. 
cordingly  took  a  handkerchief,  ^nd  bound  it  tight  over 
the  tiofe  and  mouth  of  the  woman  t  this  immediately 
j)roi\{;ht  en  a  fuffocation  ;  and  from  the^flruggles  that 
iconftquemly  eafued,  (he  was  in  few  feconds  delivered. 
T)ic  mcmert.  this  was  atchicved,  and  time  enough  to 
prevent  any  f<italcffcdt,  the  hardklrchief  was  taken  rff. 
i'l  c  Icrg  fi  fiering  patient  ihiis  lispiJy  relieved  frcm  her 
yrr.St  ft.cn  af^ei  retfef^ly  recovered,  to  the  a(ioni(l»mert 
<  f  all  thofe  vho  had  hem  witniiTcs  to  h^r  defpeiate  fit* 
luitlcn. 

'J'l  e  rcafon  given  by  the  Irdian  for  thi»  hazardcus 
r.:c*h(d  of  procccdirg  wa$,  that  dcfrcra'e  difcrders  rc» 
^yn  f!   Uelffr^ate  remewtet;  that  as  &e  olfiTved  the  ec* 


'  -    CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


2ia 


•rtions  of  nature  were  not  fufficiently  forcible  to  effeA 
die  defired  confequence,  (he  ^ou?ht  it  neceitary  to  aug- 
ment their  force,  which  could  only  be  done  by  fome- 
mode  that  was  Tiolent  in  the  e%u  em*. . 


CHAPrERXV. 

«r  TNI  MANMIR  tN  WHtCM   f HttV    tKf.kt  THttH  fit'kffi 


An 


K  Indian  meets  death  when  it  approaches  him  fir 
fiishut*  with  the  fame  refolution  he  has  ofien  faced  him- 
in  the  field.^  His  indifference  relative  to  this  jmporunt 
kfticlei  which  is  tlie  fource  of  fo  many  apprehenHons  to 
almoft  every  other  nation,  is  truely  admirable.  Wheii 
bis  face  is  pronounced  by'thc!  phyfician,  and  it  remains' 
no  longer  uncertain,  he 'harangues  tbofe  about  him  widi 
the  greateit  compofure. 

,  If  he  is  a  chief  and  has  v£imily,  he  makes  a  kind' of 
funeral  oration. which  he  concludes  by  giving  to  his  chiU 
dien  fnch  advice  ifor  the  regulation  of  their  conduA  as 
he  thinks  neceffary.  He  then  takes  leave  of  his  friendS|> 
and  i/fues  out  orders  for  the  prep;iration  of  a  feaft, 
which  is  defigned  to  r6g<ile  thofe  of  his  tribe  that  come 
lb  pr(M[)iOunce  his  ulogium. 

After  the  breath  is  departed)  the  body  is  drefled  in 
tlie  fanie- attire  it  ufually  wore  whilft  livings  his  face  is 
painted,  and  He  ieaced  in  an  ere^  poQure  on  a  mat,  or 
(kin,  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  hutj,  with  his  weapons 
by  his  fide.  His  rtiiitions  being  feated  round,  each  har* 
angues  in  turn  the  deceafed  $  and  if  he  has  been  a  great- 
warrior,  recounts  his  heroic  anions  nearly  to  the  foU 
^- '"  iig  purport,  which  in  the  Indian  language  is  ex» 


iOV' 


tiemely  poetical  and  pleaGng: 

**  You  (liil  (it  among  tts,  Brother,  your  perfon  retaihs* 
,its  u(^tal  refemblancet  and  continues  fimilar  to  ours, 
without  any  vilible  deficiency,  except  that  is  has  lo(l  the 
potifer  of  a<flicn.    But  whither  is  that  breath  flown,, 


i:  !l 


920 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


i< 


Whicili  vl  few  hours  ago  feilt  upT.noke  to  the  great  Spfr. 
it  i  Wh;f  are  thofe  lips  Rlcnt,  that  lately  deliyered  to  u% 
eirprelfj^e  arul  plealing  language  ?  why  are  ihofe  feet 
motionlefs,  thai  a  (hort  time  ago  were  fleeter  than  the 
deer  on  yonder  ittountains  ?  why  tifelefs  hang  thofe  arm» 
that  could  cWrjab  the  talle(l  tree,  or  draw  the  tougkell 
bow  ?  Alas  !  every  part  of  that  frame  which  we  lately 
beheld  with  admiration  and  wonder,  is  now  become  as 
inanimate  ai  it  was  three  hundred  winters  ago.     We 
will  no:,  hpwever,  bemoan  thee  as  if  thou  wall  forever 
lol'l  to  us,  or  that  thy  name  would  be  buried  in  obliv- 
ion ;  thy  foul  yet  lives  in  the  great  countri"  of  fptrits, 
with  thofe  of  thy  nation  that  are  gone  before  thee  ;  and 
though  we  are  left  behind  to  perpetuate  thy  fame,  we 
fliall  one  da^^join  tliee.     Aftuated  by  the  refpe^  we 
bore  thpe  sihilft  living,  we  now  come  to  tender  to  thej 
the  laft  afl  of  kindnefii  it  i*  in  our  power  to  beilow  ;  that 
thy  body  might  not  lie  neglected  mn  the  plain,  and  be* 
come  a  pra^-^to  the  beaflts  of  the  fit»ld,  or  the  fowls  nf 
the  air,  "We  will  take  care  to  lay  ^t  with  thofe  of  thy  p:e« 
deceifors  who  are  gone  before  thee  ;  hoping  at  the  fame 
ti^ne,  that  thy.fpirit  will  feed  with  their  fpirits,  and  be 
ready  to  ret^eive  ours^  when  wl  alfo  ihall  «rrlv£^  9t  the 
great  country  of  fouls." 

laihort  fpeeches  fomewhat  |imilar  to  this  does  every 
chief  fpea)c  thie  praifes  of  his  departed  friend.  When 
they  have  fo  done*  if  they  happen  to  be  a  great  di(lkance 
from  the  place  of  interment,  appropria,ted  to  their  tribe, 
and  the  perfon  dies  during  the  winter  feafon,  they  wrap 
tiie  body  in  (kins,  and  lay  it  on  a  high  (iage  buik  for 
this  purpofe,  or  on  the  branches  of  a  large  tree,  till  the 
fpring  ar  rives.  '1  hey  the  n,  after  the  manner  dc- 
fcribed  in  myjouirnaU'carry  it,  tog^her  with  all  thofe 
belonging  to  the  fame  nation,  to  the  general  burial  place, 
where  it  is  interred  with  fome  other  ceremonies  that  t' 
eould  not  difcover. 

When  the  Naudoweffies  brought  their  dead  for  inter- 
ment to~the  great  cave,  I  attempted  to  get  an  infight 
int6the  remaining  burisd  rites  i  but  whetner  it  was  on 
account  of  the  Uench  whick  arofe  from  fo  many  bodies, 
the  weather  being  then  hot,  or  whether  they  chofe  tQ 


CARVER'S  TRAVEL*. 


m 


ieep  this  part  of  their  cuQoms  fecret  from  me,  I  could 
not  difcover ;  1  foun4i  however,  that  the/  confidered 
mj  curiofitf  as  ill  timed,  and  ^erefore  I  withdrew. 

After  the  interment,  the  band  to  which  the  perfon^ 
belongs,  take  csure^  to  iz  near  the  place  fuch  hieroglyph- 
ics as  ihaU  fliew  to  future  ages  his  merit  and  accom^^ 
plilhirhmts.  If  any  mf  thefe  peofde  die  in  the  fummer, 
at  a  diftance  from  the  burying  ground,  and  they  find 
it  impofllble  to  remove  the  body  before  it  putreEeSji  they 
burn  the  fleih  from  the  bones,  |H-eferving  die  4gtter,bury 
them  in  the  manner  defcribed. 

As  the  Indians  believe  that  the  fouls  of  the  dece^tfedi 
employ  themlelves  in  the  fame  manner  in  the  country- 
of  fptrits,  as  they  did  on  earfh,  that  they  acquire  their 
iqod  by  huniinj;,  and  have  there,  alfo,  enemies  to  con- 
tend with,  they  take  care  tliat  they  do  not  enter  tliofe 
regions  defencelefs  and  unprovided  ;  they  confequently 
bury  with  them  their  bows,  their  ariows,  and  aU  the 
other  weapons  ufed  either  in  hunting  or  war.  As  the> 
doubt  not  bttt  they  will  like  wife  have  occadon  ooth  for 
the  necelHiries  of  life,  and  thcfe  tilings  they  eUeem  as 
ot^naments,  they  ufually  depolit  in  their  tombs  fuch  iktns 
or  ilttlFs  as  they  commonly  made  their  garments  ofr 
domeftic  utenfils,  and  paint  for  ornamenting  tlieir  per- 
foiis.  -  __ 

I'he  near  relati<ms  of  the  deceafed  lament  his  Idfk  with 
an  appearance  of  great  forrow  and  anguifi) ;  ^ey  v'eep 
and  howl,  and  make  ufc  of  many  comtrtions,  iasr  they 
Ut  in  th<k  hut  or  tent  around  the  body,  when  the  int^r* 
vals  between  the  praifes  of  tlie  chiefs  will  permit. 

One  formality  in  mourning  for  the  dead  among  the 
Naudowcilies  is  veiy  diflerentt  from  any  mode  1  obfeiv- 
ed  in  tlie  other  nations  through  which  I  paflTed.  Ihe 
men,  to  fliewhowgteat  their  forrow  is,  pierce  theile(h 
of  their  arms,  above  the  dbows,  with*  arrows  ;  the  fears 
of  which  I  could  perceive  on  thoie  of  every  rank^  in  a 
greater  or  lefs  do^i^ree  ;  and  the  women  cut  and  gaOt 
their  legs  with  (harp  broken  flints^  till  the  blood  Sovf* 
Very  plentifully. 

Whilft  1  remained  among  them,  a  couple  whofe  tent 
was  adjacent  to  mine*  loft  a  fon  of  about  four  vears  of 

T  2 


m 


■  i(«  1 1 


m 


'  m^ 


82< 


CAaVER'S  TRAVELS.     # 


age.  1  he  parents  were  To  much  a4fe£led  at  the  death 
o^  their  f-dvonte  child,  that  they  piirfiMd  the  ufual  teflU 
monies  of  grief  with  Aich  uncommon  rigor,  as  through 
the  weight  of  forrow  ancllofs  of  blood,  to  occafion  the 
death  ofjthe  father.  The  woman  who  had  heretofore 
heen  inconfolablei  no  fooner  faw  her  hu(band  expire, 
than  (he  dried  up  her  tears,  and  appeared  cheerful  and 
t^figned. 

As  I  knew  not  ho^  to  account  for  fo  extraordinary 
a  tranfitior'ji  I  took  an  opportunity  to  aflc  her/ the  reafon 
cfit:  .telling  her.at  the  fame  time,  that  I  ihould  have 
imagined  the  lofs  of  her  huiband  would  rather  haveoc 
cafioned  an  increafc  of  grief,  than  fuch  a  ICidden  drmi- 
hutipn  of  it. 

She  informed  me,  that  as  the  child  wasjb  yonng 
Vi'hcn  it  died,  and  unable  to  fupport  ttfelf  inthe  country 
of  fpirits/both  (he  and  her  hu(biad  had  been  apprshcn* 
live  tliat  its  fir uat ion  won) d  be  far  from  happf  ^  but  no 
fooner  >iid  ihe  behold  it»  fa.her  depart  for  the  fame  place, 
Who  not  only,  loved,  the  child  with  the  tendered  afilec* 
tion,  but  was^  good]btinter,  «nd  would  be  abl6  to  pro* 
vide  plentifully  ior  its  fupport,  than  fiie  ceafed  to  ;mouin. 
She  added,  tliatlhe  now  faw  no  reafon  to'continoe  her 
tears,  a«  the  child  on^whom^e  doted,  was  happy  un- 
der \he  care  ai^d  protection  of  a  foibd  father,  and  (lie 
had  only  one  viih  that  remained  uiig^tified,  which 
ii^as  that  of  betfig  herfelf  with  diemv  - 

EiprelSons  ib ^replete  with  unai^Sed  tendernefs,  and 
fentiments  that  would  have  dpne  honor  to  a  Roman 
niatron,  made  an  impretllon  on  my  mind  greatly  in  fa- 
vor of  the  people  to  whom  (he  belonged,  and  tended 
not  a  little  to  countera^  the  prejudices  I  had  hithtrto 
entertained,  in  common  with  every  other  traveller,  of 
Indian  iorenfihility  and  want  of  p^nrental  tendernefs. 

Her  fubfequent  condu^  confirmed  the  favorable  O' 
pinion  I  had  jull  imbibed;  aad  convinced  me,  that, 
notwithftaoding  this  apparent  fufpfnfion  of  her  grief, 
fomtr  particles  of  that  reludlance,  to  be  p^arated  from 
a  beloved  relation,  which  is  implanted  either  by  nature 
or  cuftom  in  every  human  heart,  ftiU  lurked  in  hers.  I 
•bferved  that  fhe  went  almoft  every  eveoing  to  the  foot 


"  "'I'  ")■  ■'ali'WBiinjmv'"/'' y^' 


*"»^"il'||' 


*     CARVER'S  TRA^VELS. 


^$ 


of  the  tree,  on  a  branch  "of  which  the  kpdies  of  her  huf- 
band  and  child  were  laid*  and  after  cutting  off  a  lock 
of  her  hair,  and  throwing  :t  on  the  »Found,  in  a  plain- 
tive mournful  fong  beiTMancd  its  fate.  A.  recapitula« 
tion  of  the  anions  he  mighc  have  performed,  had  his  life 
been  fpared,  appeared  to  he  her  favorite  theme  ;  and 
whilft  (he  foretold  the  fatne  that  would  have  attended 
an  imitation  of  jijs  father's  virtvieis,  her  grief  feemed  to 
be  fufpended  :-^ 

"  If  thou  hadil  coptinued  with  usf  my  dear  fon,** 
vrouldlhe  i(jry,  '♦  how  vrU  would  the  bow  have  become 
thy  hand,  and:  h^w  fatal  would  thy  arrows  have  prov- 
fd  to  the^  enemies  of  opr.Utads      Thou  wouldft  often 
have  dr^nk  their  blood,  and  eaten  their  Hc?(h,  and,  na. 
ii(i»jr«a3  (laves  would  .H^v*;  re wardfjd  til y;  toils.     With  a- 
nervo«s  arm  wouMiVthori  h^ve  feized  the  wounded  but* 
falo,  or  have  combated  the  fury  of  the  enraged  bear. 
Thou  wouVd^  have  overtaken  the'flyin^elk,  and  nave 
kept^p»ce  on  the  mountain's  brow  with  the  ^eete(i-dee^^ 
What  feats  mightd  thou  aotha^e  p^rformed^  haaft  thou- 
^aid  am^hg  os  till  age  had  given  tpee  (lrengjth,andthy 
fittlierhad  rnArUifled  thee  m  every  Indian  accompli ih^* 
meot  I  In  lerms  like  thefe  did  this,  tintutorvd  favage- 
■  bewail  the  lofs  of  her  fon,  and  frequently  would  (he  ps^£B- 
the^greate(l  part  of  the  nighf  in  die  affe^ionate  employ. 

The  lifidiafi^iA  general  Are  very  ftridl  in  the  oWerV- 

[ance  of  their  laws  relative  to  motirning  for  their  dead.  , 

In  fome  nations  they  cut  o£F  their  hait,  blacken  their 

|f<ices,and  fit  inan  ereft  pofturc,  with  their  he^ds  clpie" 

ly  covered,  and  depriving  themfelves  of  ever^  pleafure. 

rhisfevertty  is  continued  for  feveral  months,  and  witli 

fome  relaxations  the  appearaiKe  is   fometimes   kept  up 

for  feveral  years.  Iwas  t?ld  i  hat  when  the  Naudbwsilies 

IrccoUeded  any  incidents  pf  the  Kve?  of  deccafed  rela- 

[tions  even  after  an  interval  of  ten    years,   they  would 

bowl  fo  as  to  be  heard  at  a  great  diftance>     They  would 

fbmetiipes  continue  this  proof  of  refpet^    and  affetftion 

[fmfevieral  hours  i  and  if  it  happened  that  the  thought 

|occurt>d>  and  the  npife  wa^  be^un  towards  the  evening, 

Ithofe  of  their  tribe  who  were  at  hand  would  jpiu  wiUi^ 

Itben. 


i  I 


^ 


CARVER'S  TRAVlLflr. 


CHAPTER  XVI, 


A    CONCISB    CHA&iCTITR    or  THl    IllDlAirSk 


1 


HE  cHaraflct  of  the  Indfant,  like  that  of  other 
tinclv!lized  nations^  is  eompofed  of  a  mixture  of  ferocik 
ty  and  gentlenefs^  They  are  at  oi^e  gmded  hy  paffions 
and  appetites,  which  they  hold>  in  common  with  The 
fierce^  foeails  that  inhabit  their  wood^»  and  are  {tofleiTed 
of  vittiies  whith  do  honor  to  human  nature. 

In  the  foUowihg  eftintate  I  ihall  endeavor  to  forget 
oh  the  one  hand  the  prejadice^  of  Europeans,  who  ufu* 
illy  anaex  to  the  word  Indian,epithets  that  ate  difgrace- 
jfol  t«  hiiihan  nature,  and  whd  view  iheni  in  no  other 
light  than  as  favages  and'  canibals*  whiift  with  equal 
care  I  avoid  my  parti|lity  towards  them,  as  fomc 
muA  naturally  ariiefrom  the  favorable  reception  I  met 
with  during  my  Hay  among  them. 

At  the  fame  tinie  I  ifhall  confine  my  remarku  to  the 
nations  inhabiting  the  lil^eftern  regions,  fnch  as  the  N au< 
doweffiesi  the  Ottagauinies,  the  Chippeways,  the  Win- 
nebag^oes/and  the  Saukies  {  lor  a»  tm-bujj^out  that  di< 
terfity  of  ,(;Uniates,  the  extenfive  continent  of  Amqica 
is  eompofed  of,  there  are  people  of  different  difpo(icions| 
and  various  ohara'iftets,  it  would  be  incompatible  withf 
my  prcfent  undertaking  to  treat'  of  all  thefe,  and  tol 
give     a    general    view    of    them    is    a   cpnjunftive 
body.      *  ■•  '•  ■ "  .'^■■•'^'i^--""';- 

That  the  Indians^are  of  a  cruel,  revengefutj  inexora* 
ble  dif|^ittien,that  they  will  watch  Whole  days  unmindJ 
fulbf  the  calls  of  riature,  and  make  their  way  througW 
pathlefs  and  almoft  unbounded  woods,  fubfifiing  oi)l>j 
On  the  fcanty  produce  of  thejTi;  to  puffueand  revengt 
themfelves  of  ati  enemy  }  that  ihey  hear  unmoved  thd 
{>ierbing  Cries  of  fdch  ks  unhapily  fall  into  rheir  hands] 
and  receive  a  diabolical  pleafure  ff  6m  the  ".ortures  thef 
infll^  on  their  prifoncrs,  1  readily  giant ;  but  let  us  looli 
on  the  reverfe  of  this  terrifying  pi  dure,  and  we  Hiall 
find  them  temperate  both  in  iStir  diet  and  {'otations  (il 


CARVER'S  TKhVZtS. 


<^- 


mttft  b9  reoiembered  that  I  fpeak  of  thofe  tribes  wlm- 
barelittJe  intercoarfe  with  the  Europeans )  that  th^ 
vithiland,  with  unexampled  patience,  the  attacks  of 
huQger«  or  the  inc^lemency  of  the  feifons^  and  eOeem  ik^ 
gratlBcatton  of  ^he&  appe;ite)»  but  as  a  feaondary  coa- 
^deration.  ^ 

We  (hall  Irkewife fee  them  foeial  and  humane  t«  thoie 
I  whom  they  eonfider  as  their  friends»  and  even  to 
l^eir  adopted  enemies;  and  ready  to  partake  with 
I  them  of  the  laft  morfeli  or  to  riik  their  h'ves  in  th^ir  de-- 
[fence.  ' 

In  contradiflion  to  tha  report  of  many  (tther  travel* 
jlers,  all  of  which  have  been  tini^ured  with  prejudice,  I 
cftn  all^rtt  that  notwithftanding  the  a|>parettt  indifference 
ki  h /Which  an  Indian  meets  his  wife  arid  children  af* 
Iter  a  long  abfence,  an  indifference  proceeding  rathe; 
Ifirom  cuftom  than  infenfibility,  he  is  not  unmindful  of 
[the  claims  either  of  ,GonnubiU  or  parental  tendernefs  ;. 
[the  little  ftory  t  have  introduced  in  the  precceding  chap» 
iter,  of  the  Naiidoweffie  woman  lamenting  her  child,  an(t 
[the  immature  death  of  the  father,  will /elucidate  this 
IJXMOt,  and  enforce  the  affertton  much  better  thatk^ 
mod    Aodied     arguments     1.   can   make    af^; 

Accuftomed  from  their  youth  to  innumerable  hand* 
kips,  they  foon  become  fuperior  to  a^fenfe  of  danger, 
;the  dre:^d  of  death  rand  their  fortitude*  implanted 
bf  nature^^od  nurtured  by  example,  by  precept  and  ac- 
cident, never  expefienccs,a  moment's  allay. 

Though  {lothful  and  inaftive  whild  tl^ir  ftor.<ijS  0/ 
roviiion  remains^  unexhautied,  and  their  foes  are  at  a 
iiftance^  they  are  indefatigable  and  peifevering  in 
}T(\iii  of  their  game,  or  ia  circumventing  their  enet? 
lies. 

If  they  are  artful  and  defigning,  and  ready  to  take 
rery  advantage,  if  they  are  cool  snd  deliberate  ia 
(ir  councils,  and  cautious  in  the  extreme  either  of  dil^ 
Dvering  their  fentiments,  or  of  revealing  a  iecret>  tbey 
light  at  the  fame  time  boaft  of  poffeflling  q-uaUAcations 
'  a  more  animstfed  nature,  of  the  fagacity  of  a  hound, 

'.  peaetrattng  u^ht  of  a  lynxi  the  ci^nntng.  of  the  for, 


'I 

I* 


I 


i<l 


*•» 


1    8    H 

1   Ji  'il 


1^ 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS; 


th^  agility  of  a  bounding  roe,  and  the  anconquemble 
fiercenf fs  of  a  tiger. 

In  their  public  charaders^as  forming  a  part  of  a  com. 
munitf,  they  poifefs  an  attachment  for  that  band  to 
ix'hich  they  belongs  unknown  to  the  inliabitsCtitl  of  any 
other  country.  They  comWtae,  as  if  they  were  ailuated 
orJy  by  one  foul,  againil  the  cnemiet  of  their  nation, 
«nd  banifh  from  their  mindi  every  conrideraiton  oppofed  \ 
lothis^ 

'I'hey  confalt without  unneceflary  oppofition,  or  with#| 
out  giring  way  to  the  excitements  of  enry  or  amhitioo, 
on  the  meafures  neceiTary  to  be  purfued  for  the  deUruc- 
tion  of  thofe  wko  have  drawn  on  themfeWes  their  diO 
pleafure.     No  lelfiOi  views  ever  influence  their  advice  J 
or  obftrudt  their  ^onfulmiions*    Nor  is  it  in  the  porverf 
cf  bfibei  or  threats  to  diminifli  the  love  they  bear  iheirj 
country. 

1  he  honor  of  their  tribe,  and  the  welfare  of  their  na-j 
tion,  it  the  firfk  and  moA  predominant  emotion  ofl 
their  hearts;  and  from  hence  pioceedin  a  great | 
meafure  all  their  virtues  and  their  vices'.  Aduated  hj 
this,  they  brave  every  danger^  endure  the  moft  exquifitil 
torments,  and  expire  triumphing  in  their  fortitude, 
not  as  a  perfonal  qualification,  but  as  a  national  charac^ 
terift'c. 

From  thence  alfo  flow  that  infatiable  revenge  towards! 
thofe  with  whom  they  are  at  war^andall  theconfequent 
horrors  that  cUfgrace  their  name.      I  heir  uncultivated 
mind  being  incapable  of  judgioff  ef  the  propriety  of  an 
action,  in  oppofltion  to  their  paffion»v  which  are  totallf 
infenfible  to  the  controls  of  reafon  or  humanity,  thefj 
know  not  how  to  keep  their  fory  vmhin  any  bounds, 
and  confequently  that  courage  and  refolution,  whichj 
would  otherwife  do  them  honor,  degenerates  into  a  far- 
age  ferocity. 

Biit  this  (hort  diflertation  mud  fufiicei  the  limits 
my  work  w^ll  not  permit  me  to  treat  the  fubjedk  mor 
copioufly,  or  to  purliie  it  with  a  logical  rtguUrity*  1U 
obicrv aliens  already  made  by  mv  readers  on  the  pre 
ceding  pages,  will,  Itruli,  render  it  unaeceiTiry  ;  as  hi 
them  they  will  be  enabled  to  fotm  a  tuTerable  juft  idei^ 


CARTEIl»S  TRAVrLS.v 


tur 


litf  the  people  I  have  been  defcrtbiog.  Experience  teach* 
in,  that  anecdotes,  and  relations  of  particular  events, 
jiiowever  trifling  they  might  appear,  enable  us  to  form 
|a  truer  judgment  ot  the  manners  and  cuftoros  of  a 
Ipeople,  and  are  much  more  declaratory  of  their  real 
||ate,  th^n  the  mod  ftudied  and  elaborate  difquiiitioi^ 
ithoat  thefe  aida. 


*        *! 


tUssBsssssm 


CHAPTER  Xfll, 

•f  TREm  LAM^UAGIi  HIEJLOGLTFHICS,  Cf^. 


11^:  I 


HE  principal  languages  of  the  natives  tf  North 
America  may  be  divided  into  four  claifes,  as  they  con* 
Sft  of  fuch  as  are  made  ufe  of  by  the  nations  of  the  Ito* 
goois  towards  the  eaftern  parts  of  it,  the  Chipeway  or 
^Igankins  to  the  north  weft,  the  Naudoweflies  to  the 
leii,  and  the  Cherokee»t  Chickafawrs,  dec  to  thtf  fouth. 

ne  or  other  of  thefe  four  are  ufed  by  all  the  Indians 
rho inhabit  the  parts  that  He  between  theecaii of  Lab* 
idcr  north,  the  Floradas  fouth,  the  Atlantic  ocean  eaft» 

I,  as  far  as  wt  can  jud^re  from  the  diicoveries  hith* 

tc  made,  the  Paci6c  ocean  on  the  weft 

But  of  all  thefe  the  Chipeway  tongue  appears  to  be 
moft  prevailing  ;  it  being  held  in  fuch  ellcem,  thu 
Chiefs  of  every  tribe,  dwelling  about  the  proat  lakes, 
krto  the  weAward  ef  thefe  on  the  banks  ci  t'  c  Miffifip. 
M,  w^ith  thofe  as  far  (buth  as  the  Ohio,  vmA  as  far  north 
fi  Hudfon*s  bay  .coafifting  of  more  tlian  thirty  different 
ribes.  fpeakirg  this  langujge  alone  in  their  councils, 
[>twithftanding  each  has  a  peculiar  one  of  their  own. 

It  wiU  pfobably    in  time  become  vniverfal  among 

the  Indian  nations,  as  none  of  them  attempt  to  make 
icurfions  to  my  great  diftance,  or  are  confidercd  as 
lalificd  to  carry  en  any  nr gociation  ^^  ith  a  didant  band, 
nlefs  thev  have  acquired  the  Chipeway  tongue. 

At  prc!eot|  beCdes  the  Chipc  ways,  to  whom  it  is  tax* 


♦2* 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


i    • 


uiaU  the  Ottawaws,  the  Saukies,  the  Ottagauailes,  the 
Killift^noes,  the  Nipegons,  the  bands  about  L^ke  Le 
Plu)  e,  and  the  remains  of  the  Algonkinsi  or  Gens  de 
Terre,  all  converfe  in  it,  with  fome  little  variation  of  a 
dixleA  ;  but  whether  it  be  natural  to  thofe  nations,  or 
acquired,  I  wai  not  able  to  diicover.  I  am,  howerer, 
x>f  opinion  that  the  barbarous  and  uncouth  dialedt  of  the 
Winnebagoes,  the  Mencroonies,  and  many  other  tribes, 
will  become  in  time  totally  eitind,  and  this  be  adopted 
in  its  dead. 

The  Chipeway  tongue  is  not  encumbered  with  any 
unneceffary  tones  or  accents,  neither  are  there  any  words 
in  it  that  aie  fupeifluous  ;  it  is  alfn  jafy  to  pronounce, 
and  much  more  copious  than  any  other  Indian  language. 
As  the  Indians  are  unacquainted  with  the  polite  arts, 
or  with  the  fciences,  and  as  they  are  ftrargers  to  cere- 
mony, or  compliment,  they  neither  have  nor  need  an 
infinity  of  words  wherewith  to  embellifli  their  difcourfe. 
Plain  and  unpoliihed  in  their  manners,  they  only  make 
ufe  of  fuch  as  fervt  to  denominate  the  neceifaries  or  con. 
veniences  of  life,  and  to  eiprefs  their  wants,  which  ib  a 
ftate  of  nature  can  be  but  few. 

As  the  Indians  axe  not  acquainted  with  letterr,  it  is 
very  difficult  to  convey  with  precifion  the  eia6  found 
«f  their  words. 

Altliough  the  Indians  cannot  communicate  their  ideas 
by  writing,  yet  they  form  certain  hieroglyphics,  wlifch, 
in  ibme  meafure,  ferve  to  perpetuate  any  eitraordinarj 
tranfadlccn,  or  uncommon  event.  Thus  when  they  arc 
on  their  excurfions,  and  either  intend  to  proceed,  or  have 
been  on  any  rematkable  entcrprife,  they  prel  tie  bark 
from  the  trees  which  lie  jn  their  m^ay,  to^give  iuitiiigence 
to  thofe  parties  that  happen  to  be  at  a  diUauce,  ef  the 
path  they  muft  purfue  to  overtake  them. 

The  following  inAance  will  convey  a  more  perfcA  idea 
oi  the  methods  they  make  ufe  of  on  this  occafion,  than 
Rny  expreffiuns  I  can  fiame. 

^hen  I  left  the  Miflifippi  and  proceeded  tip  the  Chip-| 
cway  Kiver,  in  my  way  to  lake  Superior,  as  lelated  i.. 
my  joumal,  my  guide,  who  was  a  chief  of  the  Chifc 
ways  that  dwell  on  the  Ottowaw  lake,  near  Uie  heads  c 


Ih 
th 


the  fya 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


m 


aomles,  the 
It  Li^ke  Le 
tr  Gens  de 
iriation  of  a 
nationS)  or 
n,  howerer, 
iiakftufthe 
other  tribes, 
:  be  adopted 

id  v^ith  any 
re  any  v^ords 
>  pronounce) 
an  language. 
le  polite  arts, 
jers  to  cere, 
nor  need  an 
leir  difcourfe. 
ey  only  make  I 
(Taries  or  con* 
s,  which  ii  a 

letterc,  it  is 
eeraA  found! 

ate  ibeir  ideas 
phics,  wliich, 
eiiYaordinary 
hhtti  they  arc 
Dceed,  or  have 
peel  tl  c  bark 
ve  iuitUigence 
iltance,  ©f  the 

re  perfeA  idea 
3Ccafion»  than 

d  up  the  Chip-I 
as  lelated  i->| 
of  the  Chifcj 
ir  Uie  head*  4 


the  river  we  had Jull  entered,  fearing  that  fdme  parties 
of  the  Naudoweiyes,  with  whom  bis  nation  are  perpet- 
ually at  war,  might  accidentally  fall  in  with  us,  and  be<^ 
fore  they  were  apprifed  of  my  being  in  company,  do  us 
feme  mifchief,  he  took  the  following  fteps. 

He  peeled  the  bark  from  a  tree,  near  the  entiance  of 
a  river,  and  with  wood  coal,iiiixed  with  bear's  greafe, 
their  ufual  fubftitute  for  ink,  madein  an  uncouth,  but 
expreflive  manner,  the  figure  of  the  town  of  the  Otta* 

S a  amies.  He  then  formed  i«  the  left  a  man  drefTed  in 
Lins,  by  which  he  intended  to  reprefent  a  Naudoweflle, 
with  a  line  drawn  from  his  mouth  to  that  of  a  deer,  the 
fymbol  of  the  Chipeways*  After  this  he  depiduied  ftill 
further  to  the  left  a  canoe  as  proceeding  up  the  river,  in 
which  he  placed  a  man  with  a  hat  on  ;  this  Hgure  was 
defigned  ro  reprefent  an  £ngli(hman,  or  myfelf,  and 
xny  Frenchman  with  a  handkerchief  tied  rouad  his  head 
and  rowing  the  canoe  ;  to  thefe  he  added  feveral  other 
figniBcant  emblems,  among  which  the  Pipe  of  Peace 
appeared  painted  on  the  prow  of  the  canoe. 

The  meaning  he  intended  to  convey  to  the  Naudoww 
eilies,  and  which  I  doubt  not  appeared  lo  them  perf«A« 
ly  intelligible,  was  that  one  of  the  Chipeway  chiefs  had 
received  a  fpeech  from  fome  Naudowedie  chiefs,  at  the 
town  of  the  Otiagaumies,  defirfnji^  him  to  condu^  tbt 
Engliihman,  who  had  lately  been  among  them,  up  tht 
Chipeway  river ;  and  that  they  thereby  required,  that 
the  Chipeway,  notwithdanding  he  wav  an  avowed  ene« 
Imy,  Ihould  not  be  rooleded  by  them  on  his  paflage,  as  he 
Ihad  the  care  of  a  peifon  whom  they  efteemed  as  one  of 
their  nation. 

Some  authors  haVe  pretended  that  the  Indians  have 
jarmorial  bearings,  ;which  they  blazon  with  great  ex]i«ft- 
jnefs,  and  which  diikinguith  one  nation  ttom  aaother  ;  but 
lI  never  could  obfei  ve  any  other  arms  among  them  than 
the  fymbols  already  defcribed. 


« 


^0 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


•r  THB  BEASTS,  BIRDS,  FiSHIS,  llEPTIf.bS,  ANDtti* 
SFCTSi  WHICH  AKB  FOUND  IN  THF  INTBRIOR 
PARTS  Of  NORTH  AMfRlCA* 


o, 


F  thefe  I  (hall,  ia  tlie  firft  place,  give  a  catalogtij 
and  afterwards  a  defcrijption  of  fach  only  as  are  eithel 
peculiar  ta  this  country  or  which  differ  in  fome  materi^ 
point  from  thofe  that  are  to  be  met  with  in  other  realmj 


OF  THt  BEASTS. 

The  Tiger,  the  Bear,  Wolves,  Foxes,  Dogs,  the  Ca 
of  the  mountain,  the  Wild  Cat,  the  Buffalo,  the  Deei 
the  Elk,  the  Moofe,  the  Carrabou,  the  Carcajou,  th| 
Skunk,  the  Porcupine,  the  Hedgho?,  the  Woodchicli 
the  Racoon,  the  Martin,  the  Fifher,  the  M«fqua(h,  Squi 
rels,  Hares,  Rabbits,  the  Mole,  the  Weezel,  the  Moufi 
the  Dornioufe,  the  Beaver,  the  Otter,  the  Mink,  an| 
^Bats. 

The  TIGER  of  America  refembles  in  (hape  thofe 
Africa  and  Afia,  but  is  confiderably  fmaller.  Nor  d 
it  appear  to  be  fo  Berce  and  ravenois  as  they  are.  T] 
color  of  it  is  a  darkifli  fallow,  and  is  entirely  free  froi 
fpots.  I  faw  one  on  an  iflaid  in  the  Chipeway  riTi 
of  which  I  had  a  very  good  view,  as  it  was  no  treat  dii 
tance  from  ine  It  fat  up  on  its  hinder  parts  like  a  doj 
and  did  not  feem  either  to  be  apprebenfive  of  our  a 
proach.  or  to  difcover  any  ravenous  inclinations.  It 
however  very  feldom  to  be  met  with  in  this  part  of 
world. 

The  BEAKS  are  very  numerous  on  this  contineni 
but  more  particulirly  fo  in  the  northern  parts  of  it,  an 
contribute  to  furnifh  both  food  and  beds  for  almoft  evi 
ry  i^idiun  nation.     1  hofe  of  America  differ  in  many  n 
peAs  from  thofe  either  of  Greenland  or  Kuflia,  they 
ipg  not  onI>  fomcwhat  ffnaller,  but  timorous  and  inol 


I' 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


2^1 


ifive,  unlefs  they  are  pinched  by  hunger,  or  fmarting 
bm  a  wound.  The  fisht  of  a  man  terrifies  them  $  and 
idog  will  put  feveral  of  them  to  flight.  They  are  ex* 
emely  fond  of  grapes,  and  will  climb  to  the  top  of  the 
kgheR  trees  in  queft  of  them.  1'his  kind  of  food  ren- 
ders their  He(h  excelfiyely  rich,  and  Bnely  flavored  ;  p.nd 
tis  confequently  preferred  by  the  Indians  and  ttaiUrs 
I  that  of  any  other  animal.  The  fat  is  very  white, 
d  befides  being    fweet  and  wholefome,    is  pofTeif 

of  one  valuable  quality*  which   is,  that  it  never 

Hoys     The  inhabitants  of  thefe  patt»,  conftantly  an« 

|int  themfelves  with  it,  and  to  its  tfficacy  they  in  a  great 

Beafurs  owe  their  agility.  ■  The  feafon  for  hunting  the 

ear  is  during  the  winter ;  when  they  take  up  their  a* 

ode  in  huUow  trees,  or  make  themfelves  dens  in  the 

oois  ot  thofe  that  are  blown  down,  the  entrance  of  which 

hey  (lop  up  with  branches  of  fir  that  lie  fcattercd  about. 

horn  thefe  retreats  it  is  faid  they  (lir  not  whilft  the 

eather  continues  fevere,  and  as  it  is  well  known  that 

!tey  do  not  provide  themfelvM  with  food,  they  Att  fup^ 

ifed  to  be  enabled  by  nature  to  fubfift  for  fume  montht 

irithout,  and  during  this  time  to  continue  of  the  fame 

blk 

The  WOLVES  of  North  America  are  much  Icfs  than 

}fe  which  are  met  wiili  in  other  ptrts  of  the  world- 
ley  have,  however,  in  common  with  the  reft  of  their 

ecies,  a  wildnefs  in  their  looks,  and  a  fiercenefs  in  their 
fes ;  notwithflanding  which,  they  ate  fur  from  being 

ravenous  as  the  European  wolves,  nor  will  they  ever 
ttack  a  man,  except  they  have  accidentally  fed  on  the 
lefli  of  thofe  flain  in  battle.  When  they  herd  together, 
u  they  often  do  in  the  winter,  they  make  a  hideous  and 
terrible  noife.     In  thefe*part».  there  are  two  kinds  ;  one 

which  IS  of  a  fallow  color,  the  other  of  a  dun,  ioclin* 
Dgto  a  black. 

There  are  two  (brts  of  FOXES  in  North  America, 
»hich  differ  only  in  tlieir  color,  one  being  of  a  redifh 
krown,  the  other  of  a  ^re7  ;  thofe  of  the  latter  kind  that 
^re  found  near  the  river  Mt(II(ippi,are  extremely  beau- 
jliful,  their  hair  being  of  a  filvef  erey. 

The  DOCStoDployed  by  the  Indiatu  io  hunting  appear 


I 


232 


CARVER^S  TRAVELS* 


to  be  all  of  the  fame  fpecies ;  they  carry  theiir  earsercA, 
and  greatly  tefemble  a  wolf  about  the  head.  They  are 
exceedingly  ufcful  to  them  in  their  burning  excurAons, 
and  will  attack  the  fierceft  of  the  game  they  are  in  pur- 
fuit  of.  They  are  alfo  remarkable  for  their  fidelity  to 
their  mailers ;  but  being  ill  fed  by  them,  are  very  trou- 
blefome  in  their  h«ts  or  tents. 

'i  he  Cat  of  the  Mountain  is  ia  (hape  like  a  cat,  only 
much  larger.  The  hair  or  fur  refembles  alfo  the  ik'n 
of  that  domcAic  animal ;  the  color,  however,  difFers, 
for  the  former  is  tf  a  reddifb  or  orange  caft,  but  grows 
lighter  near  the  belly.  Ihe  whole  (kin  is  beautified 
with  bhick  fpots  of  diflferent  figures,  of  which  thofe  on 
the  back  arc  lorg,  and  thofe  on  the  lower  parts  round. 
On  the  ears  there  are  black  firipes.  1  his  creature  is 
nearly  as  fierce  ab  a  leojiard,  but  wiil  feldoin  attack  a 
man. 

'ilu  BUFFALO,  of  which  there  are  amazing  num. 
lers  in  thee  pcirts,  is  larger  than  an  ox,  has  fhort  black 
horr.Si  wjth  a  larj^e  bca*"d  under  his  chin,  and  his  head 
is  fo  full  of  hair,  that  it  falls  over  his  e)  es,  and  gives  him 
a  frightiul  look,  'i'litre  is  a  bunch  on  his  back  which 
begins  at  the  haunches,  and  increafing  gradually  to  the 
Ihoulders,  reaches  on  to  the  neck.  Both  ihisexcrefcence 
and  its  whole  body  are  covered  with  Ibng  hair,  or  rath. 
er  wool,  of  a  dun  or  moufe  color,  which  is  exceedingly 
valuable,  efpecially  that  on  the  fore  part  of  the  body. 
Its  head  is  larger  than  a  bull's  with  a  very  fhort  neck  ; 
the  breafl  is  broad,  and  the  body  decreafes  towards  the 
buttocks  ;  Thefe  creatures  will  rnn  away  at  the  fight  of 
a  man,  and  a  whole  hero  will  make  off  when  they  per* 
ceive  a  fingle  dog.  '1  he  flelh  of  the  buffalo  is  excellent 
iood,  its  hide  is  extremely  ufeful»  and  the  hair  very 
proper  for  the  manufafture  of  various  articles. 

There  is  but  ore  fpecies  of  DEER  in  North  Amerl. 
•a,  and  thefe  are  higher  and  of  a  flhmmer  make  than 
thofe  in  Europe.  Their  ihape  is  nearly  the  fame  as  ihe 
European,  their  color  ef  a  deep  fallow,  and  their  horns 
very  large  and  branching  1  he  deer  is  the  fwif'.eU  on 
the  American  plains,  and  they  herd  together  as  they 
ito  in  oiher  coiiniriei. 


aARVi^.ii'S  ntAVjfLis. 


The  ELK  greatly  exceeds  the  deer  m  fize,  being  in 
balk  equal  to  a  horfe.  Its  body^  is  ihap«d  like  that  of  a 
deer,  only  its  tail  is  remarkably  flwrt,  being  not  more 
than  three  inches  long.  The  color  of  its  hair,  which  is 
grey,  and  not  unlike  that  of  a  camel,  but  of  a  more  red- 
di(h  caft.  is  nearly  three  inches  in  length,  and  as  ccarfe 
as  that  of  a  horfe.  The  horns  of  this  creature  grow  to 
i  prodigious  fize,  extending  fo  wide  that  two  or  three 
perfoBs  might  fit  between  them  at  the  fame  time.  Tliey 
are  not  forked  like  thofe  of  a  deer,  but  have  all  their 
teeih  or  branches  on  the  outer  edge.  Nor  does  the  form 
of  thofe  of  the  elk  refemble.a  deer's,  the  former  being 
Hat,  and  eight  or  ten  inches  broad,  whereas  tlie  latter 
are  round  and  confiderably  narrower.  They  fhed  their 
horns  every  year  in  the  month  of  February,  and  by  Aw- 
guft  the  new  ones  are  nearly  arrived  at  their  full  growth. 
Notwithftanding  their  fize,  and  the  means  of  defence 
nature  has  furnifhed  them  with,  they  are  as  timoious  as 
•  deer.  Their  flsin  is  very  ufeful  and  will  drefs  as  well 
»  that  of  a  buck.  They  feed  on  grafs  in  the  fummer, 
on  mofs  or  buds  Jn  the  wintei'. 

The  MOOSE  is  nearly  about  the  fize  df  the  elfc,  and 
the  horns  of  it  are  almcft  as  numerous  as  that  animal's^ 
the  t^em  of  them,  however,  is  not  quite  fo  wide,  and 
they  bra  nch  on  both  fides  like  thofe  of  a  deer,  rhis  crea^ 
tare  alfo  fheds  them  every  year  Though  its  hinder  party 
are  very  broad,  its  tail  is  not  above  an  inch  long.  It  h  is 
feen  and  legs  like  a  camel ;  its  head  is  about  two  iVvt 
long,  its  upper  lip  much  larger  than  the  under,  and  ihe 
noflrils  of  it  are  fo  wide  that  a  man  might  thtud  his  hand^ 
into  them  a  confiderabte  way.  The  hair  of  the  moofe  is 
light  grey,  mixed  with  a  Dlackifh  red.  It  is  very  elaftici 
for  though  it  be  beaten  ever  fo  long,  it  will  retain  its  o- 
riginal  (hiipe.  Ihe  ile(h  is  exceeding  good  food,  eafy 
ol  digellion,  and  very  nourifhing.  '1  he  nofc  or  upper* 
Hp,  which  isMarge  and  loolefiom  the  gums,  is  efteemed 
a  great  delicacy,  being  of  a  firm  confidence,  between- 
marrow  and  grille,  and  when  properly  drefied,  a£Fords> 
a  rich  and  lufcious  di(h.     Its  hide  is  very  proper  tor* 


leather,  being  thick  and  Arong*  yet  foft  and  pliable.^ 
The  pace  of  this  creature  is  always  a  trot,  which  is  fo> 


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CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


\ 


expeditious,  that  it  i-s  exceeded  in  fwifcn«r$  but  by  few 
of  its  fellow  inhabitants  of  thefe  woods-  It  is  general- 
ly found  in  the  forefts«  where  it  feeds  on  mofa  and  buds. 
'1  hough  thit  creature  is  of  tlie  deer  kind,  it  never  herds 
a^  thofe  dov  Moft  authors  confound  it  with  the  e}k,deer 
«r  carrabou,  but  it  is  a  fpecics  totally  different  as  might 
be  difcoTered  by  attending  to  the  defcription  I  have 
given  of  each. 

The  CARRIBOU  is  not  fo  tall  as  the  moofe,  how- 
ever* it  is  fomething  like  it  in  fbape,  only  rather  morer 
heavy,  and  inclining  to  the  form  of  an  afs.  '1  he  horns 
(•f  it  are  not  Hat  as  thofe  of  the  elk  are,  but  round  likd 
thofe  of  the  deer  ;  they  alfo  meet  neaier  together  at  th» 
ifxtremiiies,  and  b»nd  more  over  the  face  than  eitiicr 
thofe  of  the  elk  or  moofe.  It  ptrtakes  of  the  fwiftnsfs 
©f  the  decTt  tnd  is  with  diificuky  uvertaken  by  its  pur- 
•I'ueis.  i  he  flclh  of  it  likewife  rs  equally  as  good,  the 
tongue  particularly  is  in  hij^h  efteem.  The  (kin  being; 
fmooth  and  free  itom  veins,  is  as  valuable  as  ihamoyv 

The  CARCAJOU,  which  is  of  the  cat  kind,  is  a  ter- 
rible enemy  to  the  preceding  four  fpeciesof  beads.  (I« 
either  comes  upon  tbem  from  feme  concealment  unper* 
ceived,  or  climbs  up  into  a  tree,  and  takir.g  his  flaiic^ 
on  fomc  of  the  branches*  waits  till  one  of  ihem  driven 
by  an  extreri^e  of  heat  or  cold,  takes  Iheltcr  under  it  ; 
wheu  ht  f^iAens  upon  his  neck,  and  opening  thejuguUr 
vein,  foon  brings  his  prey  to  the  ground.  1  his  he  is  en- 
abled to  do  by  his  long  tail,  yrith  which  he  encircles  tke 
body  of  his  adverfary  ;  and  the  only  means  they  have 
to  ihun  their  fate,  ts  by  flying  immediately  to  the  water; 
by  this  method,  as  the  carcajou  has  a  great  diflike  to 
that  elemeMt,  he  is  fometiines  got  rid  of  before  he  can 
cffcdl  his  purpofe.  ^ 

The  SKUNK  is  the  moll  extraordinary  animd  tha& 
the  American  woods  produte.  It  is  rather  lefii  than  a 
fK)1ecat,  and  of  the  fame  fpecies  ;  it  is  therefore  often 
miftaken  for  that  creature,  but  is  Ters,  different  from  it 
in  many  points  Its  hair  is  long  and  inining,  varic^ted 
with  large  black  and  white  fpots,  the  former  molily  on 
the  ihotuders  and  ruitp  ;  its  tail  is  Yery  bufhy,  like  that 
ef  the  fox;  part  black;  ^cd  part  white  like  iu  body ;  its 


CARVEirS  TRAVELS. 


SSs* 


lives  chiefly  in  the  woods  and  hedges  ;  but  its  extraor- 
dinary powers  are  only  fhewn  when  it  is  piuAied.  A» 
loon  as  he  finds  himfelf  in  danger,  heejc«fls«  to  a  great 
diftance  from  behind,  a  imali  ftreani  of  water,  of  fo  Tub- 
tile  a  nature^  and  at  the  fame  timefo  powerfn^  trnftll^ 
that  the  air  is  tainted  with  it  for  half  a  mile  in  circum* 
ference  ;  and  his  purfuers,  whether  men  or  dogs,  being 
almod  fufFucated  with  the  (lench,  are  obliged  to  giv« 
over  the  purfuit.  On  this  account  he  is  called  by  the 
French,  Enfant  dii  Diable,  the  Child  of  the  DeTil ;  or 
Bete  Puante,  the  Stinking  Beall  It  is  almoft  Impoffible  to 
djfcribe  the  noifome  effects  of  the  liquid  with  which  this 
creature  is  fupplied  by  nature  for  its  defence.  If  a  dr«pL 
of  it  falls  on  your  clothes,  they  are  rendered  fo  difa- 
greeable  that  i^t  is  impoffible  ever  after  to  wear  them  ^ 
or  if  any  ofjt  enters  your  eyelids,  the  pain  becomes  in- 
toUerable  for  a  long  lime,  and  perhaps  at  laft  you  lofe. 
your  fight.  The  fmell  of  the  (kunk,  though  thus  to  be 
dreaded,  is  not  like  that  of  a  putrid  carcafe,  but  a  ftrong 
foetid  effluvia  of  mufk,  which  difpleales  rather  from  it» 
penetr«ting  power  than  firom  its  uaufeovfnefs.  U  is  not* 
withitanding  confidered  as  conducive  to  clear  the  head* 
and  ro  raife  the  fpirits.  This  water  is  fuppofed  liy  nat- 
uralills  to  be  its  urine  ;  but  I  have  di^edled  many  of 
them  that  I  have  Qx6t,  and  have  found  within  their  bod- 
ies, n^ar  the  urinal  velfel,  a  fmall  reeeptacle  of 
water  totally  diiHndl  from  the  bladder  w?iic!i  contain- 
ed the  urine,  and  from  which  alone  I  am  fatis6ed  the 
hoirid  ftench  proceeds.  After  having  taken  out  with 
great  care  the  bag  wherein  tliis  water  is  lodged,  I  have 
Irequently  (ed  on  them,  and  have  found  them  very  fweet 
and  g*od  i  but  one  drop  cniitrcd'  taints  not  only  the 
carcafe,  but  the  whole  houfc,  and  readers  every  kind  of 
provifions,  that  are  in  it,  unU:  for  ufe.  With  great  juf- 
tice  therefore  do  the  French  give  it  fuch  a  diabolical 
name. 

i  he  PORCUPINE  of  America  is  iu  bulk  about  the 
fize  of  a  fmall  dog,  but  is  both  ihOrter  in  length,  and 
not  fo  high  from  the  ground  It  varies  very  much 
from  thofe  of  other  countries  both  in  its  (hape  and  the 
length  of  itt  quills.   ^The  former  is  like  that  of  a  fox» 


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CARVER»3  THAVELl 


except  die  the  head,  which  is  not  (6  fliarp  and  long, 
btit  refenihles  more  that  of  a  rabbit.  Its  body  is  cover- 
ed with  hair  of  a  dark  brown,  about  four  inches  long, 
great- pirt  of  which  are  the  thfcknfefs  of  a  Rraw,  and 
are  termed  its  qiiills.  Thefe  are  white*  with  black  points, 
hollow  and  very  ftrong^,  efpeclaUy  thofe  that  grow  oa 
the  back.  The  quills  ierte  tliis  creature  for  defenfive 
weapons ;  and  if  they  pierce  the  flefii  in  the  lead  de^ 
gree,  they  will  Cmk  quite  into  it,  and  are  not  to  be  ex- 
traSed  without  incifion*  The  Indians  ufe  them  for 
boring  their  ears  and  nofes,  to  infert  their  pendants,  and 
alfo  by  way  of  ornament  in  their  (lockings,  hairj&cbc- 
fides  which,  they  greatty  efteem  the  fleflii 

The  WOODCHUCK  is  aground  animal  of  the  fur 
kind,  about  the  fize  of  a  martin,  being  nearly  fifteeit 
inches  long  ;  its  body  however  is  rounder,  and  its  legs 
Ihorter  ;  the  fore  paws  of  k  are  broad,  and  conftrufhed 
foi  the  porpofe  of  digging  holes  in  the  ground,  where 
it  burows  like  a  rabbit ;  its  fur  is  of  a  grey  color,  on 
the  rediHi  cafl,  and  its  fleOi  is  tolerable  food. 

The  RACOON  isfomewhatlefs  in  fize  than  a  beaver, 
atid  its  feet  and  legs  are  like  thofe  of  that  creature,  but 
fliort  in  proportion  to  its  body,  which' refembles  that  of 
a  badger.  The  (hape  of  its  head  is  much  like  a  fox's, 
only  the  ears  are  (horter,  more  round  and  naked  ;  and 
its  hair  is  alfo  fimilar  to  that  animal's,  being  thick, 
loTig^.  foft,  and  black  at  the  ends.  Cm  its  face  there  is 
a  broad  ftripe  that  runs  acrofs  it,  and  includes  the  eyes, 
which  are  large.  Its  muz^e  is  blaclt  and  at  the  end 
-Foundilh  liketnat  of  a  dog  ;  the  teeth  are  alfo  fimilar  */> 
thofe  of  a  dog  in  number  and  (hape  ;  the  tail  is  long  and 
round,with  annular  (Iripes  on  it  like  thofe  of  a  cat ;  the 
feet  have  five  long  (lender  toes,  armed  with  iharp  tlaws, 
by  which  it  is  enabled  to  climb  up  trees  like  a  monkey, 
and  run  to  the  very  extremities  of  thftboughs.  It  m3kes 
ufe  oj  its  fore  feet,  in  the  manner  of  hands,  and  feeds 
itfelf  with  them.  The  (k*(h  of  this  creature  is  very 
eood  in  the  months  of  September  and  0(5lober,  when 
fruit  and  nuts  on  which  it  likes  to  feed,  are  plenty 

The  MARTIN  is  rather  larger  than  a  fqtfirrel,  and 
Ibmewhat  cf  the  fame  make  i  its  legs  and  claws  howev* 


CARVER'S  TRATELi 


im 


§r,  are  conflderrably  ftiorter.  Its  ears  are  (h«rt,  broad, 
and  roupdlfh,  and  its  eyes  Oiine  in  the  night  like  thofo 
of  a"  cat  The  whole  body  is  covered  with  fui  of  a 
l)iownin)  fallow  color,  and  fomt  in  the  more  north* 
em  parts .  are  black  ;  the  (kins  of  the  latter  are  of 
much  greater  value  than  the  others.  The  tail  is  coh- 
ered with  long  hair,  which  makes  it  appear  thicker 
than  it  really  i$.  Its  Hefh  is  fometimet.  earen,  but  is  not 
i  1  any  great  edeem. 

The  MUSQUASH,  or  MUSK-RAT,  is  fo  termed 
for  the  exquifite  mu(k  which  it  affords  It  appears  to 
be  a  diminutive  of  the  beaver,  being  endowed  with  all 
the  properties  of  that  fagacioUs  animal,  and  wants  noth- 
ing but  fize  and  ftrength,  being  not  much  bigger  thaiv 
a  large  rat  of  the  Norway  breed,  to  rival  the  creature  it 
fo  much  refembles.  Was  it  not  for  its  tail,  which  h  ex« 
a<fliy  the  fame  as  that  of  an  European  rut,  the  (Iru^ure 
of  their  bodies  is  fo  much  alike,  efpecialy  the  head,  that 
it  might  be  taken  for  a  fmuU  beaver.  Like  that  crea- 
ture it  builds  iifelf  a  cabin,  but  of  a  lefs  perfeft  con- 
ftrudion,  And  takes  up  itsaboie  near  the  fide  of  fome 
l>iece  of  water.  In  the  fpring  they  leave  their  retreats^ 
and  in  pairs  fubfift  on  leaves  and  roots  till  fummer  com»& 
on  when  they  feed  on  nrawberries,rafpberries,  and  fuch 
odier  fruits  as  they  can  reach.  At  the  approach  of 
winter  ihey  feparale,  when  each  takes  up  its  lodging  a- 
part  by  itfelf  in  fome  hollow  of  a  tree,  where  they  re- 
main quite  unprovided  wah  food,  and  theie  is  the  great- 
eft  reafon  to  b%lieve,fubfift  without  any  till  the  return  of 

S(^lJiRRELS.  There  are  five  forts  oi  fquirrels  in 
Anierici  ;  the  red,  the  grey,  the  bl^ck  the  ^  ariegated 
and  the  flying.  The  two  former  are  exaftly  the  fame  as 
thofe  of  Europe ;  the  black  are  fome  what  larger  and 
differ  from  them  only  in  color ;  the  variegated  alfo  re* 
femble  them  in  ihape  and  figure,  but_are  very  beautiful, 
being  finely  ftriped  with  white  or  grey,  and  fometimes 
with  red  and  black  The  flying  fquirrel  is  much  lefs 
than  the  European,  being  about  five  inches  long,  and  of  a 
ruflet  grey  or  a(h  color  on  the  back,  and  white  on  the 
tnder  parts,     it  has  black  prominent  eyes,  like  ihofe  c^ 


# 


i 


V  1 


C A  R VE  R*S  T  RAVELS. 


the  xnoii{e,with  a  long,flat,broad  tail.  By.  a  membrane 
on  each  fide,  which  reaches  from  its  fore  to  its  hind 
legS)  this  creature  is  enabled  t«  leap  from  one  tree  to  an* 
othe^'*  even  it  they  (land  a  confiderable  diflauce  apart ; 
this  loofe  fkin,  which  it  is  enabled  to  ftretch  out  like  a 
fail,  and  by  which  it  is  buoyed  u<p.  is  about  two  inchet^ 
broad,  and  is  covered  with  a  fine  hair  or  down.  It 
feeds  upon  the  fame  provjfions  as  the  others  and  is  enfi- 
ly  tained. 

The  BEAVER.    This  creature  Has  been  fooften. 
treated  of,  and  his  uncommon  abilities  fo  rninutel  y  def- 
eribed,  that  any  further  account  of  tt,will  appear  unne- 
ceflary  ;  however  for  the  benefit  of  thofe  of  my  readers 
who   are  not  lb  well  acquainted  with  the  form  and  prop- 
erties of  this  fagacious  and  ufeful  animal,  I  (h?ll  give  a 
concifj  defcription  of  it.     'I  he  beaver  is  airamphibious 
quadruped,  which  cannot  live  for  any  long  time  in  the- 
water,  and  it  is  faid  is  able  to  exift  entirely  without  it, 
provided  it  has  the  convenience  of  fometimes  bathing 
itfelf.      The  larged  beavers  are  nearly  four  feet  ia: 
length,  and  about  fourteen  or  fifteen  inches  in  breadth« 
Over  the  haunches  ;  they  weigh   about  fixty  pounds. 
Its  head  is  like  that  of  an  otter,  but  much  larger  ;  its 
fnout  is  pretty  long,  the  eyes  fmall,the  ears  ihort,i:ound, 
hairy  on  the  outfide,  and  fmooth:  within,  and  its  teeth 
very  long  ;  the  under  teeth  ftand  out  of  their  mouths  a- 
bout  the  bread' h  of  three  fingers,  and  the  upper  half  a 
finger,  hII  cf   which  are  broad,  crooked,  ftrong  and 
fiiarp  ;  betides  thofe  teeth  called  the  incifTors,  which 
isrow  double,  are  fet  very  deep  in  their  ja;ws,  and  bend 
Ipe  the  edge  of  an  axe,  they  have  lixteen  grmders, 
<^ight  on  each  fide,  four  above  and  four  below,  direftly 
oppofite  to  each  other.     With  the  former  they  are  able 
to  cut  down  trees  of  a  confiderable  fize,  with  the  lajtter 
to  break  the  hardeft  fubftances.     Its  legs  are  (hort,  par- 
ticularly the  fore  legs,  which  are  only  about  five  inches 
long;  and  not  unlike  thofe  of  the  badger  the  toes  of  the 
forefeet  are  feparate,  the  nails    placed  obliquely,  and 
are  hollow  like  quills  ;  but  the  hind  f(?et  are  quite  differ- 
ent,  and  furnifted  viih  membranes  between  the  toes. 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


«S7 


By  this  means  it  can  walk  though  but  flowly,  and  Is  able 
to  fwim  with  as  much  eafe  as  any  other  aquatic  animal. 
The  tail  has  fomewhat  in  it  the  refemblance  of  a  fifh. 
and  feems  to  hvre  no  manner  of  relation  with  the  re(i 
of  the  body)  except  the  hind  feet,  all  the  other  parts  be- 
ing fimilar  to  thole  of  land  animals.  The  tail  is  cov- 
ered with  a  fkin  furniihed  with  fcales,  that  are  joined  to- 
gether by  a  pellicle  ;  thefe  fcales  are  about  the  thicknefs 
of  parchment,  nearly  a  line  and  a  half  in  length,  and 
of  a  hexagonical  Hgure,  having  fix  corners  ;  it  is  about 
eleven  cr  twelve  inches  in  length*  and  broader  in  the 
middle,  where  it  it  four  inches  over,  than  either  at  the 
root  or  at  the  extremity.  It  is  about  two  inches  thick 
near  ihe  body,  where  it  is  almnd  round,  and  grows 
gradually  thinner  and  flatter  to  the  end.  The  color  of 
the  beaver  is  different  accordin*:?  to  the  different  climates 
in  which  it  is  found.  In  the  mod  northern  parts  they 
are  generally  quite  black;  in  more  temperate,  brewn  ; 
their  color  becoming  lighter  and  lighter  as  they  ap- 
proach towards  the  foum.  The  fur  is  of  two  forts  all 
over  the  body,  except  at  the  feet,  where  itis  very  (hort; 
that  which  is  the  longeft,  is  generally  in  length  about  an 
inch,  but  on  the  back  it  fometimes  extends  to  two  inch- 
es, gradually  diminifliing  towards  the  head  and  tail. 
This  part  •!*  the  fur  is  harfh,  coarfe  and  (hining,  and  of 
little  ufe ;  the  other  part  confills  of  a  very  thick  and  fine 
down,  fo  fpft  that  it  feels  almoft  like  filk,  about  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  is  what  is  commonly 
manufactured.  Cador,  which  is  nfeful  in  medicine,  is 
produced  from  the  body  of  this  creature  ;  it  was  for-» 
meriy  believetl  to  be  its  tefticles,  but  later  difcoveries* 
have  (hown  that  it  is  contained  in  four  bags,  fituated  in 
the  lower  belly.  Twoof  whicb,that  are  called  thefuperior, 
from  their  being  more  elevated  than  the  others,  are  fill- 
ed with  a  foft,  refinous,  adhefive  matter,  tynxed  with 
fmali  fibres,  greyilh  without,  and  yellow  within,  of  a 
ftrong,  difagreeable^  and  penetrating  fceht,  and  very  in- 
flammable. This  is  the  true^  calloreum  ;  it  hardens  in 
the  air,  and  becomes  brown,  brittle,  and  friable.  The 
inferior  bags  contain  an  un^uous^ltquor  like  honey ;  the 


/ ' 


^s 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


color  of  which  is  a  pale  jellow,  and  its  odor  fomewhat 
different  from  the  other>  being  rather  weaker  and  more 
.disagreeable ;  it  however  thickens  as  it  grows  older,  and 
At  length  becomes  about  the  confiftence  of  tallow.  I'his 
has  alfo  its  particular  ufe  in  medicine ;  but  it  is  not  To 
valuable  as  the  true  caftoreun. 

The  ingenuity  of  thefe  creatures  in  building  their 
cabins,  and  in  providing  for  their  fubfiftence,  is  truely 
wondeiful.     When -they  are  about  to  chufe  themfelves 
a  habitation,  they  aifemble  in  companies  fometimes  of 
:twc  or  three  hundred,  and  after  mature  deliberat!un  fix 
on  a  place  where  plenty  of  proTiHons  and  all  neceiTaries 
are  to  be  found.     Their  houfes  are  always  fituated  in 
the  water,  and  when  they  can  find  neither  lake  nor  pond 
.adjacent,  they  endeavor  to  fupply  the  defeA  by  ftopping 
the  current  of  fome  brook  or  fmall  river,  by  means  of 
A  caufeway-or  dam    For  this  purpofe  they  fet  about  fel- 
ling of  trees,  and  they  take  care  to  choofe  ott  thofe  tliat 
grow  above  the  place  wherf  they  intend  to  build,  that 
they  may  fwim  down  with  the  current.     Having  fixed 
on  thofe  that  are  proper,  three  or  four  beavers  placing 
themfelves  round  a  large  one,  find  means  with  their 
ilrong  teeth  to  brine  it  down.     They  alfo  prudently 
•contrive  that  it  (ban  fall  towards  the  water,  that  they 
may  have  the  lefs  way  to  carry  it.     After  they  have  by 
a  continuante  of  the  fame  labor  and  induftry,  cut  it  in- 
to proper  lengths,  they  roll  thefe  into  the  water,  and 
aavigate  them  towards  the  place  where  they  are  to  be  I 
empK)yed.     Without  eutering  more  minutely  into  the 
meafures  they  purfue  in  the  conAruCticn  of  their  dams,  | 
I  ihall  only  remark,  that  having  prepared  a  kind  of  mor- 
tar with  their  feet,  and  laid  it  on  with  their  tails,  vhichl 
they  had  before  made  ufe  of  to  tranfport  it  to  the  place 
where  it  isrequifite,  they  conOruA  them  with  as  muchj 
folidity  and  regularity  as  the  mcft  expeiicrced  work* 
men  could  do.     The  formation  of  their  cabins  is  no  Iclsl 
aroLzing.     '1  hefe  are  cither  built  on  poles  in  the  mid* 
die  of  the  fmall  lakes  they  hav^  thus  foimed,  rn  thel 
bank  of  a  river,  or  at  the  eitrcmity  of  feme  point  of 
land  that  advances  int*  a  lake.    1  he  figure  cf  ihim  ii 


\ 


CAilVER^S  TRAVEtS. 


^S9 


toond  ct  oval,  and  they  are  fafliioned  with  an  ingenui« 
ty  equal  to  their  dams.  Two  thirds  of  the  edi Bee  ft ands 
libove  the  water,  and  this  part  is  fufficieritly  capaeioui 
to  contain  eight  or  ten  inhabitants.     Each  beaver  has 
[his  plate  afiigned  hbn,  the  flodr  of  which  he  curioufl/ 
Nlrews  with  leaves,  or  rtnall  f>rinches  of  the  pine  tree, 
|{o  as  to  render  it  clean  and  comfortable  ;  and  their  ca- 
bin^ are  all  Uttiated  To  contigaoiis  to  each  othei*)  as  to 
[allow  of  an  eafy  commnr/cation-  ^  The  winter  never 
All  priies  thefe  animals  before  their  bfiifinefs  Js  completed; 
for  by  the  latter  end  of  September  their  houfes  are  fin- 
iihed.  and  their  (lock  of  provifioas  is  gei^erally  laid  in. 
Thefe  confifl  uf  fmail  pieces  of  wood  whofe  texttirb  is 
foft,  fuch  as  the  poplar^  the  afpin,  or  willow,  &c.  which 
they  lay  up  in  piles,  and  difpcfe  of  in  fuch  manner  al 
to  preferve  their  moifliire.     Wii&  I  to  enumerate  erery 
inibtnctf  of  fagacity  that  is  to  oe  difcuvered  in  thefe  kn- 
Imuls,  ih«y  would  fiil  »  volume,  and  prove  not  only  eo^ 
tertaining  but  inftruAing>    ;  / 

The  OTTER.  This  trtftttire  alfo  is  aibpliibfons, 
ind  f^reatly  refenmhles  a  hieaver,  but  is  Very  diflFerent 
from  Tt  m  many  refpe<fls.  Iti  body  is  nricly  as  long  as 
a  b€M**r'«  but  conftdetabltlefs  in  all  its  parts.  'I'he 
muzzle*'  eyes,  and  the  form  of  the  head  Xit  nearly  the 
fiime,buttbe  teeth  are  Very  unlike,  fcr  the  otter  wants 
the  large  incifors  of  nippers  that  a  beavci-  hai ;  ihllead 
tifihefe)  all  his  t6eth,  without  any  didindion,  are  (bjped 
like  tbo^  of  a  do^  or  wolf.  Vht  hair  alfo  of  the  for- 
mer is^ot  half  To  long  as  that  belonging  to  the  latter, 
nor  is  the  color  of  it  exaffly  the  fame,  for  the  hair  of  ati 
otter  UA'der  the  neck,  flomach  and  belly,  ts  more  grey- 
ilh  than  thate  of  a  beaver,  and  In  man-y  other  refpefts  it 
likewift  varies.  1  his  animal,  which  is  met  with  in  moil 
^artsoftht  world,  but  in  r-Hich  greater  numbers  in 
Worth  America,  is  very  mifchievious,  :4nd  when  he  is 
tl«(ely  purfued,  will  not  only  attack  dogs  but  men. 

It  geneia-Uy  feeds  upon  fifi),  crpccially  in  thefummcr, 
otit  in  the  winter  is  contented  witli  the  bark  of  treei,  cr 
the  piodiice  of  ihfc  fekU  ib  fleOi  both  tafl/es  aivl 
fmellf  of  fiOi,  and  is  not  wholifome  food,  though  it  j« 
fometiir.es  eaten  through  nccriHty. 

W 


.  --If 


|i  •   n 


M 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


The  MINK  isoftke  otter  kind,  and  fubdas  in  tlii 
laxDe  manner.  In  ihape  and  fize  it  refembles  a  polecat 
being  equally  long. and  Hender.  Us  (kin  is  bUcker  rhar 
that  of  an  otter,  or  almoft  any  other  creati.re  $  *<  as  blaci 
AS  a  mink,"  being  a  proveibial  expreflion  in  America 
it  is  not  however  fo  valuable,  tliough  this  greatly  de^ 
pends  on  the  feafon  in  which  it  is  taken<  Its  tail  is  rqi^^d 
like  that  of  a  fnake,  but  growing  ^attiih  towards  the 
end,  ^nd  k  entirely  without  hair.  An  agreeable  muik; 
fcent  exhales  from  its  body ;  and  it  is  met  with  near  thi 
ibarces  of  rivers  on  whole  banks  it  chiefly  lives. 


Of  THB  nans. 

The  Eagle,  the  Hawk,  the  Night  Hawk,  the  Fidil 
lia)prk,the  Whippoorwillithe  Raven,  the  Crow,  the  Owl  J 
Parrots,  the  Pelican,  the  Cr»ne,  the  Stork,  the  Cormo*! 
^  rant,  the  Heron,  the  Swaa,tlie  Geofe,  Ducks,  theTea},| 
the  Loon,  the  Water  Hen,  the  lurkey,  the  Heath  I 
Cock,  the  Partridge,  the  Quail,  Pigeons,  the  Snipeyl 
Larks,  the  Woodpecker,  the  Cuckoo,  the  Blue  Jay,  the 
Swallow,  the  Wakon  Bird*  the  Black  Bird,  the  Red 
Bird,  the  Thruih.  the  Whetfaw,  the  Nightingale,  the! 
King  Bird,  the  Robin,  the  Wien,  and  the  Hiimming| 
Bird. 

The  EAGLE.    There  are  only  two  forts  of  eaglet  I 
in  thefe  parts,  the  bald  and  the  grey,  which  are  much 
the  iame  in  6ie»  and  fimil«r  to  the  (hape  of  thofe  of  | 
other  countries. 

The  NIGHT  HAWK.    This  bird  is  of  the  hawk  I 
foecies,  its  bill  behag  crooked,  iU  wings  formed  for 
IWiAnefs,  and  its  (hape  nearly  like  that  of  thf  common  | 
bawk  t  but  in  ftse  it  is  confiderably  lefs,  %rA  in  color 
rather  darker.     It  is  fcarcelr  ever  feen  but  in  the  eve.  I 
niAg,  wLenat  twilight,  it  flies  about,  and  darts  itfelfj 
in  wanton  gambols  at  the  head  of  the  belated  traveller. 
'    Befoi  e  a  thuctier  ihower  thefe  birds  are  iceo  at  an  amaz< 
ing  height  in  the  air  alTembled  together  in  great  ivu»' 
Wrs,  as  fwallows  are  obferved  to  do  on  the  ian»  occa- 

flOB. 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


t4l 


rtic  WHIPPOORWiLL,  or  at  It  is  termed  by  the 
Ifadians,  the  MuckaWifs.  This  extraordinary  hn  \  is 
iswhat  like  the  Uft  mentionei  in  its  ihape  and  color, 
ily  it  has  foine  whttifii  ftiipes  acrofs  the  wings,  and 
kike  that  is  reldom  (een  till  after  fun  fet.  It  alfo  is  nev* 
met  with  but  during  the  ipring  and  fummer  months. 
Lsfoon  ae  the  Indians  are  informed  by  its  notes  of  its 
emrn,  they  conchtl^  that  the  froft  i^  entirety  gonet  in 
rhich  they  are  feldom  deceived  i  and  on  receiving  this 
jfarance  of  milder  weather,  begin  to  fow  iheir  corn* 
^t  acquires  its  name  by  the  noile  it  makes,  which  to  the 
>ple  of  the  colonies  founds  like  the  name  they  give  ij^t 
vhip  poor-will  \  to  an  Indian  ear  muck-«iwifs.  The 
rurds,  it  is  true*  are  nnt  alike,  but  in  this  manner  they 
IHice  the  imagination  of  each  t  and  the  circumilance  is 
I  proof  that  the  fame  founds,  it  th^y  are  not  rendered 
nrtain  by  being  reduced  to  the  rules  of  orthoffraphy, 
light  convey  diffensnt  idf as  to  different  ptople  As 
as  night  comes  on  u.^fe  Ur'^s  will  place  themfclves 
the  fences,  flumps,  04  '  tha^^ic  near  fome  boufe, 
tad  repeat  ihcir  melanc  lotes  without  any  varia. 

fon  till  midnight.     The  Indians,  and  fome  cf  the  in* 
Wtantsof  theback  fettlements,  think  if  this  bird  perch.,  t 
upon  any  houfo,  thit  it  betokens  fome  roilhap  to  tlie 
babiunts  of  it.  '^  % 

The  FISH  HAWK  greatly.  refemWes  the  latter  in 
H  fhape,  and  receives  his  name  from  his  food,  which 
generally  fUh  s  it  (kirns  over  the  lakes  and  rivers  and 
|ibmetimes  fcems  to  lie  expanded  on  the  water,  as  he 
hovers  fo  clofe  to  it,  and  having  by  fome  attraftive  pow. 
drawn  the  filh  within  tH  reach,  darts  foddenly  upon 
Ithem  The  charm  it  makes  ufe  of  is  fuppofed  to  be  an 
ail  contained  in  a  fmall  bag  in>  the  body,  and  which  na» 
|tare  has  by  fome  means  or  otlier*  fupplied  him  with  the 
)wer  of  ufing  for  this  purpoA)  j  it  is  however  very 
tain  that  any  bait  touched  with  a  drop  of  the  oil  col- 
led from  this  bird  is  an  irreiiftible  lure  for  all  forts 
of  fiih.  and  infuto  the  angler  great  fuccefs. 
The  OWL.  The  only  fort  of  owls  that  is  found  en 
banks  of  the  Miffitippt  it  extremely  beantiful  in  its 


i)/ 


■ .  1! 


ifi  i'' 


' 


n% 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


pittfnage,  being  of  a  fine  deep  yeltow  or  gold  color, 
plea fingly  {hadffd  and  fpotted. 

l*he  CRANE  .There  is  a  kind  of  crane  in  thefe 
parts,  tvhich  is  cahed  by  father  Henipcn  n  pelican,  that 
is  ab'ont  the  fize  of  the  European  cranes  of  a  greyifh 
color,  and  fviih  long  legs  i  but  this  fpecifs  dififcrs  from 
all  otliers  In  its  bill,  v^htch  is  jabout  twelve  inches  long, 
and  one  inch  and  an  half  broad,^  of  which  breadth  it 
continues  to  the  end,  where  it  is  blunted,  and  round 
like  a  paddle  ;  its  tongue  is  of  the  fame  length 

DUCKS.  Among  a  variety  of  wild  ducks,  the  dif. 
ferent  fpecies  of  which  amount  to  upwards  of  twenty 
I  fhall  coniine  iny'drfcription  to  one  ibrt,  that  is,  the 
%vood  duck,  or.  a&  the  Trench  term  it,  Cairard  Branch. 
us.  '1  hiS/f(rwl  receives  its  name  from  its  fVeq^uenting 
the  woods  and  perch  ihg  on  the  branches  of  trees,  wiiich 
no  otherwatcr  fowl  (a  charafleriftic  that  this  Qill  prc^ 
ferves]  is  jknown  to  do.  It  is  nearly  of  a  fize  with  other 
dvtks;  its  pIuroageisbeautifuDy variegatecl,and  very  briU 
liant.  The  fie(h  of  it  alfo.as  it  feeds  but  little  on  H(h,i>i 
finely  flavored,  and  much  fupetinr  to  any  other  fort. 

The  rEAL.  1  have  already  remarked  in  my  jour, 
ffial,  tha^tche  ttal  found  on  the  Fox  river  and  the  bead 
bxanchey  of  the  Mi0inppi,  are  perhaps  not  to  be  equaU 
ed  for  the  fatnefs  apd  delicacy  of  their  flefh  by  any  other 
in  the  world»  In  colori  fhape,  and  fi7.e  they  are  very 
little  difierent  frooi  thofe  found  in  other  countries. 

The  LOON  19  a  water  fowl,  fomewhat  lefs  than  a 
teal*  and  is  a  fpecies  of  the  dobchick.  Its  wings  are 
ihortt  and  its  legs  and  feet  large  in  proportion  to  the 
body  ;  the  color  of  it  it  a  darkVown,  nearly  approach- 
ing to  black,  (  and  as  it  feeds  only  on  fifh,  the  flolh  of  it 
is  very  ill  flavoied.  Thefe  birds  are  exceedingly  nimble 
and  expert  at  diving*  fo  that  it  is  almoft  impofldble  for 
one  perfon  to  (hoot  them,  as  they  will  dexterouily  avoid 
the  (hot  by  diving  before  they  reach  them ;  •  fo  that  it 
requires  three  perfons  to  kill  one  of  them,  and  this  ban 
only  be  done  the  moment  it  raifes  its  head  out  of  the 
water  as  it  ^tums  to  the  furface  after  diving.  'It  how. 
ever  only  repays  the  trouble  takeo  to  obtain  iti  by  the 
e»cellcot  fport  it  affords. 


CAHVER'S  TRAVELS. 


34S 


The  PARl'RIDQE.  There  are  three  fons  of  par- 
trtdges  here,  the  brown*  the  red,  and  tlie  black,  the  firft 
of  which  is  moil  elteemed.  I'hey  are  all  mlich  larger 
than  the  European  partridges,  being  nearly  the  fize  of 
a  hen  pheafant ;  their  head  and  eyes  are  alfo  like  that . 
birJ,  and  they  hare  all  long  tails,  which  they  fpreadlike 
a  fan,  but  pot  ere£l  \  but  contrary  to  the  cnftom  of  thofe 
in  other  count|F|ps,  they  wjll  perch  on  tlie  branches  of 
th<i  poplar  -and  black  birch,  on  the  buds  of  which  th  ejr 
fi^ed  eaily  in  the  morning  and  in  the  twilight  of  the 
e?^ing,  during  the  wintei  months,  when  they  are  cad* 
ly(hot* 

The  WOO©  PIGEON  is  nearly  the  fame  as  ours, 
and  there  are  fuch  prodigious  quantities  of  them  on  the 
banks  of  the  Miflifippi,  wzt  they  will  fonaetioies  darken 
the  fun  for  feTeral  minutes. 

The  WOODPECKER.  This  is  a  rfery  beautiful 
bird  f  there  is  one  fptt  Whofe  feaihers  are  a  micture  of 
various  colors;  and  another  that  ts  brown  allorer 
the  body,  except  the  head  and  neck,  which  are  of  a  fine 
ted^  As  this  bird  is  fuppofed  to  make  a  greater  noife 
than  ordinary  at  particular  times,  it  is  conjeAured  his 
cries  then  denote  TAiti. 

The  BLUE  JAY.  This  bird  U  (haped  ne;.r!y  like 
the  European  jay,  only  tbftt  its  tail  U  longer.  On  the 
t  <p  of  its  head  is  a  creft  of  blue  feathers,  «  hich  is  raifed 
or  let  Jownrat  pleafure.  The  lower  part  of  the  neck 
behind,  and  ihi^  back,  are  of  a  purplith  color,  and  the 
upper  Ade  of  the  wings  and  tail,  as  w^;]!  as  the  lower 
part  uf  the  back  and  rump,  are  of  a  fine  blue  ;  the  ex> 
tremities  of  the  wings  are  blackiih,  faintly  tinctured 
with  d  irk  blue  on  the  edges,  whiltl  the  other  parts  of 
the  winp^  are  bared  acrofs  with  black  in  an  elegant  man* 
Her.  Upon  the  whole  this  bird  can  fcarcel^  be  exceed- 
ed in  beauty  by  any  of  the  winged  inhabitants  of  this 
rr  other  climates,  it  hts  llie  fame  jetting  motfon  that 
jays  /generally  have,  and  its  cry  is  far  more  pleafing. 

'Vhc  WAICON  BIRD,as  iris  termed  by  the  Indians. 
apLH^ars  to  be  of  the  fame  fp<  cie5  as  the  birds  of  para* 
dile.  1  he  name  they  have  given  it,  U  cxpreflivc  of  its 
f«i  rcrior  rxcdknce,  and  the  veneration  they  have  for  it  $ 

wJ 


•:*■ 


^^4, 


CMiVm'd  tRAVELS. 


the  tynkon  bird  beind  in  tlreir  larignag^  ike  bird  of  t>ie 
Gieat  Spl'it  It  is  nearly  the  fiie  of  a  fv  allow,  of  a 
brown  colori  ihaded  about  the  neck  witli  a  btight  gfeen  ; 
the  tviugs  are  of  a  darker  broWn  than  the  body  ;  its  tail 
is  compojTed  of  four  or  five  feather*,  which  are  three 
times  a$  long  as  iubodvi  and  whifsh  are  beautifully  {ha> 
ded  with  green  and  purple.  -It  carries  this  fine 
length  of  pin  mage  in  the  fame  manner  as  a  peacock 
does,  but  it  is  not  known  whether  it  ever  r^ifes  it  in- 
to the  ere€t  potition  tha&that  birds  fometimes  does. 
I  never  faw  anyof  theft  bird^  in  the  colonies,  but  the 
^laudoweffie  Indian*  caU^htfeveral  of  them  when  I  was 
in  their  country, ^nd  feemed  to  treat  them  as  if  they 
were  ofafuperiorrankto  any  other  elf  the  feathered  race. 

The  BLACK  BIRD,  rhere  are  three  forts  of 
bitds  in  North  America  that  bear  this  name  j  the  fir  (I 
is  the  common,  or' as  it  is  there  termed,  the  crow  black 
bird,  which  is  quite  black,  and  of  the  fame  fize  a&d 
ihape  of  thofe  in  Europe,  but  it  has  not  that  mel- 
ody in  its  notes  which  they  have  In  the  month  of 
Septemberlhis  fort  fly  in  large  flights,  and  do  great 
mifchief  to  the  Indian  com,  which  is  at  that  tinriejuil 
ripe.  The  fecondl  fort  is  the  red  wing,  which  is  ra^chcr 
fmaller  than  the  firft  fpecies,  but  like  that  it  is  black  all 
over  its  body,  except  on  the  lower  rim  of  the  win^f» 
^ where  it  is  of  a  fine,  brigln^  full  fcarlet  It  builds  its 
neft,  and  chiefly  refoits  among  the  fmall  buHies  that 
grow  in  meaaows  and  low,  fwampy  places.  It  whifl- 
les  a  few  notes,  but  is  not  equal  in  its  fong  to  the  Eu* 
ropean  black  bird.  'I  he  third  foft  is  of  the  fairre  fize 
as  the  latter,  and  is  jet  black  like  that  but  all  the  up« 
per  part  of  the  wing,  juft  bdow  the  black,  is  of  a  fine 
clear  white ;  as  if  nature  Intended  tadiveTl\fy  the  fpe- 
cies, and  to  atpne  for  the  want  of  a  melodious  pipe  by 
the  beatity  of  its  plumage  ;  for  this  alfo  is  deBcient  in 
its  mufical  powers.  The  beaks  of  every  fort  are  of  a 
full  yelbw,  and  the  females  of  each  of  a  ruQy  black 
like  the  European. 

The  RED  BIRD  it  about  thefizeof  afparrow,  but 
with  a  Jong  tail,  and  is  all  over  of  a  bright  vetmillion 
coltr.    I  faw  many  of  th«a  abonc  the  Ouawaw  lakes, 


cm^ti^&  T]Oi;VM§. 


^^ 


iiViifcoM  nW  l^rn  that  thej  fylvvgi  h(^()  6bCeTvcd' 
iri  fome  oftlier  parts  a -bird  <4tfli\iehyhe^arne*ijake,  tii.u 
was  entirely  of  a  fine  veWoA^i  >*>  w«^a  j-^l[>ci:  il  ^^^*;  '■. 

Vhe  WHE  rs A V^ 'is  of. thd  cue*%b  klivd^  bcirg  like 
^at,  a  jolitary  bird,  and  fcarcely  ^Vifi-'fe^ti  in  theiiim. 
j  met  tnohthz  it  fs  heard  in  ihe  gtd^ei,  lihere^  it  flakes  a 
noife  lik^  tM6Un»ofarjW,rr(Jtti  which  if  rk 

The^Kl'fm  HjKD'istlheai^^Mnbw,^^^^^^  to 

h"^  of  the  lame  fpecies^s'thte  Black  martin  ©r  fwift*  -  It 

[rsVallfed  the  kirtg  bifd  betaufe'i't'  iVabie to  mn^'^r  almoft 

every'bird  tha^'tKes.     tlidire  i^tt^n  tea    .  b.       down  a> 

Thfe   HUMMIN6«^  mRa3^.  ►  TWs  beautiful   bird, 
t«^h{ch  i^  the  fnnra;lleft  6f  the  featHetedinhaijitants  of  the 
alr,:it'abotit^the'th*rd'j)iittbfrii6-rilseof  a  w*en,  and  is 
(hii)ed  eirtreroelj^'ltlibiti;'  "Ie^  legs,  'Which  are  atout  an 
bchi  Idng,  app^r^ik^tm)  fmall  needles,  and  its  bodf 
ii.proportibniible  10^  theh).     But  its  plumuge  exceeds^ 
deftripillon      On  its  head  it  has  »fmaU  tuft  of  jetty, 
^lining  black  ;  thcrbresift  of  it  is  red,  the  belly  whke,- 
the  bacl^,  v^ings  and  tailof  the  finell  pale  greea ;  and 
ffliall  fpecfks  of  gold  are  fc^ttfired  with  inexprefiible 
grace  over  tb«  whole  ;  befides^  this,  an  aimed  impre^ 
ceplffble  dbwn  foftens  the  colors,  and  produces  the  mod 
pWatlng  Ihades-     With  its  bill,  which  ;»  of  the  fame  di<f 
miriitiv*  fr'46  as  the  other  parts  of  its  body,  it  extrafis 
ffoWi  the  floWers  a  moillure  which  is  its  nouriihniwnt  > 
over  tlitfd'it  hovers  like  a  becj  but  never  lights  on  them,  ' 
moving  at  the  fame  time  its  wigs  vvith  fuch  velocity 
that  the  inoTfionbV  theihi» imperceptible  ;  nbtwithiland- 
ing  which  they  make  a  humming  ooife,  from  vvhenceit* 
r?2eivei5  its  nan: e. 


mC) 


OF  THH  Fll^HliS  ttTHlCH   ARF  VOOUD  IH  THl  WATFRS^ 
OF  THB^  MloSISlPPt. 


%m 


I  have  already  given  a  defctiption  of  thofe  that  are 
taken  in  the  great  lakes. 

The  Siorfteon,  the  Pout  gf  Cat  Fi(h,  the  Pike,  ihr 
C!arp,  and  the  Chub.  f 


im 


c^kms^  TMmif^' 


1  he  STUROEOK^    T'he  fireOi  wJu^w  ftiirgcon  Is 
Oiaped  i»  no  o^er  r^fpe4l  like  ^hpfe  taken  near  thefea, 
escept  in  the  forraatioh  of  it£  head  and  t9,il;  which  are 
f4Qiio|>ed  in  the  iame  manner,  bat  the  bodjr  Is  notib  an* 
giliate4  nor  are^^re  iix  many  horny  fcales  about  it  a$ 
on  the  latier^    Jts  ,ieog|^  ii^  g^^rally  ahbut  two  feet 
and  a  hal£pT  threeteet  long,  hut  in  circdmfer^nce  not 
prop<;^tiOnab^e,  'jeinjg  %fl^nii^  fith»  ?h€  fl^Hi  Is  exceed- 
ingly  dejlca^a  and  finely  flawed;;  1  caught  forne  in 
the  head  waicrs  ortHe jiiyer  ,^t  Ctojji  tha^t  iar  exceed- 
ed  trout.    The  mMOTjer^lakinf  tliem  i»  by  watching 
them  a$  they  he  under  ih?  bank*  in  a  ctiear  (Ire^am,  and 
dartirtgat  tkem  with  g  filkjip^arvior  they  will  na 
a  bait.     ri»e»e>»  alfo  ifi  the,  ^f•  i$fipfM^  and  there ^^only, 
anotiier  fortthan  thts.  fpectf*  |  ji^v^  dercrihed,  which  is 
iiaiilar  to  it  inteve^y  refpe^l,  ex?^|>i  that  jtjHe  upper  jaw 
•steads  iipurteen  or  fift^fu  incnef  ileyopd  the  under  ; 
this  extcnfive  jaw,  which  «  of  agriftly  fubftance,  is  three 
tache^and  a  half  brosid.  and  coutinues  of  that  breadth, 
(omewhat  in  lh«S  Cbtape  pf  an  oar,  to  the  end,  which  is  flat. 
The  felii  of  this  filb,  however,  is  not  to  be  compared 
•with  thf  other  fort*  and  js  hot  fo  rjauch  eftemed  even  by 
thc.Indtanii.  -^  ......  ■'■.^-..-'ost.^i*.:  .":,■.;  ^;      ■  ■  '\    ' 

.  The  CAT  FI^SH-  This  fifli  is  about  eighteen  inch. 
eslong;  c^abrownifli  color,  and  without  fcales.  It 
has  a  large  round  head*  from  wliehce  it  recctves  Ha  name, 
on  difflrent  parts  of  which  grows  three  or  four  ftrcng, 
ftarp  hor«s  about  two  inch^*  ^ng^  1 1»  fins  are  alfo  ve- 
ry bony  and  (Irongt  and  without  great  care  will 
pierce  the  hands  of  ihofe  whorttake  thc^n.  Itweighg 
commonly  ^bout  five ,  or- fix  poinds  j  the  flelh  of 
it  is  excedive^y  fat  and  lufcious^  and  [ireatly  refembles 
that  of  an  eel  in  its  flavor. 

1  he  C A  RP  and  CHUB  are  much  the  fame  as  ihofe 
la  England^  and  nearly  abou,t  thy  iaqa«  A/?^ 


OF  tt&rBMTt. 


iQiftv^rt' 


The  Rattle  SnaVe,  the  Long  Black  $i^kei  the  W<ill 
♦r  Houfe  Adder»  the  ^tii|ed  oi  Cotter  Siwke^  the  Wu* 


CARVER'S  ?RAVEi,3. 


247 


ter  Snake,  the  Hidfioif  Sniike,  tl^e^  Gveen^  Snake,  the- 
Thorntail  Snake,  the  Specklecl^ak«,  the  Ring  Snake, 
the  Two  h«^ded  Snake. 

The  K  AT TLE  SN  Al^LE     There  appears  to  he  two 
rpfcies    of  this  reptile ;  oiie  of  ^hich  is  commoaly/ 
termed  this  Black,  4nd  th«  other  the  Yellow  V  and  of 
thefe  the  latter  is  generally  confidered  as  the  Urgeft. 
At  their  foil  growth  they  are  upwards  of  Bv^  feet  long,, 
and  the  middle  part  of  die  body,  at  which  it  is  of  the- 
greateft  buik«  ineafur  es  abottt  nine,  ii^ches  round.   From  - 
that  part  it  gradually  decrfafes  >oth  towards  the  head, 
and  the  tail.     The  neck,  is  proportionably  vecy  fitiaUi 
and  the  head  broadband d^'prcirjJd.>   ihefe  are  of.alij;ht 
brown  color.v  the  iris,  of  the  eye  red,  and.all  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  brown,  mixed  with  a  raddy  yellow^  , 
and  checi'ierecl  with  inany  regular  linifs  o£a  deep  black, . 
gra4ualty  Ihadiog  (owaiHis  a:  gold  colior.     Infhortthe> 
whole,  of  this >da«g*rOi|is  I'eptiTe. »%  very  beaatiful,  and. 
cpjiild  k  be  vie«red  with  lefs  tenoi^  fuch  a  variegal^d ; 
aifai^gement  of  colors  would  he-  extremely  pleafing. 
SQt  thel'e  are  Qnly  to  be  feen  in  their  higheA  perfedion 
at  the  time  thi^  creature  i^>nimated  by  re^ntment ;  thenu 
every  tintrunies  front  itStAi^^^n^oiisrecefs,  and  give* ., 
the  i'ui^Cftof  th^  ikin  a  deeper  fts^iir.;^  ihe  Wily  i4  of 
a  paliih  blue,  which  grou^  fuller  as  it\ approaches  the.- 
fideSft  and  is  at  lengul^  interniixed  with>  the  color  of  the 
uj^r  pirt«  The  rattle  at  its  tailyTfom  which  itcfeei:eives 
itsnanic,  -s  compofed  ot  a  fit  m»*ry,  callous,  «|  horny 
fi^WUncc  »f  a  light  brown^  ^nd  confifts  oi  a  nmber  of 
cells  which  ai^iculat^   one  wtthii)  anptber,  like  joioxs ; . 
and  which:  itigreafe  eyer  y  year,  and  make  known  the  age ; 
of  the  cjreature     Thefe  articulations  being  very  loofe^ 
the:  included  pQints  fltrike  againft  the  inner  furface  of  the> 
concaTe  parts  or  rings  into  which  they  are  admitted^., 
and  as  Ihe  fnake  Vtb^res,  or  (hakes  its  tail  iVKdces  a  rat- 
tKng  noire.     This  alarm  is  aWays  given  when  it  is  ap-^ 
prehen^^  e  oi  danger  {  and  in  an  inUant  afper  ^rms  it- 
felf'intQ:a.fpiralwreathi  in  the  centre  of  which  appear 
tljui^  head  ered»  and  breathing  for;.h  vengeance  again  (li 
either,  niAii  nr  beafttlmt  (hall  dare  to  conae  near  it. 
In  this  attitiideh9  awAiUthesipproach  of  hh  enemies,. 


»i  I. 


}i 


,   f 


'I 'I 


-248 


CARVER'S  TRAVEtS. 


ratuifyg  his  t^U  is  he  mH'  c^wms  them  coiMhff  on  By 
this  ttmeijr  intimatk>n«  which  heaten  feemito  have  pr*). 
vided  its  a  means  to  counteraA  the  mirehtef'  this  veno- 
mous re|[»tile  Vo!|M  otherwife  be  the  perpetrator  of,  ihe 
unwar  ]r  travellet  is  a|^rifed  of  his  danger,  ^nd  has  an  op. 
portanity  of  a^oldihg'  it  It  ii  however  to  be  obferved, 
that  it  never  ads  oI!etifive(y  j  it  neither  purfiies  rtor  flies 
froari  any  ihin^  thit  xpptbtches  lt»  iMit  Kes  in  the  pofi- 
tiori^efcHbed^  tattlfng  his  tail  as  if  relnaant  to  hurt. 
'J'he  »<'eth  with  whichUhis  ferpent  eflfeifts  his  poifonous 
purpoles  are  not  tho^ehe  tnakei  ufe  of  on  ordinary  cc- 
cations,  they  are  only  tw(»  hi  number,  very  fmaH  and 
(harp  painted*  anii  fixt4  i^  a  (luewy  fabftance  that 
lies  near  the  ettremity  of  the  upper  jiw.refemblfng  the 
cla^s«f  a  e<ii^;  at  the  foot'of  each  of  th^fe,  mi^t  be 
extended,  contraded^^  or  ei?tir*ly  hidden,  as  need  re- 
qaifes,  pre  two  fisiialibUddersVrhich  nature  has  fo  con- 
ttro^edf^aratt  the  fame  inftant  ati  tncifton  istDadeby 
the  teeth,  a  drop  ©f  a  gftenilh,  po^onoas  Krjnid  enters 
the  wound,  and  talntf  with  its  defti«u<Kiveqttanty  the 
whole  mail  of  UoOdi  In  a  moment  tife  unfortunate 
viaim  of  its  wrsiih  "feeis-a-  dl^ly  a^^or  run  through 
all -his  frmm^tiL  f#eUfftg  lmm*dlalely  b^ns  on  the 
fpot  where  theteeth^had  enter#di  which  fpf eads  by  de- 
grees over  tht  whde  body,  and  j>rodiic«l  on  eVety  part 
of  the  ficitt  dte  vMegatk^  htie  of  tlie  fttake.  The  bitf 
ofthrsrept^ii  iaQire'j|#l^^  according  to 

the  leal^bf  the^e9f^#hith  it  is  given,-  In  the  dog 
days,it|ie^  pi^es  IfMantly  criortal,  and  efpeeially 
if  the  ttibtji  d  is  M^t  iiiiofl|^'<he  ^news  fimated  In  the 
back  ^r%  of  the  le^  thov^  &e  hed^ jt  but  in  the  fprhi|;, 
in  autumn,  mr  durtn|^  a  cool  day  which  mi^t  Ifapp^n 
in  the  fommer,  its  bad  efi*eafs  ire  to  be  prevtnted  hf  the 
immediafe  appUaitfOn  of  propel-  temedt^si  knd  thefe 
ProTtdeneehas  bountetHifly  fbpi^ed,  by  c«ifrng^  the 
Rattle  Snake  Ptantkin,  an  approved  antidol^i  to  thepoi-* 
fon  of  this  creature,  to  grow  U  crjjat  profufion  Where 
ever  they  are  to  be  met  with  1  fiere  are  likcwife  feve- 
ral  other  remedies  befides'this  for  the  venom  of  (If  bft&^ 
A  decoAion  h  made  Of  tlie  biids  or  bark'of  the  whitl^ 
^(k»  takeii  tntemaUyfpreveatf  its  perntcioiit  Wfedt;  Sail 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


i^ 


Im  newly  difcovered  remed^t  and  if  applied  immedi- 
Itely  to  the  part,  or  the  woond  be  walbed  with  brine,  a 
.cure  ini^bt  be  aflured.    The  fat  of  the  reptile  alfo  rub- 
ied on  it,  i^  frequently  found  to  be  very  efficacious. 
But  though  the  lives  of  iheperfoos  who  have  been  bitten 
flight  be  preferred  by  thefe,  and  their  health  in  ibmtf 
degree  redored,  yet  they  anuidly  experience  a  ilight  re- 
turn of  the  dreadful  fymptons  about  the  time  they  teceiv<» 
ed  theinC^iUatloh,     However  remarkable  it  may  appear, 
it  is  certain,  that  though  the  venom  of  this  creature  af- 
fk&s.  inagrcateror  lefs  degree,  all  animated  nature,  ib« 
^g  is  an  exception  to  the  rule^  as  that  animal  will  read- 
ily deftrqy  them^without  dreading  th^ir  poifonous  fangs, 
acid  fatten  on  ^eir  0efli.    It  has  been  oftin  obTerved* 
aind  I  can,  confirm  the  obfervataon,  th^t  the  Rattle  Snake 
fs  charmed  wi^  any  hi^tmonjous  founds,  whether  vocal 
or  inftrumentai-;  I  haVe  many  times  feen  theui,  even 
when  they  liave  been  enraged,  'place  th^njCelvts  in  a 
Itfl^ning  pofture,  ^d  continue  immoveably  attentive 
and  fofceptibk  of  delight  all  t]he  time  the  mufic  has  lafl. 
ft4*  I  (Hould  have  renMirkf d,  that  wheirthe rattle fnake 
bftes,  it  drops  its  under  )§ir,  andjiolding  the  upper  jaW 
cteA,  throws  itfelf  in  a  curve  line,  wiUi  great  force,  and 
.as  quick  as  lightning,  on  the  ohjsd  ofits  refentment. 
In  a  moment  after,  It  returns  again  to  its  dcfen&ve  pof- 
ture having  dffirngagfd  Its teethfrom  the  wound  whb 
great  celerity,  by  means  of  the  pofition  in  which  it  had 
placed  its  head  when  it  ma^de  the  attack*    It  never  e^ 
teiids  itfelf  to  a  greater  diftance  thaa  half  its  length  will 
reach,  and  though  it  fometimes  repeats  the  blow  two  or 
ti^ree  times,  it  as  often  returns  with  a  fudden  rebound 
to  its  former  ftate.'    Tbe  blaclc  ratde  fnake  differs  inno 
otiter  refped  from  the  y<^low.  than  in  being  rather  fmall- 
er^  and  in  the  tarigation  of  its  coUors,  which  are  exad* 
ly  Ireverfed  i  one  is  black  where  the  other  is  yellow^  and 
vice  verfa.     '1  hey  are  equally  venomeus     It  is  not 
known  how  thefe  creatures  engender;  I  have  often 
found  the  eggs  of  feveral  other  ^ecies  of  the  fi^ake,  but 
liotwith (landing  no  one  has  taken  more  pains  to  acquire 
a  perfed  knowledge  of  every  property  ^ftkcfe  rcpttlet 
lliaR  myMEfl  never  could  discover  the  a:;u:;ier  iuwhichi 


■m 


?!* 


W'Ji 


ltl 


It 


hr 


wo 


^CAUVfit'S  TkAVEliS. 


h 


,  !»ring  forth  their  yoiing/  1'  fl^to^^^  ^^toale 
that  had  feveiitf  young  ott«»  in,  its  belly,  but  thefe  were 
perfe'aly  formed,  atid  I  law  them  juft  b^^fore  retire  to 
the  moufh  6f  their  mother,  a  plaee  of  Security,  on  my 
approach*  the  gaW  <*f  thisferpent,  toJxecl  with  chalk, 
ate^ormt  d  into  liiilitf  bUli,'  ipited^xported  from  America, 
fer  med  iitfal  purpofes  They  are  o{  the  baftit«  of  Oaf* 
cbigii's  powders,  arid  an  e£cel[ent  remedy  for  cOm- 
plaints  ifl^identto  chiidr(eh.  The  flefh  of  thi*fnsikealfo 
c^ried,artd  made  into  broth^is  much  moreDUtifitiye  than 
that  of  iripers,art4  very  efBi^l^cioas'kgainil  confumptions* 
The  tONG  BL ACK  8N AKE.  Thefe  ar^  alfo  of 
tw6  fOi  ts,  both  of  which  are  ea^i^ly  fiimlir  itt  ihtpe  and 
^fi^tfe,  Only  the  t>eliy  of  dhe  is  9;  li|Kt  redV  the'  other  a 
jraintbJi:(e  j;  al!  tht  uppei* fwrts  6f  ttieii^HbdJesftre black 
fiiid'fcsiljr.  Th^t  are  ih^Aeral  frotti  Hx  tO  eighft  feet 
^«i  |bn||^h«  and  tarry  their' hekdiy as  tjiey '^am  along, 
about  a  ..^otaniJ  a  half  from  the  ground.  -  Theyeiiiiy 
dimb  the  hi^^  tretsiii  jmriuit  of  birds  ^dfi^uirrels 
whkli  are  their  chief  food  '$  and  thefe,  it  is  £i|^,'  they 
«harm  b)f  tli^t'  feolts,  and  rert<;fer1Hcaf>iiWe  of^^fcaping 
%>ntt1S£Nn:  *  1^§%pp|arkh^  carries  terrbr-whk  it  to 
thd^ltoi  ire  una<?^tiaintM  #itli  thet?1na6ait^toliirt, 
ImP^h^  kirei  tiefllNilymol^nfiiPe  and  fr^  from  v 

^  nt  WR!i?m  iib-  CARt feU^AfcE;  is  cxaftly 
Ij^^^i^mi^as  thsltfj^cieia  fcst^tid  m  dtherclituates. 

-  TM'WXTfi^  SNA  tt  W  much  l^ke -flie  r ^tle  fiialse 
ih  fhape  and  fiie,  btit  is  n6t  endowed  <r|th  the  fame 
#Onomous  pOt«?n,'befin^  crtiite  hkrmkfs.  ^^  ^^^ 
*  tftfe;  HlSStKl(^'Sl^A¥t  i  have  ah'cady  j^tikbi«iriy 
def(^ribed,  whpn  1  tr^jited,  iii  my  joutnali  of  L^ke  E- 
tie'"   "'  '■'■;•■"   ■       '■  ■  ,    '"  ' '    -'■  '  ■,:'."''■' 

:  lli^'GRfiEN  8NA^^^  about  a  fV^otai^ift*  half 
ji6%,  and  in  c6tor  fb  near  to  grais  and  herbs,^  that  it 
caimbt  he difco'^vered ^s it  lies  on  the  ground;  hapily^ 
liowevcr,  it  is  free  from  venom,  otherwlfc  it  would  do 
&n  jiifiniU  deal  of  milcliief,  hs  thofe  who  pafs  tlirough 
tlie  meadows,  not 'bjeing  able  to  pWicjsivrit,  sire  d!B|>lfived 

** .^ the  pOwer  of  avoiding  it. 
Tfie^rHOJlK  tAl£;iSKAKE;    tm  repiJe  ' 


t)f-th 


IS 


e\itvM*s  TitA\^i  Li 


m 


thefe  were 
e  retire  to 
ity,  on  my 
Jixh  chalk) 
i  America, 
reof  Gaf* 
r  for  com- 
[tfoakealfo 
iitive  than 
fumptions* 
ar^  aUo  o£ 
tit^iapeand 
i&^^bther  a 
!*  are  black 
elglit  feet 
a%r  along, 
They  ealiiy 
Ddrc[ttirrels 
;  fold,  they 
of^efcapmg 
r -With  it  to 
ity  iotet, 
■ven- 


:;i8  exaaiy 

ites. 

rajtlrfilalce 
h  the  fame 

stticbUrly 
[f  Uke  E- 

Win  half 
fbs,^  that  It 
id  J  hapily* 
it  would  do 
[fs  ilxrotigh 
[re<%^ived 


JctiAnd  I'iVRiany:  p^rts  of  America,  but  is  Tory  feldoi*  to 
bi9.feeii,     It  i&  of  »  middle^zet  and  r«ceiire6  its  name 
from  a  thorn- tike  dart  in  its  uil,  with  which  tt  i«  Cmd 
,tQ  itifii^anls^rtal  wounds  ' 

^he  3P£CKLiU>  SNAKE  is  an  aqueous  reptile  a- 
bp»ttw0feetrand  an  half  in  lengths  but  wiihaut  venom. 
.Ill ^^11  which  is  btowaand  white,  with  {bme  (pots  of  i 
i^j^i^W  in  it,  is  ufed  by  the  Americans  as  a  toTer  for 
(^  handles  ot  whips,.  Mid  it  Moders  them  pleafing  to 
|l»e  fight. 

The  RING  SNAKE  is  about ;t.welTe  inches  long; 
|h0:4Qdy  of  it  u  entirely  folackr  tetcept  a .  yellow  rk)g 
#lltch  ft  haft  about  its  necki  and  wbith  appeals  like  a 
narrow  piece  of  riband  lied  round  it.  .This  odd  reptile 
Htirequ^ndj  found  la  ihe  barlL  of  irets  mid  ajnonj^  old 

SrbeT^WO  HEADED  SNAKE,  ^he  only  A>ake 
df.this  kind  that  was  ever  fe^  in  Anierica,  was  foiiind 
ibduttbd  year  176S»  near  lake  Champlain,  by  Mt^  Park, 
a|;entleiiian  of  New  England,  and  made  a  prefent  to 
jofd  Anherd.  It  was«tbonta  foot  loDg,  and  in  (hAp» 
liletlie^ common  fnake,  but  it  was  fuimUted,  with  .tw^ 
^eads  eiaiiiy  fil^lar,  which  united  at  the  neck.  Wheth- 
tr.  this  was  a  diftinft  fpecies  of  fnakes,  and  was  able  to 
pr^a^te^ti  l^enefs,  or  whether  it  ivais  an  accidental 
fojimation,  I  know  iH)!t.  , 

•  I  he  TOIfct'OlSE  6r  LANB  TURTJLE.     The 
As^pe  of  thii>creatuff<ft  is  fo  weH known  that  it  is'tmnecef*' 
1^^  to  deftr^b*  it.     ihere  ave.  ftven  6r  eieht  forts  of 
4^ig|'  in  Attericitv  foftie  of  which  ar^  beautimlly  Yarie-« 
[^i^,  mn  Jb^yip^  Thfe  fitells  of  ihany; 

'hiyef^ts  oJFredi  green,  and  yellow  in  them,  and  tiie 
vch^quei*  work«  is  compo£^  of  fmall  fquares  curioufly 
diCfkoled.     Thtinoft  beaoiiful  fort  of  thefe  creature^ 
are  the  fmalleQ,  and  the  bitr  of  thcia  is  laid  to  be  Teir  3  :. 


r^ile 


15 


ti£Aat>s,^.*. 

oogh  there  are  numerous  kinds  of  this  dafs  of  tW 
X. 


11  '  ii 


pi 


iu  1 


.1 
I 


m 


!  ;l 


i 


ilf^ 


'ttffl 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


jinimal  creation,  in  the  country  I  treat  of,  I  ihall  only 
take  notice  ofvtwoof  them ;  which  are  tejn:edthe  Svrift 
J  Und  Slow  Lizard   :  >^ 

The  SWIFT  LIZARD  is  about  fia  inches  lonj, 
and  has  four  legran4  a  tail.  Its  body,  which  is  blue^ 
is  prettily  Jtriped  with  darjc  lines  (haded  with  yellow  ; 
but  the  end  of  the  uil  is  toully  blue.  It  is  fo  reinark. 
ably  agile,  that  in  an  inftant  it  is  out  of  fight,  n^  can 
its  niovement  be  perceived  by  the  quickel^  eye  ;  |i^  that 
it  nv|;ht  more  jvUty  be  f<iid  to  vani(h,  tl^an  to  run  away. 
This  i'p^cies  are  fuppofed  to  poifon  thole  they  bit*,  but 
Are  not  duoj^erous,  as  they  never  attack  jperfons  tbatap* 
proachtheixii  chooHng  rather  to  get  fudd^ly  out  of 
their  reach- 

The  SLOW  LIZARD  is  of  the  fame  (hape  as  the 
fwift,  but  its  color  is  brown ;  it  is  tnpreover  of  ;^b  oppo* 
iite  difpofitioB,  being  altogether  as  flow  in  its  move' 
ments  as  the  other  is  iwift.  It  is  rematkablc  that  thefe 
lizards  are  extremely  brittle,  and  will  break  off  near  tU 
tail  as  eafy  as. an  icicle. 

Among  the  reptiles  of  ^orth  America,  there  is  a  fpe« 
cies  of  the  load,  termed  the  TREK  TOAD,  which  ii 
V  nearly  ot  the  fame  (hape  as  the  common  fort,  but  fmall 
er  and  with  larger  claws.  It  is  ufually  found  en  trees, 
(ticking  clofe  to  the  bark,  or  laying  in  the  crevices  of  it ; 
and  fo  nearly  does  it  refemble  the  color  of  tlie  tree  to 
which  it  cleaves,  that  it  is  with  dilEculty  dillin^uilhed 
from  it  Thefe  creatures  are  only  heard  during  the 
,'  Iwihght  of  the  morning  and  evening,  or  ju(l  before  and 
afier  a  (hovier  of  rain,  When  they  make  a  croaking ncife 
fomewhat  (briller  than  that  of  a  frf^*  w4>ich  ini|ht  be 
heard  to  a  great  didance  They  infeft  the  woods  in  fuch 
numbers,  tnat  their  refiKinfive  notes  at  thefe  times  make 
the  air  refour^d.  It  is  vnly  a  fommer  animal,  and  ney 
fr  to  Ic  found  during  tl)e  winter.  i 


iKSlCTI.  , 

'I  he  interior  parts  of  North  -America  abound  wit 
BC4<ly  the  fameinfeits  as  are  met  with  in  the  fam^  rarj 


CARVER^'S  TRAVELS. 


2te 


[  ftall  onljrBjjiei^  of  latitude  ;  arid  die  fpecics  of  tlienr  are  (b  ntriff- 
edthe  Sv;iftH(rous  and  diverfified  that  even  ai  fucciuA  defcriplion  of 
■  the  whole  of  them  would  fill  a  Tolume  ;  I  Ihall  there- 
iiehes  lonj.Bfore  confine  myfelf  to  a  fcw»  which  1  believe  are  almoft 
ick  i»blue>B  peculiar  to  this  country;  the  Silk  Worm,  the  'Icbacco- 
iih  ye41ow  ;■  Worm,  the  Uee,  the  i^ightning  Bug,  the  Water  Bug, 
i  fo  retaark.|jmj  the  Hoinpd  Bug. 

ht,  nof  can!  the  SIL,^  WORM  i«  nearly  the  fam-  as  thofo  of 
ye  }  ib  thatBKrance  and  Italy,  but  will  not  produce  the  fame  quanti- 
oruntway.|iyoffjik.  *  ' 

ey  bit*,  but!    The  TOBACCO  WQRMisacatterpiUar  ofthe  fize- 
fons  that  ap- 1 21),)  ggure  of  a  filk  worm^  it  is  a  fine  fea  green  color, 
on  its  rUmp  it  has  a  fting  or  horn  near  a  quarter  of  atv 
loch  long. 

The  pF.ExSr  in  America  principally  lodge  their  hort* 
ey  in  the  earth  to  fecure  it  from  the  ravages  of  the  bears,- 
who  ar9  remarkable  fond  of  it. 

The  LIOH  rWlNG  hlSG  or  .FIRE  FLY  is  about 
the  tize  of  a  bee,  but  it  is  ofthe  |>eede  kind,  having  like 
diat  infect  twp  jpair  of  wings,  tlie  trpper  of  whicii  are  of 
a  firiD  texture,  to  defend  it  from  danger.  When  it  Hies, 
and  the  wings  are  eipanded,  there  is  under  thefea  kind* 
oJFcoat,  confiruAed  alfo  like  wings,  which  is  luminous  ^ 
and  a*  the  infeA  pafles  Ofi,.caufes  all' the  hinder  part  of 
its  body  to  appear  like  a  bright  fiery  coal.  Having  plac« 
eJ  one  pf  them  on  your  hand,  the  under  part  only  iliines« 
ind  throws  the  light  on  the  ipace  beneath  ;  but  as  foou 
u  It  fpreads  Ui  upper  wings  to  fly  away,  the  whole 
body  which  lies  behind  them  appears  illuminated  ail  a- 
round.  The  light  it  gives  is  not  conftantly  of  the  fame 
magnitude,  even  when  it  flies  {  but  feems  to  depend  on 
the  eipan^oo  or  contraAioii  cf  the  luminous  coat  or 
wings,  and  is  very  di£ferent  from  that  emitted  in  a  dark 
night  by  dry  wood  or  fome  kinds  of  fifh,  it  having  much 
more  the  appearance  of  real  fire.  1  hey  feem  to  befen- 
fible  of  the  power  they  are  pofftired  of,  and  to  know  the 
modfuitable  time  for  exerting  it,  as  in  a  very  d;trk  night 
they  are  much  more  numerous  than  at  any  other  time. 
They  are  only  feen  during  the  Aimmer  months  of  June, 
July,  and  Augutl,  and  then  at  no  other  time  but  in  the 


•111 


enly  out  of  | 

hape  as  the 
•  of  »,tk  oppo. 
in  its  mov^ 
^Icthat  thefe 
;  off  near  ths 

here  is  a  fpe< 
lD,  which  ii 
't,  btttfmall' 
Lind  on  trees, 
evices  of  it ;{ 
'tlie  tree  tol 
liftinguifiied 
1  during  the 
ft  before  and 
oakingnoife 
cK  fi>i|nt  be 
roods  m  fuch 
e  times  make 
aal,  and  uty 


abound  wii 


he  fam^  r^4aight.    Whether  from  their  color,  which  ii  of  a  d«(ky 


V 


» p;  i 


111    I 


;»i;l 


m 


CARVER'S  TRAVElJl: 


browm  tiiey  are  not  then  d'rcerimbls^  or ^'nx  their  re* 
tiring  to  holU  and  ttrr'tt^,  I  iciUDW  not,  but  they  are 
never  to  he  di&ovtted  in  the  day.  Ihef  thwSiy  are 
feen  HloYf  (vt^mpf  Unit  ftnd  appear  like  :iamiitierable 
ttnnfcic^nt  g{«am«  of  ligtit.  In  dark  nights'  whtti  there 
is  nyuch  lightning  without  min^thef  reem  otf  if  the/ 
wifhed  ctiher  to  imitate  or  uflitt  the  Dafheif  for  duriitg 
the  intet  val«t  they  are  uncommoniy  agil^,  aod^ddavor 
to  throw  out  e  vei-y  ray  they  caiv  eolleA  Not  v<liih  ft  an  d. 
ing  this  effulgent  appeitranve*  chufe  inie^s  are  pM*l€(Siiy 
harnaWfi,  you  may  ))erinft  them  to  craAil]  •upon  yoiir 
<hand»  when  five  or  lii,  ii*  they  freely  exhibit  tlwir  glow 
together,  wiU  enable  you  to  read  altnolV'thff  ftnaditll 
print.  ' 

TheWATilR  BUG  i« «f  a  bro.i»n  color,  about  th» 
fi^e  <^  a  pea»  and  in  ihape  nearly  oval ;  ie  ha»  many  legs, 
by  means  of  which  it  pafTes  over  the  lurfaoe  of  the  wa* 
ter  viih  fonri  locr^ible  fwifcnefs,  that  it  feems  to  llide 
or  dart  iti'eif  along. 

Xl)e  HORNED  BUG,  or  as  it  is  foaivtimet  termed 
The  S 1  AG  B££  iXE,  is  of  a  duflcy  brown  eolor  n^ar. 
}y  approaching  to  black,  about  an  inch  and  an  bnlllong, 
and  half  an  inch  broad,i  It  luts  two  large  bmns  which 
gtowoneach  fide  of  the  head,  and  n^et  horiaontally, 
at!d  vpttb  iheie  ie  pinches  very  hard;  th^y  are  branched 
lihWitibjoreriof  a  flag,  from  whence  it  receives  its  name. 
They  fly  about  in  the  evening,  and  prove  very  trouble. 
fomti  to'ihofe  who  are  in  the  Helds  at  that  ttnve. 

,  I  nttA  not  omit  that  the  LOCUSl'  is  a  ^  ft'pfennial 
infeA,  as  they  are  only  feen,  a  fmaUntlMber  Of  iUa|[lers 
•xcepted,  every  feven  years,  l^henihey  infeflr  thefi*  pdrts 
and  the  interior  colonies  in  larg*  fwampfs,'  aArtd  do  a  grent 
deal  of  mtfehief.'  The  vears  when'  thtf y  thul  atri ve  are 
dteeaiinated  the  locttd  yeara. 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


S55 


if''  I 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

«P  THt  T&l|t»  SHR.V«$,  R09TS>  HERBS,  FLOMTil^S,  t^Ct 


Jt  SHALL  here  obferve  the  fame  methoci  that  1  have 
purfued  ii>  the  preceeding  chapter,  and  and  having  giv- 
en a  lift  of  the  trees,  ^c.  which  are  natives  Oi  the  inte- 
rior parti  of  North  America,  particularize  fuch  only  as 
differ  from  the  preduce  of  other  countries,  or,  being  lit* 
tie  kaowQ,  hav«  not  been  defcribed. 


'■mi 


•F    TRIES.  ' 

The  Oak.  the  Pine  Tree,  the  Maple,  the  A(h,  ihft 
Hemlock,  the  Bafs  or  White  Wood,  the  Cedar,  the  £ln, 
the  Birch,  the  Fir,  the  Locuft  i'ree.  the  PopUr,  th« 
Wickopic,  the  Spruce,  the  Hornbeami  and  the  Button 
Wood  rrec.  .  -        , 

'there  are  feveral  forts  of  oaks  in  thefe  parts  ;  the 
black,  the  white,  the  r«d,the  >eIli>w,Lhe  grey,  tlie  fwamp 
and  tiie  chefiiut  oak :  the  tive  former  vary  but  little  in 
their  extctnal  appearance,  the  (Iiape  of  the  leaves,  and 
the  color  of  the  bark  being  io  much  alijie,  that  they  are 
icaicely  diltinguilhable;  but  the  body  of  tlie  tree  when 
fawed  difcovcr^i  the  variation,  which  Chiefly  cotfiAs  in 
the  color  of  the  wood>  they  being  all  \ery  harv!,  and 
proper  fox  building.  The  fwamp  oak  differs  materially 
from  the  others  both  in  the  iltape  of  .the  leaf,  which  is 
fmaller,and  in  the  bark,  which  is  fmoother;  and  like- 
wife  as  it  grows  only  in  a  moiii,  gravelly  foil.  It  is  ef- 
teemed  the  tougheft  of  all  woods,  being  to  (Irons  yet 
pliable,  that  it  is  often  made  ufe  of  inftead  of  whalebone* 
and  is  equally  ferviceable  The  chefnut  oak  alfo  is 
greatly  different  from  the  others,  particularly  in  th« 
(hapc  of  the  leaf,  which  much  refembles  that  of  the  ehef- 
nut  tree,  and  for  this  reafon  is  fo  jLenominatcd.  It  it 
neither  Co  Arong  as  the  former  fpecies,  nor  fo  tough  al 
lh«  ktteri  but  is  of  a  nature  proper  to  be  fplit  into  rail* 


h»» 


'  fl 


m 


CiUtVfeRM  THAVIfLSi 


h 


I 


lore 


conflderablti 


for  fences,  in  which  (Uiti;  it  y(rill  enc 
tiine. 

The  PINE  TREE  That  fpecies  of  the  pine  ifee 
peculiar  to  this  part  of  the  contitfent*  ts  the  whit^i  the 
quality  of  which  I  nefd  not  deferibe,  as  the  timber  of  it 
is  fo  wfll  knofn  under  the  name  of  deah  „  It  grows 
h^re  in  |rreat  plenty,  to  an  amazing  height  aAd  fize,  and 
yields  an  excellent  turpentine,  though  not  In  ibch  quan* 
lilies  as  thdfe  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe. 

The  M  A  fl  ;E.  Of  this  tree  there  art  two  forts,  the 
iTtird  andthe  foft,  both  of  which  yteld  g  hifdous  juice, 
from  which  the  Indians^  by  boiling,  nofake  very  good 
fugar.  'i*he  fap  of  the  former  is  much  richer  and  fweet- 
«r  than  the  latter,  but  the  foft  produces  a  greater  quan- 
tity.    ITie  wood  of  the  Ikard  maple  is  very  beautifully 

^  veined  and  curled,  and  when  wrought  into  cabinets,  ta> 
bles,  gunllocki,  Ac  is  great! y'v^tltfed-  That  of  the  foft 
fort  differs  in  its  texture,  wanting  tlie  f  atttrgated  grain 
«f  the  hard  t  it  alfo  grows  moreSraight  attu  free  from 
branches,  and  is  more  eafily  fplit.  It  likewifrmay  be 
diftinguifhcd  from  the  )iard»  as  this  grows  in  meadows 
And  low  land,  that  on  tlie  hiUs  and  optaads.  the  leaves 
Are  fhaped  aUke,  but  thofe  of  th^  ibit  ratf^Ie  are  »ttch 
tlie  iargeft.  and  of  a  deeper-green.     ^ 

'  1  he  ASH.  There  are  feverat  forts  of;  thh  tree  in 
fhefe  pTarts,  but  that  to  whitk  1  (hall  confine  my  defcrip. 
tion,  is  t^e  ydfow  afli,  which  is  only  found  near  the 
head  branches  of  the  Midtfippi.  This  tree  grows  to  an 
amazing  height,  and  the  body  of  it  Is  fo  firm  and  found, 
that  the  French  traders  who  go  Into  that  country  from 
Louifiana,  to  purchafe  furs,  make  oi  them  peringuafs ) 
ii\h  they  do  by  excavating  them  by^  fire,  and  when  they 
•re  completed,  convey  in  them  the  ^oduce  of  their 
tra(de  to  New  Orleans,  where  they  find  a  good  market 
both  for  their  veilels  and  cargoes.  The  wood  of  this 
tree  greatlf  refembles  that  of  the  common  afli  {  but'lt 
aiight  be  cNftlnguiflied  from  any  other  tree  by  its  bark  ; 
the  rofs  or  out  Sde  bark  being  near  eight  inches  thick, 
and  indented  with  fbrrows  more  than  fix  Inches  deep, 
>»hich  make  thofe  that  are  arrived  to  a  great  bulk  af^^tear 
TiAcOiiUBODly  rough  {  and  b^  this  pectiltArity  they  mtq 


CAitVEE'S  TfilAVEiS, 


W: 


H#ireaii£^)kn6wlk  tW  mdox  i^iliilp?  Ibark  U  of  Ui<? 
fame  thicknels  as  tli^t  of  other  trees,  but  its  color  is  oi 
a  fine  bright  yellow,  infnmvch  tliat  ifit  is  but  {lightly 
lisndled,  u  wilt  le^aVe  a  (lain  on  the  fip^t^rs,  which  cani^ 
not  eaGIy  be  waflied  aw9y  ;  and- if  in  the  fpring  you 
peel  off  the  bark,  and  touch  the  fai^,  which  then  riles  be. 
tween  that  aad  the  body  of  the.tr;ee.  it  wUl  leave  Co  dtep 
a  tlnfture  Uiat  it  ifiiUl  .requir/p  tlireeor  f»ur  da>  s  to  wear 
it  off.  Many  ufeful  qualities  belong  to  this  tree, '^  doubt 
not  will  be  idiCeaTdired  in  itiAc,^ beudes.  its  proving  a  v^l< 
ttaUeaequifiition  to  thedyer 

The  afikLOCIC  IHEEgrowi  in  every  part  of 
Ainevioai  in  ft  greater  or  le^s  degree. 

It  is  an  evergreen  of  a  very  large  growth,  and  hat 
leaves  fomewhat  like  that  uF  tUe  yew;  it  is  however 
({uite  uledefit,  and  ORly  jur<  fncumbrance  to  the  ground, 
the  wood  beii^  ^f  a  very^coarie  gr^ii>,  an<|  full  of  ^  indl 
ikakei  pr  cracks. 

The  BASS  xir  WHITE  WOOP  is  a  tree  of  a  mid. 
dling  fise,  "and  the  whiteA  acd  foCtet\  wpod  that  grows  t 
when  q«ike  'dry  it  fwims  on  tiie.w^ter  like  a  cork  t  in  tli^ 
ftftttements  the  turners  make  of  k  bowlst  trenchers  and 
diihes,  which  w«ar  fmooth,  auii  wiiy4(l  a  long  time  ) 
but  when  applied  to  any.otherpurpoff  it  i&fitf  frcm|fif 
table. 

The  WICKOPIC  or  SUCKWie  appears  to  be  a 
fpecies  of  the  white  wood,  and  is  diftinguilhed  from  it 
bv  a  peculiar  quality  in  tlie  bark,  which  when  popnded^ 
and  motftened  wiih  a  little  watter,  in^Hantly  becomes  ft 
matter  of  the  c<^nfiileiice  and  nature  of  fiae.  With  this 
the  Indians  pay  tlieir  canoes,  and  it  greatly  exceedf 
pitch, or  aisy  oiher  material  afunlly  appropriated  to  that 
purpofe  t  for  beftdes  its  adhefive  quality,  it  is  of  fo  oily 
a  nature,  that  the  water  cannot  penetrate  throtigh  it,  an4 
its  tepelling  power  abates  not  for  a  confideraUc  time. 

The  BU  r  lON  WOOD  is  a  tree  of  the  lar^eQ  fizs, 
and  might  be  diftinguillieJ  by  its  bark)  which  is  quite 
Anooth  and  prettily  motikd  i'ht  wood  is  very  prop* 
per ibr  the  ufe  of  cabinet  makers.  It  is  covered  with 
IflMllhard  biiri  which  i^irg  from  its  branches,  that  ap- 


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CARVIER^S  TU.WELl 


i^ear  not  urtlikft  buttms,  and  fio.nthe^ 'it>rPMnrci  til 

ftanue.     '  v  ■    ■  .■    ^: 


HUT    TRktS. 


m 


'The  Butter  or  Oil  Nut.  the  Walnttt,  the  Haael  Nut, 
\he  Beech  Nut)  the  Pecaa  Nat,  the  Chefnut,  theHrck* 

The  BUfTER  or  OIL  NOT.  As  no  mention  has 
been  made  by  any  author  of  this  4iut.  I  fliall  be  the 
mo.' e  particular  in  my  account  of  it.  I'he  tree  ijrows  in 
meadows  where  the  foil  is  rich  and  ^  warm.  The  body 
of  it  Teldom  exceeds  %  yard  in  rircumterence,  is  full  of 
branches,  the  twigs  of  whi(ih  are  (hort  and  blunt,  ^nd  its 
leaves  refemble  tnofe  of  a  Walnut.  The  nmt  has  a  (hell 
more  like  that  fruity  which  when  ripe  is  more  furrow, 
ed  and  more  eafily  cracked  ;  it  is  alfo  much  longer  and 
larger  than  a  walnut,  and  contains  a  greater  quantity 
of  kernel,  which  is  very  oily,  and  of  a  rich  agreeable 
flavor.  I  am  perfuaded  that  a  much  purer  oil  than 
that  of.  olives  might  be  ex  trailed  from  this  nut.  The 
Infide  bark  of  thuttree  dies  a  good  pui-ple;  and  it  is 
faid,  varies  is  its  made  according  to  the  month  in  which 
it  is  gathered. 

The  BEECH  NU  T.  Though  this  tree  grotvs  exafl. 
lylikethat  of  thefamenamein  Europe,  yet  it  produces 
nuts  equally  as  good  as  chefnuts  ;  on  which  bears,mar- 
tins,  fquirrels,  pitridger,  tutktes,  and  many  other  birds 
atid  beads  feed  rhe  nut  it  contained,  whilfl  growing, 
in  an  oUtAde  cafe,  like  that  of  a  chefnut,  but  not  fo 
prtckly  ;  and  the  co'<>t  of  the  infide  fliell  is  alfo  fngooih 
like  that;  only  its  form  is  nedtrly  triangular.  Vaft 
Quantities  cf  them  lie  fcatteted  about  in  the  woods, 
and  fupply  with  food  great  numbers  cf  the  creatures 
Jud  mentioned.  The  leaves,  which  are  white,  continue 
on  the  trees  the  whole  winter.  A  decofli*n  made  of 
them  is  a  certain  and  (Expeditious  cure  for  wounds  which 
nrife  from  bcrning  or  fcalding,  as  well  as  a  reftorative 
forthofe  members  that  at^  nipped  by  thefroft. 

The  PECAN  NUT  is  fcrniewhak  of  the  walnut  kipdi 


CxVaVER'S  TRAVBtS. 


25$e 


b^t  rather':  ff^lbr  thm  tH«  wsloutt  hi^iip^.  ajbout  tie'  fi^fr  - 
of  _a  mi  idle  acorn,  tnd  cf  an  ovji)  fortn  i   the  ibeU  it. 
Qafil;  cracked)  and  tlie  kftfr't^l  i);iap^d  like  tt:^  of  «  waK 
n|il.     Thi*^  tree  grow*  chi<  fl /  i^ear  tkef^i^ir^ois  River. 

Tfce  HICKORY  is .a^iiOQf  the  waUiw  kind.  ?in^ 
beaarsra  frillt  nearly  like  that  Lree>.  There  ar^  icyer^l 
lo|t9  of:  thenif  which  Tarfonl/  iu, the  colpr  of  the  wood. 
B4ng9frA  *ftry  tough  ni*tar«,  the  wpod.is  generally  ufe4 
far  the  hartdle^  of  aie^  ^n?.  Uh  atfp  very  gpp^  hXP.i. 
wood,   sin4    Mj .  it  huf fi9i   aA  leJ^ltant  Xugur  diimi. 


.,.■•..  ,j»*itt>r  T*Mi[,   •, 

j^l  n^jQd  iiQttQ  cMiftMe  that  th«re«arf  41  t)it  fpQjUgnt- 
oUi  prodonftioiu  pi  nature#,wj^ich  h«|;e  nayorjefr^ifp^^ 
the  adirantggM  of  ingrafting,  tx^nfpliJilingjiri;  nwciMT- 
irig..'.'  .;  .:  ■  •    w%;#~>. 

Chti  Vine,  the  Mitlbfrry  Tr««,  the  Crab  Apple  Trcn 
thii.FJj|mJb  Tree,  th©<Cheiify /Ertft,  ftiwi  th<  Sweft|,Oux^ 

T  heiY INE  is  very  com!in«ik  here,  and  of  ihjr^i  km^s  t 
the!firiit£offth'.iirdl9t  defer Vesithe  natceof  ii  gi»(^ ;  rth<> 
fecoiid  Q&ucb  reiembles  iho  Butgundif.  grape,  and;  if -ex- 
poled  to  the-fuh  a  good  wine  might  be  made  of  dliiemv. 
J  he  third  reftmbles  Zani  currants,  which  are  fo  fre»; 
cptihllyil&d^irilcakeBf  5tc,  in  K|)g]w>dt  and  if  proper 
c»re?fliv)i^:  taken  of  i^em,  wjould  be  equAl  ilm>t  fupem 
ori!to  tkdfi>i«if  that  iCfllUntry. 

pr.heJWULBERRV  tREB.i«of  ivrokind**  red#nd 
vmtQjauidWarly  of  the  farrit  ftze  of  Haofk  &(  Kr«^ne^ 
anditaily,  and  grow  iufuch  plenty ^af  to  ieedaoy  qUii|\* 
ttty  o;  iilk  wojrms  s  ;; 

Ihe  eK.At&  APFLETaEE  be«ri  a  fruit  ihat.w 
much  hirgfir;  and  bcStttv  flavored  than  thole  of  Eu? 
rope-.  ■•       1  "■'....    ■ 

rhe  PLUM  TREE.  There  are  two  forts  of  pltira* 
ill  this  country,  one  large  fort  of  a  purple  cad  on  one 
fide,  and  red  on  the  reverfe,  the  (econd  touHy  green* 
and  much  fmaller.    Both  thefe  are  of  a  good  flavor. 


f 

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caRver*s  travels. 


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9.M  irb  greatly  efte&ined  by  the  Indiant .  whofe  tafte  Ir 
not  refined,  but  w^io  are  fatisfied  i^ith  the  produdient 
of  nature,  in  their  ttjniroproved  ftate 

The CHERR¥  TREE.  There  are  tJiree  forti.of 
cherries  in  this  couhtr;|r ;  the  blickt  the  red  and  the  fand 
cherry  ;  the  two-  htter  may  witk  more  propriety  be 
ranked  among  the  (hrubs,  as  the  bufh  that  bears  the 
fand  cherries  alnnoft  creeps  along  the  gronnd«  and  the 
other  rtfes,  not  above  eight  or  ten*  £?et  in  heigkt ;  how- 
e?er,l  ihiiil  give  an  aecoant  of  them  in  this  place.  The 
black  cherries  are  about  the  fize  of  a  curVent,  and  haagi 
in  cluflers,4ike«grapes  •  the  trees  which  bear  them,  be* 
ing  very  fruitful»  they  are  generally  loaded,  but  the 
fruit  is  not  good  to  eat^  however,  they  give  an  aereea* 
ble.  Hjvor  to  brandy,  and  turn  it  to  the  color  of  clarret. 
The  red  cherries  grow  in  the  greateil  profufion,  and 
hang  in  bunchet)^  hke  the  black  fort  juil  defcribed  ;  fo 
that  the  bufhcs  whi^h  bear  them  appear  at  a  dift^nce 
like  folid  bodies  of  red  matter.  Some  people  admire 
this  fruit,  but  thejr^  partake  of  the  nature  and  tafte 
of  alum,  leaving  a  diiagveeable  rou^iiefs  in  the  throat, 
and  being  very  aftringent.  As  I  have  already  defcrib* 
ed  the  fand  cherries,  which  gr«atlf*  exceed  the  two 
other  forts  both  in  flavor  and  fize,!  ihall  give  bo  farthec 
defcriptiott  o£  them.  .  1  he  wood  of  the  black  cher- 
ry tree  i«  very  ufeful^  and  worJcs  well  into^  cabinet 
ware  *  ^ 

live  SWEET  GUM  TREE  or  LIQUID  AM* 
BEK  (Copalm)  knot  only  extremeljr  cbmmon,  but  it 
affords  a  balm  the  virtues,  of  which  are  infinite*  Its 
bark  is  black  and  har d^  and  its  weod  lb  tendier^  and  fup- 
pie,  that  when  the  tree  is ielled,  you  may  dtawfrom  the 
middle  of  it  rods  of  five  or  fix  feet  in  length.  It  can^ 
not  be  employed  in  building  or  furniture,  as  it  warps 
€OHtinuaUy.  Its  leaf  is  indented  witli  five'  points  like  a- 
flar.  This  balm  is  reckoned  byi  the  Indians  to  be  an 
ttceUent  febrifuge,  ^nd  it  cures  in  two  or  three  days* 


Ml  the 
or  roo 
^r  its 
to  be  1 
The 
frows 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS. 


£11 


m 


SHtftl. 


.,  tlhtWitiow*  Sh'm  Wood.  Sumac,  Saflkfras,  the  Priclc- 
It  Aih,  Moofe  Wood,  Spoon  Wood,  Large  Elder, 
Pwarf  Elder»  Foifonou*  EWer^  Junipei:,  Shrujj  Oak, 
Aiiireet  F^ra,  the  LnutieU  ;thff  W|ich  Hazle,  the  Mirtle 
Wax  rite.  Winter  Green,  the  Ferer  Ba(i,  ih?  Gran- 
liferry  BuOi.  tl|e  Gobfeberry  buOi,  the  Current  bufli,  the 
Whirtle  Berry,  the  Ra{berj-y»  the  Black  Btfrrj^,  and  the 
Choak  Berry.    ' 

"The  WILLOW.  There  «fe  feveral  fpecfes  oF  the 
%ilIow,  the  molt  renaarkable  of  which  is  a  fnialifort  that 
l^roirs  OR  the  lianks  of  the  Miflitippi,  and  fome  dther 
Peaces  adjacent.  The  bark  of  tivis  (hrub  fupplies  the 
^Deajr«r  with.  its.  winter  food  $  and  where  the  water  h^s 
wadied  the  foil  from  its  roots,  they  appear  to  coo  fi  ik  of 
j|6res  interwoven  together  like  thread,  the  color  of  iwJiieh 
is  of  an  Ihexpreffihiy  fine  fca'rlet ;  with  this  the  Indians 
tinge  many  of  the  ornamental  parts  Of  their  drefs. 

sHIN  WOOD.  ThisextraOrdirtaryihiiub grows  in 
the  forefts,  3«d  rifing  like  a  Vine,  runs  near  the  ground 
.for  fix  6r  eight  f^t,  and  then  takes  root  again  ;  in  the 
.&me  riia^iser  taking^roQt,  aiidfpringingup(bcce(n«^e]y, 
one  ftalk'coTcrs  Akrge  (pace;  this  proves  very  trotib- 
Jefom^  to  the  hady  .traTeller,  by  Hri  king  again  ft  his 
jihins,  and  entangling  his  legs ;  from  which  it^has  ac- 
quired its  name 

The  SASSAFRAS  is  a  >pod  well  kn«wn  for  its 
diedictnal  qualities.  It  might  Mtth  equal  propriety  be 
termbd  a  tree  as  a  (hrub,  as  it  ibmetimes  grows  thirty 
fisftt  high  ;  but  in  general  it  dees  no:  reach  higher  than 
•  ihofe  of  the  (hi ub  kind  The  leares,  ^hich  yield  an  a. 
gr^able  A  jgrance,  s|re  large,  and  nearly  feparated  into 
tlifee  divifioni-  It  bears  a  reddifli  brown  b<}rr^%  c\  the 
Ii2e  «nd  ihstjic  of  Pimento,  and  which  is  rcradiitrves  uied 
IP  the  colonies  as  a  fubftitute  fbr  that  iulco.  .  i  he  bark^ 
or  roots  of  ihis  tree,  is  Infinitely  fuperior  to  the  wood 
ior  Its  ttfe  in  medicine,  unu  F  am  furprifed  it  is  {o  feldoth 
to  be  met  with,  as  its  efficacy  is  fe  much  greater 

The  PRICKLY  AS  Li  is  a  (hrub/that  fon^etimet 
irows  to  the  height  of  ten  or  fifteen  feet,  and  has  a  leaf 


*• 


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Ml^ 


CA^YER'S  TR^VKia 


# 


exadlf  refembling  that  of  aa  sdh,  but  it  receives  the  ep* 
tthet  to  its  name  from  th^abundaiicjB  of  fli^rt  thorns 
^Hth:  which  every  hianch  is  <&i^dy  an^wi^ii^h. lenders 
|t  very  trottUefQnie  to  tllioie  who  pafs  throiigbf^e  fpot 
where  they  grow  thicJer  It  alfo  bears  a  (carlet  berry, 
Vfl^kh  v^hen  ri|}e,  ha«  k  fiiery  tafte,  likie  nepp(^>  'ihe 
b^rk  of  this  tree,  particularly  the  bark  of  the  roots,  is 
highly  efteemed  by  the'tiat^vet  for  its'  mttdidnal  quah'- 
ties.  I, have  already  men^bned  otie  iinfts|n<;e  of  its  effi- 
cacy, and  there  is  no  doubt  bat  that  the  decoAion  of  it 
will  expedttiouflf  and  r^iealt^rf mm  all  impintties  of 

The^MdOSE  WOOD  grows  about  four  ftet  high, 

aipd  U  yeiry  full  of  branches  ^r  but  what  renders  It  worth 

notice,  is  its  bark,  which  is  of  ib  ftrong  and  pliable  a 

texture,,  that  beiog  peeled  off  at  anv  teaiooi  and'tw^d, 

,  Ulakes  equiaBy  as  good  cordagelil  jiemp. 

1:iie  BPOON  \i^QOl)  i^  afpeeitfs  of  the  iajwel,  and 
the  wc^  when  fawed  refc^ble^s  box  wood,  tv  • 
,  The  ELBE  R,  eommonly  termed  the  poilbncras  el- 
Jer^  flifarlyreleni^s  the' other  fort  in  its  leaves  and 
bra^e^esi  but  it  groWs  much'  ftreigbter,  and  is  only 
foniid  in  iWamps  and  :  moiH  foils,  'IJiisr^rub  is  en* 
i^wed  w4th  »  very  extraotdpna^vqifiiHty,  tlu^t,veiiders 
ltvpoi0)uot«i  to  ^|nii  coi|^it|Kiions»  mKtch  it  effeds  if 
the  perfon  only  a^roaci};^  witl^  ^»  yatds  of  it, 

Whiift  others  may  even  chtw  thie  leayeaor  the  rind  with- 
out receiving  the  l^aft  detriment  firom  them  :  the  poifon 
^bw^vefvts  ndtmortaivthouglK  it  oppeirates  very  vio- 
laatly  OU'  the  mfeAed  perfon,  whofe  body  aod  head  fwell 
Id  gn  amazing  fize«  and  ^e  covered^  with  eruptions, 
jiiat  at  their  iMngbt  reiemble  tlie  eonfluent  fmall  pox. 
As  it  gtowf  allb  in  many  of  the  prbvtnci^  the  inhabit- 
ants cure  its  venom  by  drinking  Caffi'On  tea^  and  annoint- 
ing  the  external  parts  with  a:  Jbhture  cGinpol'ed  of 
4}ream  and  marih  malk^s. 

y   The  SH  RUB  OAK  is  exaaiy  teilar;to  the  oak  tree, 

both  in  wood  and  leaves,  aod  like  that  it  beats  an  acorn, 

but  it  never  rifes  from  the  gsound  abo^e  four  or  five 

leer*  growing  crooked  and  knotty.    It  is  fctlndi  chiefly 

>n  a  dry  gravelly  foil 


.^AI^*>S  TkAVEU 

1(%c  lyiTCH  HAZLE  growi  very  budky,  about 
^Ub  Icet  kigb^.and  is  cpveted^rW  in  May  with  nuine* 
'}w%  white  lloiToiDs.    MhnQ  tbis  urab  if  in  bloom,  Ui4» 
liKdiaos  cftccin  it%fiirUier  indicat^qa  ti^  the  froft  i^ 
'iDtircly  gone,  and  that  tkey  might  fow  their  corn.    It 
Ins  bccKf^id,  that  it  is  foflciicf  of the^Ver  of  attraft* 
^I'^old  or  iUf  nr,  and  that  tvigsiirit  arc  taade  ufe  of 
.to  difcoterwhlBre  iie  Veins  of  thefe  Petals  lie  hid;  but 
I  am  lipiirehenUW  this,  Is  only  a  felacions  flory,  and^ 
;tot  toj^d<r|»etided  iui;  however  that  foppoTitiion  hai 
^i?e«  U  ti\e  liame  dP  twitch  nzt\h. ,  -  ,, , 
*  The  km  { LE  WAX  TIlEi^  iiifthibabpotibur 
l^t^ignj  the  leaves  of  which  are  larger  than  diofe  of 
n^  common  inirtle,  but  they  fmell  eiaaiy  alike,    It 
%^rs  itt  fi'uit  in  b'lmch^  l&ea  nofegay,  rifing  froin 
^^dli^if^irie'place  in  vaxicus'ftafksyji^out  two  idches  1^$ 
'jut  the  end  of  each  of  ihefe  is  a  iTuH^.  hiit,  iiohtatnii^  a 
letnel,  which  is  wholl)  covered  ^idi  a  gluey  fubftancey 
Whi^h  being  boiled  in  water,  fwiins  on  the  forface  of  it, 
>'iind  b^coniesakind  of  greetiwal;  ^is  is  mote  va|aa»> 
l^^iTn  ^eUs  wax,  beii)^  of  aincrc  bntt!lenato|ie,  b'ttt 
mixed  with  it'make&.agiDKKl  candle,  which  as  it  burns, 
lends  forth  an  agreeable  i^enl     . 

WINTER  GREEN,    ife  is  an  ever  greifn,  of  ihe 

fpectes  of  the  myrtle^  aifd  is  fiuunjl  on  dry  heat);s  ; 

the  fiowers  of  it  are  white,  ard  in  the  form  cf  a  r«fe> 

bitt^not  larger  than  a  fiW0^  pcntiy  ',  jn  the  wfctfr  it  t* 

f^^f  fed  berries,  about  tiie  fiae  of  a  fire,  which  arte 

an^io^^^  >,Mif^/aie  ptefervtd  during^  tKe  ie- 


We^feafon  by  tLetn'ow,  at-d  are  at  this  t/ine  in  ws 
^i|^heft  perfeiEtion  'flie  Indians  eat^icic  berries, 'd[^ 
teeming  them  v^)r  balfaQiic,  and  tov^lorliting  t0  the 
Aom  aoi.  Tne  geopte  inhabiting  the  interior  colonies' 
'^p  both  iKe  (jptigs  and  berries  in  Wet,  nnJ  ufe  itas  ar 
i^  drink  for^leanf^ng  ^e  olo'cd  from  fcorb^tic  difbr* 

Ihe  FEVEll  BlJSH  grows  about  fiVjt  or  fix  feet 

hifih  ;  its  leaf  is  like  that  pt  a  UlMch,  ard  it  bears  K;rfd'« 

.  difh  berry  of  a  fpicy  flavor.     'J  U  fi?ilks  cf  it  are  excdf- 

%vely  fcrittte.    A  dtccdlicn  of  i>)'e  buds  W  wlbod  19  ak 

■        .  Y 


111' I! 


i;l  r| 

ill. . 


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c^twrfelt*d  tit 


Tieceite^  itsnattie.  1%  is  ah  «acitat  IxiAttai-nrnt^  for 
ill  inflaiiifflBtory  cbnipliintst  mq^  ItkeiMfe  thadi  ^ec^m. 
«d  oti'  the  fame  a«ootti|t,1>jr  ^'iMKabitadtlDf  the  iikte* 
rior  parti  of  Qie  ebliohies. 

The  CRAHtoilRY  BUSH.  TKdogh  theftiait'of 
tbiilmfli  greiHy  tefenoibtes  inlizeahd  appearahce  that 
of  the  e6nlttk6ft{6ti  ^"ch  p<ms  ^n  i  finaU  Vine,  ia 
morafles  Md  bdgki^et  the  b«lh  tiins  to  (he  hd|[ht^bf  ten 
or  twiilvefb^fti  but  It  ilirllf  i^rel^  ttf  bekiiet  li^ith.  As 
the  meadow  cranbefly,  bettaw'of  i  tddil  fftby^th,  tod 
flonrifhthg  onfylit  tiiloraflea^cai^t  be  tratifpTaiibd  or  cul- 
tivated, thi3  foriner,if  r^oi^^  at  a  propet  feafon^  wohrd 
be  a^valuable  acqdifitioii  to  thegsirden^  s|nd'w(th|;r<>p. 
tr  ntitrture,  -prove  ckiuallrat  good,  if  hot  bitter.     '  ^ 

the  CHOAK  BERRY.  The  ftirab^u«  ^^tihed 
by  the  natives  growii  about  five  or  fit  feet  hfg(h»  and  bears 
a  berry  about  the  fize  of  a  fibe,  of  a  jet  biaek,'i«>hieh  eon- 
tains  feveral  fmallft^dk  within  1he  dulp.  thci  juice  of 
this  fruit,  though  not  of  a'  difaJ^reeabM  flavor,  b  eitrene- 
ly  tart,  and  leaves  a  ronghntfis  hi  the  tti6uth  and  ;^rbat 
^heh eaten,  that hasgained  it  the  nitnie of «hoiiki>errf . 


filecsMi^pine,  SpHumard,  Ahgelidii  SaHap^ilhii  0ih* 
tahg,  Ground^  Nut^;  Wild  Potatoes,  I.iqttoffe^/  Shake 
RootV  GMd^Thrriid,  S6lo»iDh»i5  Seal.  De¥ii»»  Btt,lMood 
libot,  OhiorSiCatlick,  VT'ild  P^rfhips,  M«ndraic^^ 
inhere  White^ftadci 

^rKERAllD,  vulgarly  called ih^t^^^ 

'Worfel,   ^rhis  ptaht  ieippears  to  be  exai^ly  theftajeas 

the  ARatic'l|>ikehard,fomhth  Va?hedby  the  ahcK^. 

ft  grows  near  the  fides  '6f  brdoKs  ih  todcy  ph^ifti 

its  llcna  whijchis  abouLthenzeofagoofe^liiM,  tpi^i 

^^up  like  thtt  t)f  ing^lica,  reaching  about. a  foot  hhli  an 

half  from  the  ground.   ,  It  bears  bandies  b^Mlties  hi  all 

teipeas  hkefthoie  of  the  elder,  only  radlerlaiget.    !%«& 

^^w*  of  itfch  a  balftmic  naihre,;»hat  i^heh  ihfu&dlii  ^r* 


CiliiVER'S  TRAVELS, 


t*;  \hpj  make  a  mo^oaUuble  and  re^tvkig  cordial. 

8AS3aPARH,L Af.  Thf  root  of  ihif  plan^/w^ch 
>s  i^moft  e|tip,a^l9f|P>^  •C  l(»  liajboat  tKe  fize  oiju 
gO(»^  qaill,  and  ruai  la  dijS^nt  di^eQions,  twio«d  ani 
crooked  to  a  great  length  in  the  grouadU  p9^ 
tlie  piiiieipat  item  of  it  fpringi  nuaiijr  tmitlei?  fi* 
iH^rSr  aU  of  which  are  tov^h  an^  fleiuble.  From 
the  root  iminediatelir  CKoou  a  italic  about  a  fool 
and  ahalf  lonj^t  which  at  the  top  branches  intothre^ 
ftfros  i  each  of  theCe  has  three,  leaves^  mufh  of,  the 
AtapOfand  fize  of  a  waUmt  teai; ;  and  from.the  fork  of 
each  of  the  thrfQ  Aems  grows  a.b|nci|,af  I^I^ifli;  white 
flowtcsi  refembtittf;  thofe  of  the  .fpikefia^do  ll^.bark 
oC t|>e,ro<>ts» whicn alone'ihouldbe ufed  mnoNs^ 
of  a  bitteriihBavor  but  arpmaftc  ]^  is  deferved^  es- 
te^ed  for  lis  medicina*  vir^oes»  being  a  giG9it|e  (udor- 
ific,  and  very  powerful  in  attehuAittng:  tt|^  hioodit^hen 
tOnpedtd  by  grofs  humors  : 

GJNSANuiva  root  diat  was  OBce  fupppfed  to.grow 
9jOly  i^Kprea*  ^om  wh^ce  it  was  ufuaH|^^  ezpoi^d  to 
i|lippa(]^ao4>by  thatmoiuis  found  iu  w^y  intQ  £urpp^ ; 
bill  i|ha&  b0ei;i,Ute)y  difcoyered  to  he  a  oaUye  of;  ^(prlh 
Amertcai  ytherf  if  grows  to.as|;reat  per^s^ip^,  ^ipd 
equally  Taluabli^  Its  root  is  hke  a  imaU  carrptt  but 
not  fo  taper  at  the  end ;  it  is  fbmetiroes  divided  into  feve- 
ral  branches^  4n  all  other  refpcAs  itrefembles  fafaparilla 
in  its  growth.  The  tafte  of  the  root  iftbitterifli.  In  tht 
eaftern  parts  of  Afia  it  b^s  a  great  jprice,,  being  there 
cp]Bf$deie4  ai  9;pjki^c<!Ar  and  is  l^e  laft  icfng<^  o{  ^  in- 
hf^tantifiiJ»U  0^^  Whef^^iiw^  it  certainly  is 

a^cfealiftmg^ner  of  the  ftpmach*"^     .,    «  ,   ' 
j&j^ySfpi^        Thisis^  aplap^tf  the  In^ 
ffilf  j^i||i, wl»i^h gfQm in  tyfxutpt JplaceSf;  and jieson 
glpfiQld*    'the  roots  fpread  ^^ni^lif s Jm^  uude^ 
fmlilipe  of^sipi^fst  a|i4a|[!eea0Iy.  d|ca«raup  by 
AlUpiUi;    They  refemble  a  large  entangled^  %eiii  of 
,,QCl^Ji^e,»  bright  j^ddcpK^ 
ifpd|4yif^  abl^ttf^  j^iqmj^, 

ii  flife;g?ejW!y  pmm^  ¥^>7  the  Indiiiins  M^mr 

» <^ ills exquifitely  mn*  %.^^ 


h  I 


il 


1 


I 


SI66 


CARVER'S  TRAVELS, 


SOLOMON'S  SEAL  ti  si  plant  that  m»wft.on  the 
fidet  of  t  Wen,  and  ip  rich  awadow  UukL  It  ri^  iii  ihei 
whble  to  abiiat  tfa^  feet  bi|^,  the  (Ulht  MMf  twaf<i^c, . 
when  th^  leav^es  btgin  to  rpreadthemieHes  al|d  reach  a 
^oot  fbi^^.  A  pan  in  every  root  ha«  an  itnprefflon  up*. 
on  it  ab6at  fhcd^ebf  a  ftspenee,>N4ich  agpean  at  iTit, 
WMM  made  hy  a  feaii,  andftom  thdEeit  reoeivcif  its  name*. 
It  II  ffreattf  i^altted oa  ac^loimt  of  tu  bebg  a.fine  pari.. 
fierc7theUood. 

DEVIL'S  BIT  it  anodier  wild  plant  whi«h*|prows  in 
the  fields,  aiiidreeeiTes  its  name  from  a^  print  that  fi^ms 
to  be  made  by  teeth  in  the  roots.  The  (ndians  fyy  that 
this  was  OBCitf  i  nniverfiil  rem<  dy  for  every  diibrder  that 
hnmao  nature  is  incident  to  ;  but  fome  of  the  eril  fpirits 
envying  toankind  the  poiTeflion  oi  (b  eificatious  a  floedt* 
cintt  gave  the  root  a  oiter  which  deprived  it  of  a  Mat 
pan  of  its  virtue. 

Ua^OOO  root,  a  fort  of  plantain  that  fpring^ 
out  of  the  KToond  in  fii  or  ibvcn  lonj^  roneh  leates,  the 
veins  of  wnich  are  red;  theroototitjs  like  a  finall  car- 
rot, both,  in  color  and  appearanoe  I  when  brohentihe 
infide^oTitis  of  a  deeper  color  than  the  out  fide,  and  dil^ 
tils  feveral  dr6ps  of  juice»  that  look  like  blood.  This  is 
a  ftrong  emetic,  bma  very  dangerous  one. 


maat. 

Balm,  Nettles,  CSn^oe  Foili  Eyebright,  Sanicle,  Plan* 
tain,R&;r>  Sioil^'  PlM[tain,Poor  Robin  s  Plantahi,  inmd 
Plantain,  Maiden  Hair,  Wild  Dock,  Rock  Liverwort, 
Noble  Liverwort,  Bloodwon,  Wild  Beans,  Gromid  fvy. 
Water  CreHes,  Yarrow,  May  Weed,  Oargit,  Skunk 
Cabbage  or  Poke,  Wake  Robin,  Betony,)kablmu,  llnl^ 
len,  Wild  Feafe,  Moufii  Ear,  Wild  Ind^o^  Tobacco  and 
Cat  Mint. 

SANICLE  has  a  toot  which  is  thick  towards  te^p* 
per  part,  and  full  of  fmall  fibres  bilow  i  the  leavts  of  it 
are  broad,  ronndiih,  hard,  fmo^th,  and  of  &  uoe  ftiniag 
gietn  }  a  fltalk  rifet  from  theft  to  tha  height  of  afaof^ 


•»«*wfiiapw|s»j«jN^.v  ,.*»«^^       --f^rrTfiliiitntijfiiiiii^, 


<•«''-  •  • 


SI"    I 


'  d/titVfiR*a  TRAVELS. 


'  aev 


which  18  quite  (iiibodi  and  freisfroM  knots^  ancfon  ihet 
tog  of  it  are  feferd  fm^lt  iiowers  of  a  redifh  white,  ftta- 
ped  like  a  wildix^e.    A  tea  made  of  tlie  root  it  vulner- 
ary and  balfa^inic^ 

RATtLE"  SNAKfi  PLANfrAlN.  This  ufefol 
herb  isbf  th^'ptahtainlthid,  and  its  leaves,  which  fpread 
tbemfelv^'Oikthje  ground,  are  about  one' inch  and  an 
half  widi^;  tfHd  five  inches  long ;  from  the  centre  of  theie 
arifes  a  ibiril  ftalk,  nearly  fix  inches  long,  which  bears 
a  littld  white  flower  i  the  root  is  about  the  Cite  of  a^goofe 
qutll;  and  miich  bent,  and  divided  into  feveral  branchsit. 
Thi'leaves  of  this  herb  are  more  efficaddus  than  i|<ij 
other  part  of  it  for  the  bite  of  the  leptile  from  whicltlt 
receives  it  name ;  and  b^ine  chewed  and  apfjiied  imili^-' 
diately  to  the  wound,  and  finne  of  the  juice  fwallol^, 
leldom  fails  of  averting  every  dangeroulri^mptom*  So 
convinced  are  the  Indiatts  of  the  pow^  ot  this  infalMle 
anttdotCi  that  for  a  trifling  bribe'offperitous  liquor,  th«|y 
^ill  at  any  time  permit  a  rattle  fnake  to  drive  hfs  fdings 
into  their  flefli.  It  is  to  be  rem»4(ed  that  during  thofe 
months  in  which  the  bite  of  the(^  creatures  is  mod  vein. 
ORious,  that  ^is  remedy  fur  it  it  In  its  greateft  perftdion, 
and  moft  luxuriant  in  i ts  growth .  * 

POOR  ROBfN*s  FLAN  r  Am  Is  of  tWe  fame  fp?- 
cies  as  the  laft,  but  more  diminutive  in  every  refpe^t ;  ic 
receives  its-name  from  its  fize,  and  the  poor  kind  on  whi^b 
it  grows.  It  is  a  good  medtcinat  herb,  and  often  a^*/ 
mioiftered  with  fuccefs  in  fevets  and>  internal  weakne(t' 
es. 

TOAD  PLANTAIN)«remble4the  comtiidn  plan- 
tainv  only  it  growl  much  rankef,  and  is  thus  denomina* 
ted,  becaufe  toad^  love  to  harbor  under  it.  ' 

ROCK  LIVERW^ORT  is  a  foit  of  Liverwort  that 
grows  on  rocks,  and  is  of  the  nature  of  kelp  or  mo(s.  It 
tsefteemed  an  excellent  remWy  again  ft  declines. 

GARGlTor  SKOKE  is  a  large  kind  of  Weed,  the 
leaves  of  which  are  about  fix  inches  long,  and  two  inches, 
and  an  half  broad  t  they  refpmbte  thofe  c£  fpinage  in 
their  color  and  texture,  but  not  in  (hape.    The  root  is 
very  large^  firom  which  fpring  diifereut  ftalki  that  run 

f  « 


i  I 


III 


i.:i 


*    '     1 


■'V 


«#^  ■  ;:■  rf^' 


\^^- 


,   ■.     ■'•-ti'.w.v.VJ-' J^ww*^- 


968 


CARVER'S  TRAVEI4- 


eight  o«- tea  (ieet  high*  and  are  fall  of  red  berries  :  Theie 
hSng  ii^etufters  in  the  month  of  Septeniher>  aftd  are  gen* 
eratty  called  pigeon  berriesi  as  thme  birds  then  feed  on 
then*  When  the  leaves  firftfprin^  from  the  grouad, 
after  being  boiled,  thef  afea  nutntiotts  and  wholefome 
vegetable,  but  when  the^  are  grown  nearly  to  their  fuU 
fiae,  they  acqilire  a  poilonons -^quality.  I'he  roots  ap* 
plied  to  the  hands  or  ^et  of  a  perfon  affiled  with  a  fe- 
ver, prove  a  very  powerful  ahforbent. 

SKUNK  CA^AGE  or  POKE  it  au  herb  that 
grows  in  moift  uid  Iwampy  places.  The  leaves  of  it  are 
about  a  foot  long,  and  fix  inches  bioady  nearly  oval,  but 
lather  pointed.  The  roots  are  compofed  of  ftreat  num.- 
bers  of  fibres,  a  lotion  of  which  is  made  uw  of  by  the 
people  in  the  colonies  for  the  core  of  the  itch.  There 
}0bes  a  Ibong  muiky  (mell  from  this  herb,  fomething 
like  the  animal  of  the  fame  name  before  deCbrihed,  and 
on  that  account  it  is  To  termed. 
^  WAKE  ROniNisanherbthat  grows  in  fwampy 
lands ;  its  root  refembles  a  fniall  turnip,  and  if  tafted 
will  |;reatly  in&ime  the  tongue,  aisd  immediately  con* 
vert  It  from  its  natural  (hape  iatoa  round  hard  fabftance; 
in  which  ftate  it  will  continoe  for  (one  time,  and  during 
this  no  other  part  of  the  mouth  will  be  affeded.  But 
when  dfied,  it  lofes  itf  aftringent  quality,  and  becomes 
beneficial  to  iimnkind,for  if  grated  into  cold  water,  and 
^dcen  intemalfy,  it  is  very  good  for  all.complaints  of  the 
^%owels. 

WILD  IliPIGOisan  herb  of  tha*  (ame  fpeciesas: 
Uidirtwim  whfnce  indigo  is  made  in. die  ibutherm  colo- 
niet.  It  grpws  in  ooelaUt  to  the  height  of  five  or  fix 
kicbes  fromihe  grou^idi  when  it  divides  hito  manv  bran- 
ches; from  which  ifli!kif  a  gnat  number  of  fmall  hard 
blewiihWaves  tbatibfiead  to  a  great  breadtht  and  among 
ibefe  it  bears  a  yellAv  flower  |  the  juice  of  it  has  a  very 
dUagreeable  Icimt. 

CAT  MINT  has  a  woody  root,  divided  into  leveral 
branches,  and  it  finds  forth  a  ftalk  about  three  feet 
U0i  I  the  leaves  are  like  thofe  of  the  nettle  or  betony. 
and  they  ha^e  a  ftropg  (inell  of  mint^  with  a  biting  ac- 


-■irit.***.^-^      .  .^^fi'^  : 


■m- 


CARVE«*S  TRAVrisS. 


909 


t\d  ufte  }  thefiowcrs  ftrQw  oo  iht  tOfNi  of  the  branches, 
andare  of  a  hunt  pnr^or  whitifli  coloc     It  is  -c^lltd 
eat  mint,  becaofeit  is  ifaicUcau  Lstc  an  antipathy  to  it, 
and  will  not  let  it  groyn-  It  has  neatli;  the  virtue  of  com^ 
monmint* 

VL0W1R»/ 

•  *  .. 

Heart's  Eafe,  Lillies  ted  aad  yeUow^  Pond  Lilliesr 
Cowfltps,  May.  Flowers,  JeflUmiosiiioneyfuckles,  Rock 
Honeyfuckles,  Rofes  red  and>  white,  WUd  HoUybockt 
Wild  Pinks,  andGolden  .Rod. 

I  (hall  not  enter  iatoa  minute  defcriptionof4hefl6w-> 
ers  above  recited,  bat  only>  juft  obienre,'thaC  they  much 
seiembte  thofe  of  the  fiune  name  which  grow  in  Europet 
and  are  as  beautiful  in  col7or#  and  as  ])^%Ain  odor,  as 
they  can  be  fiippofed  to  he.  in  theic:  wild,  uncultiv.ated« 
^te. 


1^ 


f'» 


^"\ 


raaiNACtoos  ahs  LtcvittNovs  aoorsf  &c. 

Matseor  Indian  Com^  Wild  <»Rice,  Beans,  the  Squaih, 
ftc. 

MA1Z£  orIN01AN^CORN  grows  from  firto  trn 
ftethigh,  on  a^k  full  of  joints,  which  is  ftiff«nd  folid,. 
and  when  green,  abounding  with  a  iWect  juice^    Ibe 
leaves  aire  like  thof^oUhe  reed,  about  two  feet  in  length, 
and  three  or  four  inches  broad.    The  flowers  which  are.^ 
firoduced  at  fome  diftance  from  the  ^roit  on.thefatnr 
plant,  grow  liicethe  ears  of  oats,  and.  are.  fometimes 
white,  ydlo  w,  or  a  purple  color.    The  feeds  are  as  large 
as  peafe,  and\like  them  quite  naked  and  imooth,  but  of 
aroundith  furface,  rather  comprefled.    One  fnike  geoer 
ally  con(i|lls  of  about  fit  hundered  grains,  which  are  pla* 
ced  doftly  together  in  rows,  to  the  nuoBbcr  of  eight  or 

ten,  and  fometimes  twelve*    This  corn  is  very  whole.- 

»• 

*  For  an  account  of  Tobacco,  fee  t  trcatife  I  have  pub* 
U(tktd  on  the  culture  of  that  pjant. 


1: 


*t^'J*^Ml|p||ll!«"!lfei«^  ^.^swHWIBfc-" 


■■  'V,> 


«70 


CARVEJl»S  THAVELS. 


^r 


I 


fomei  ^7  of  di^ftioiii  iind  yi^ds  as^good  noutifhment 
ai  any  other  fort>  /Vlter  the  tndiahi  hive  redilxced  it 
^to  meaibf  poanding  it,  ther  make  cakes  oftt,  and  bake 
diettt  before  the  fire.  I  hafe  already  mentioaed  that 
fome  nations  eat  it  ia  cakes  before  it  is  ripe,  in  which 
ftate  it  is  very  ajgreeable  to  the  palate,  and  extremely  nu« 
tritive.  a>,        j  ^ 

WILD  RICE.  His  grain,  which  grows  in  the 
greateft  plenty  dirpaghout  the  interior  parts  of  North 
America,  (s  the  nioft  valuable  of  all  tne  fpontaneous 
prodttftions  of  that  country.  .  Exclufive  of  its  utility  as 
a  lupply  of  food  for  thoTe  of  the  human  fpecies,  who  in- 
habit this  part  of  the  continent,  and  obtained  without 
any  other  trouble  than  that  of  gathering  it  in,  the  fweet- 
nefs  and  nutritious  quality  of  it'^attracks  an  infinite  num* 
ber  of  wild  fowls  of  every  kind,  Which  flbclcfrom  diilant 
climes,  to  enjoy  this  rare  repaft ;  ahd  by  it  become  inex- 
preflibly  fat  and  delicious.  In  future  periods  it  will  be 
of  great  fervice  to  the  infant  coloqies,  as  it  will  afford 
them  a  prefent  fupport,  until  in  the  courfe  of  cultivation, 
other  (Upplies  may  be  produced ;  whereas  in  thofe 
realms  which  are  not  furniihed  with  this  bounteous  gift 
of  nature,  even  if  the  climate  is  temperate  and  the  foil 

Soo J,  ^hf  firft  fettlers  are  often  expofed  to  great  hard- 
lips  from  the  want  of  an  immediate  refbutcefor  necef- 
fary  food.  This  ufeful  grain  grows  in  the  water  where 
it  is  about  two  feet  d^p*  and  wherrit  finds  a  rich,  mvd- 
d/  foil.  The  ftalks  of  it,  and  the  branches  or  ears  that 
bf  arthe  feed,  refemlite  oats  both  in  their  appearance  and 
manner  of  grawing.  The  ftalk«  are  full  oftoints,  and 
rife  more  than  eight  feet  above  the  water.  The  natives 
gatbet  the  grain  in  the  following  manner :  nearly  about 
She  time  that  tt  begins  to  turn  from  its  milky  ftate  and 
to  ripen,  thef  run  ttieir  canoes  Into  the  mdd  of  it,  and 
tying  bunches  of  it  together^  jud  below  the  ears,  with 
bark*  leav^  it  In  this  fituation  three  or  /our  weeks  Iop' 
er,^ciH  it  is  peffedlly  ripe.  About  the  latter  end  of  Sep^ 
tember  they  return  to  the  river,  when  each  £tmily  hav- 
ing its  feparate  alotment,  and  being  able  to  drftinguifb 
ihiir  own  property  by  the  manner  of  faftening  the 


C  ARtER'^  TRAVEL1B. 


fru 


fiieav«s> gacber  ia  the  portion  thiitibelongt  tO'them.. 
This  they  do  by,  pkcto^  their  canoes  clofe  to-thii  bunoh* 
«of  rice,  in  fiicb  poiuioii  ai  t^  receive  the  graiii  wheir 
if  falls,  and  then  bea^t  it  attt»  with  |iH!tes  of  wood  fortti- 
•d  for  that  purpofdV  ^  Having:  dene  this,  thej  dry  it 
withfmoke.  an«^  afterwards  tread  or  mb  off  tfaie  outfide 
huXk^  whita tt  it-fit  for  ufie  they  pat  it  into  the  ikins  of 
fiiwns,  or  young  :buffii1ost  taken  off  isearly  whole  for 
Ais  pntpoie,  and  fewed  into  a  fort  of  fack,  wherein  they/ 
prefervtt  it  till  >  the  return  of  their  harveft;    It  has  been . 
the  fubjfft iof  I  much  fpeculation,  why,  thii  fpontaneout  :■ 
fptiUm  is' not  found  in  any  other  rczions  of  America,:  or* 
in  thoie  countries  fituated  in  the  Mint  parallels  of  lati* 
tade,  where  the  waters  are. as apparantly' adapted  forits.^> 
growth  as  in  the  climate  I  treat  of.    As  for  inftanc^ 
none  of  the  countries  that  lie  to  the  fouth  and  eaft  of  the  .■ 
great  lakes,  even  from  the  provinces  north  of  the  Caroli-  < 
IMS,  to  tne  extremities  of  Labrador,  produce  any  of  this  : 
grain.     It  is  true  I  found  great  quantities  of  it  in  the  . 
watered  lands  near ;  Detroit,  between  lake  Huronand'^ 
lake  Erie,  but  on  enquiry  I  learned  that  it  never  arriv- 
•d  nearer  to  maturity  than  jn^  to  bloflbm ;  after  which  . 
it  appeared  bKghted^  and  died  away*  This  convinces  me 
fl^  the  norrn  wefl  wind,  as  I  have  before  hinted,  is  . 
mneh  more  powerful  in  theie  than  in  the  interior  parts ; . 
and  that  it  is  more  inimical  tothefiuUs  oftheeaith*  af- 
ter It  has  pafTed  over  the  lakes,  and  become  united  with 
dM  wiiid  ;which  joins  it  from  the  frozen  regions  oi  the 
north,  than  it  is  farther  to  the  weftward, 

BEANS.    Thefe  are  nearly  of  the  fame  fhape  as  the. 
Buropean  beans,  but  are  not  jktoch  larger  than  the  fmall-  ~ 
•ft  fixe  of  them.    They  are  boiled  4>y  the  Indians,  and  t 
eaten  chiefty  with  bear's  fleCh. 

The  SQUASH;    Thej  have  alfo  feveral  fpecies  of . 
tbt.Melon  or  Bumpkin,  which  by  feme  aiy*  crlled  fquafli^ 
es,  and.  which  ferve  many  nations  pjutljas  a  fub&itttte 
forhiKid:    Of  thefe  there  is  the  round,  the  crane  neck^ 
the  fmall  fl«t,  and  the  large  cblon^  fqualh .    The  fmall* 
cxibfts  bchi^boiledi  are  eaten  dunng^fummer  a^eg^ 


.  f 


i  ■   ii 


ii  1 


i 


%i 


ata 


€^^^^i^s  q^4y£LS« 


eubliei»|^d^ed||c|£«fle«^l|ft.6arof.  Tfa0  crane  neck^ 
whleh.|il»«%e&eli  ait  thk  otheiri,  are  ufually  huf^g  up 
^Mwmif^iMmf  and  Ja^i  iniUii!i<r  Q»^^^  be  pjreferv. 


lA,;'^J5?i&'.-,1/. 


'  f  ,ap^t:' 


tir 


■■  .f--,v:  r 


*  •■■■  > 


1  f. 


'Xf 


■■'.■  -t 


\ 


:/l-k'»f« 


"^ 


^6n4a,  although  li\  th(i»  lliid|(t:  of  4  liirge  cdiii^^ 
4|f  i^«a^dtftaiie^ft'j6u  the^^  fittisited.  thatil 

oomiiiinidition  bi^twedn  thenr  afld  bther  realaii  iptgHt 
-eotiVeatiratly  be  d^ieited  ;  by  which*  means  thdiff^e'iipirei 
jCidohtes  that  may  hereaneri>e  foiMded  ttf'phihted 
^h,  will  be  t^ndei^d  coAimer^Kil  ones,  fhe  gteat 
It  Miffifippi,  which  rtins  through  the  whole  of  themt 
iMabletheir  inhabitants  to  «C^H!f(h«n  intercourib 
#ttli  forc%n  ditties;  equally  as  well  Mi '  the  Euph^aies^ 
l^e  Nile,  the  Danube,  or  the  W^l|ra  do  thbfe  peb|>li 
ip^ich  dwell  on  their  banks;  and  who  have  tip  other  con« 
fciiience  lor  exporting  the  produce  of  their  own  cchin- 
irjt  or  for  impOMin^  thofe  of  others,  thi*:n  boiits  and 
yje^dels  of  lig^  btndea ;  n!OtWithftanding  which,  the^f 
tt|ye  become  (towierful  lafnd  opulent  'ftktes. 
™The  Miflifippt,  as  1  hiii»f  before  obferr^,  runs  frbrti 
north  to  fouth,  and  pafTes  through  thi  moft  fertile  and 
lintiperate  part  of  North  America/eit^fA^irig  Only  the 
f  itremities  of  it.  which  "verge  both  oh  the  tdrrid  land  fri^ 

tid  zones,  fhus  favorsllNy  fituated,  when  once  its 
antes  arc  covered  with  ijihabiiants,  they  need  not  Ibni^ 
be  at  9.  lofs  for  means  to  ellablifh  an  extenflve  and  prof- 
itable com  nierce-  Thev  will  find  the  country  towards 
the  ibuth  Hlmoft  fpontineOiifly  producing  ftlk,  cotton, 
ijndigo,  and  tobacco  ;  :.nd  the  more  north ;  a  parts,  win*^ 
oil,  beef  tallow,  fktns,  buffalo  wool,  an^  riih ;  with  h  4dJ 
copper,  Iron,  coals,  lumber,  corh',V/ce,andrrU!r,Sj  befickiS 
earth  and  bai  ks  for  dyin^. 

Thefe  articles,  with  which  it  abounds  even  to  profit, 
fion.  may  be  traitfported  to  the  ocean  through  th rstiveY 
without  g! eater  difficulty  than  that  which  attends  the 
conveyance  of  merchandife  down  fom'J  ^f  thofe  1  have 
}{ii\  mentioned.     It  ir  true  fii^t  the  MiiTtfippi  being  tht 


Ml  I 


j'l  '•• 


V   :   If 


•■ -t  i 


m 


Wt^EHNS. 


boundary  betwc^  the  Ena^idi  and  Spaniili  fcttlcm^nt^, 
«nd  the  Spuiardtio  jdiS^oii  of  the  immth  df  it«  the^ 
jpiaj  okftrua  thre  ptifiije  of  It  ^4umI  gteatljr  di0ieai|teA 
^oTe  who  make  the  firft  attempts  |  flBt  when  the  advan^ 
taget  that  will  certainlj  arHe  io  fettlers,  are  knowut  ttnl* 
titodet  of  adventorcrty  allured  hj  theprofpeftoffuch 
a!^dai|t  richcf)  wUl|k>!c]c  to  iiyaadeftahtlfli  themfehci, 
,  i|9Bgli  at  {^  iKipenee^  ^^^ 
.  Ip  flMmld  dbe  iiaiioii  mt  Jhappent  to  be  ih  poflTeflSoh 
•f  9|br  <)r]ean»  pfoYe  iinfrieiidly  to^te  ihtdroal  r#ttlerfi 
Iheyiinay  JBttd  a  ^zj  into  t^  gvldi  of  Bletico,  W  the 
riWlbttviUc^  wiiidi  epptiei  itiE^iro^  the  MUttfippti 
after  jpttttmg  tnn»iigh  lake  Maiu'^pAs,  tnto  lake  Pdnchar- 
tniin*  ^Iwch  |as  a  ^oomiiinicatiirtA  widi  Uie  fca,  withiil 
the  hoid)istp^9i0Moniz,  ^e  river  IterViUe  branch- 
es fijtfirom  thellikirippiaboat  eighty  miles  abote  Kew 
Orlea]|Sy,and  tfaoligh  it  is  at  jpriefent  oko^ked  vn^in  ifome 
par^,,  it  migtvt  at  an  iotconfid^ble  ^zpendTteLinade 
aairiffablei  fo  as  to  anfwer  all  the  piirpdes  prbpo&d. 

Aulioiigh  the  Engliin  haVe  acquired  iince  the  laft 
l^etfbe  a  more  extenfive  knowled^  of  the  interior  partu 
than  were  ever  obtained  bd^Dre,  even  by  the  Frenph,  yet 
many  of  tiieir  produlboas  ftill  remain  nAknown.  And 
thoagh  1  wfi  nbt  deficianlieither  in  aflfidoity  or  attef£> 
tion  diiriiig  the  ibort  time  t  remained  in  mem»  yet  I 
muft  i|cknow|edge  that  tfieinteUigence  1  gained  was  not 
ibperftdaf  I  coold  wi<b»  and  uiat  it  requires  further 
tvfear^sto  inake  the  v^orld  thoroi^Uy  acquainted 
m^  the  real  vtilbe  orinefir  long  .liidden  a^ms. 

llie  paru  of  the  Miffiiipdi  of  which  no  fu#rey  Ui  Utk- 
ertolieea  taken,  dmount  to  finfiratdi  of  eigtit  hundred 
miles,  ^llowinp  the  coiiTfe  of  tKb  ftreiUK,  that  is,  troni 
thelHimNstofe  iDuifconrin  riilsrs,  PUnsoffiicfa  as 
teach  from  the  formeir,  to  ttie  gtlpli  rf  Meiico,  have 
iteen  delineated  by  ftve^al  hands  aiid  I  liate  the  pleaf- 
iire  to  find  that  an  aKnal  furve>  of  the  intermediate 
paru  of  the  Miffiftppi,  between  kte  Illinois  rivet  and  the 
fea,  pfhicb  the  Ohio,  Cherokee,  and  Ouabache  rivers,  ta^ 
ken  on  the  fpot  by  f  very  ingenioas  gendeatian,*  is  now 

•  thomas'HtitchinKs,  efq  captain  ia  his  m^'cfty's  Wtft? 
6t  reyal  Ameficka  refiuieat  of  feoc, 


n 


APMNbiX. 


m 


X  x> 


ptiblifhfdT  r  flatter  myfelf  that  the  obfervatipns  there- 
in contiai^ed*  which  have  been  hiade.  by  one  whofe 
knowlec^  of  ^he  parts  therein  deicribed  !Bra$  j^cquired 
by  a  perioiiial  ihveftt^iition,  aided  hf  a  fbjid  judgmentt  ^ 
will  cbrinriii  ihie  remarks  1  have  made*  and  promote  the 
jptan  1  am  here  r^t'ohnni^ndftig.    , 

I  (b^lalfo  her|6  i^iVd  a/cbneil^  delfeription  of  each» 
begitihiiig,  according  to  the  rule  of  geographer j».  with 
that  which  lies  iboft  to  tlte  north. 

It  is  he  vevei  ntfceiTary  to  obferv^i  t^at  before  t^efe 
fett}eiiients  can  be  eftibHnied,^rant&  ihtift  be  prpcuired 
in  the  mai^qer  cuftomary  on  fbch  occafionSi  and  thi^ 
lands  ^e^urchafed  of  ihofe  who  have  aci||iired  i^  right 
to  theiiri  by  a  long  poiTeffion ;  but  no  greater  di^cuUy 
win  attend  the  conipletion  of  diis  poin't«  than  the  original 
foundefs  o^eveiy  polony  on  the  ttsntioent  Met  with  to 
obllrodM^eir  intentions;  and  thi^  number  of  Indians 
whd  inhabit  thefe  trails  being  greatly  inadequate  to  their 
extent,  it  is  hot  to  be  doubted,  but  they  will  readily  giv^  , 
tip  for  a  reafpnable  confiderationt  territories  that  are  of 
little  life  to  them  ;  or  remove  for  die  accotnmodattoh 
of  their  new- neighbors,  to  lands  at  a  greater  diftanc^ 
from  th&  Miifllippi,  t^^  navigation  of  which  is  noteffen^ 
ttaf  to  the  welfare  of  their  com^iinities.  ,  v^    -t* 

No^  i .  The  cotintry  within  thefe  lines,  froto  Its  fitu^ . 
ation,  is  colder  than  sin  y  of  the  others  v  yet  jlai^  coa? 
Vipced  that  the  ^ir  is  mach  mdre  temperate  than  in 
thbie  provioccs  t^^^t  lie  ni  !^e  fi&ie  degree  of  latitude 
te  the  eaft  of  it.  Ifie  foil  is  ekctUent*  and  there  is  a 
^re,^t;  dl!^!  <'^  land  that  is  free  from  woods  in  the  parts,, 
adjoiiiing  to  the  MiGlfippi ;  whillK  or-  tlie  contrary  the 
north  eaftern  borders  of  it  are  well  wooded-  Tc>' 
ward>  the  bead  of  the  river  St.  C-roixi  hce  grew* 
ia  great  plen(j(,  and  there  is  abiindahce  of  copper. 
Though  the  falls  of  iit  Anthony  irfe  fitiiatesd  at  thrf 
fouth  eaft  coVnet-  of  this  diviilan,  yet  that  impediment 
will  not  ':otalty  obftru<5t  th**  navigation,  as  the  river  St. 
Croix,  whicli  runs  through  a  great  part  of  the  fouthern 
ftde  of  it,  enters  the  V.jQifippi  j»;i  below  the  falls,  and 

Z 


'ii  i 


•i'f 


II 


■# 


«7tf 


APPENDIX. 


a 


M 


floirj  witH  fo  gentle  a  current*  that  it  affords  a  conVea* 
ient  navigation  for  boats  This  traft  is;  about  one  han* 
dred  miles  fro:n  nonh  weil  to  fouth  eaft,  and  j^ne  hua* 
dred  andtwentf  miles  from  north  eaft  to  foatli  #bft. 

No.  Ill  This  traft,  as  l  hare  alretdhr iftefcrtibed  ft  in 
mf  Jouihal,  eiceeJ*.  the  highed  encomiums  1  can  give  \U 
notwithftandlag  which  it  ts  Entirely  uninhabited,  and 
the  pirofuAoh  ot  blcfltngs  that  ikature  has  (faavrered  on 
thifheavenlf  fpot,  return  unenjoyed  to  the  iap  from 
whence  they  fprang.  Lake  Pepin,  as  I  have  termed  :it 
afitoi^  the  French,  lies  within  thefe  bounds ;  but  the  lalU 
to  which  that  name  prop^ly  belongs  is  a  little  a,b6sfe 
therivei  St  Croix;  however,  as  all  the  traders ^^ItljiiB 
lower  lake  by  that  name;!  have  fo  denominated it»cd^^. 
trary  to  the  information  I  received  from  the  lAdUhsJ 
This  colony  lying  in  unequal  Angles^  the  dimeh£i(^  <kf  ^ 
it  cannot  be  exjiSly  gi^eti,  but  it  appears  td  bts  da  ki 
avarm  about  ontf  hundred  and  ten  miles  lohg»  and 
eighty  Inroad. 

No.  ill.    The  greateft  part  of  this  divifionis  fitiutt^^ 
on  theRitef  Ouifconflh,  which  is  navigatde^fuir  ^^ 
bout  one  hundred  and  ^ig^ty  miles,  Mil  itVi^i^es  the  car* 
tying  place  ih^t  divide^  It  tiroitt  die,  Fox  River,    'fhe 
lind  which  is  ontii'eied  within  its  liibtts,js  i)n(  ibme|>arts 
moilttuittOiiSf  and  in  t!';e  other  eohiifts  iif  fertile  mead* 
o#s  and  fine  pafturagf^    It  is  furnlOi^  Mi  iriiii  a  gi^eaC  ! 
deal  cf  good  timber,  and,  as  Is  genersdlif!  the  cale"  oh  tht; 
banks. (^ the  Miffifippi  i'.nd  its  branthiei^  lias  mudti  fine,;: 
open,  clear  land,  proper  for  cullhratlon.     to  ^i^iieikpr^ 
added  an  inexhao(tibIe  fund  of ricfae^. In  a  fi^inb^  x}U^i^§^ 
mines  whieh  lies  at  a  httle  dillanccfrom  she  Du^rc<mla'* 
towards  the  fouth,  and  ;ip|)e4r  to  b^  nnconiiifiiDnly  fuftdf 
oi <s.     Although  the  SaukieS  and  Ottagaii^iek  inhabit  a 
part  of  this  traA,  the  who^e  ot  this  lands  urrder  their  eW\ 
tivationdoes  not  exceed  three  huiidfeid  ^tfres     Itfs  m  , 
length  ftom  eaft  to  weft  about  6ne  Kundr^  ahd  ^hf' 
miles,  and  about  eighty  from  uorih  tb  (bHith.        '  . 

No.  IV.  rhik  colony  confifts  of  lands  of  various  df> 
nomittattons,  fome  of  wlflcb  are  very  good,  and  othett 
verjr  bad.    The  beft  is  fituated  on  the  borders  of  thf 


APPENDIX. 


87r 


oiie'  haiw 
^ne  haa* 

ibed;  it  in 
inj|tvelt» 
bited,  and 
wered  ott 
4apfrofii 
termed  it 
It  the  Iailj» 
ttte  a,bd^« 

B:tiidUi^^: 
6  be  ojA  ifi 

fuff  |rt>ati  A" 
hei  the  cafr 

^me  |>ar^ 
rtUe  nieid*, 
tthagifeat: 
talSTotithe- 

lo  thelfi^ijro, 

bpiy  full  <M 

*  inhabit  a 
their  ci^V 

ahd  ^h 


j(. 


v^ 


Ivariout  dm»' 
md  otheti 
en  ofthf 


Green  Bay  and  the  Fox  River,  where  th^e  are  innumer* 
able  act^s  covert  with  fine  grafs,  moft  part  of  which 
grows  to  ai^  aflonithlng  height.     This  river  will  afford  a 
good  navigation  for  boats  throughout  tlie  whole  of  its 
courfe,  which  is  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  miles,  ex- 
cept li^tween  ths  Winnebago  Lake  and  the  Green  Bay  ; 
where  there  are  feveral   carrying- places  in  the  fpace  of 
thirty  miles.     The  Fox  River  is  rendered  remarkable  by 
tlie  abundance  o^rice  that  grows    on  its  fhores,  and  the 
^Imoft  infinite  numbers  of  wild  fowl  that  frequent  iti» 
1>anks.     The  land  which  lies  hear  it  appears  to  be  '"**-> 
fertile,  and  pron^fes  to  produce  a  fufGcient  fupply  o. 
the  neceffarids  of  life  for  any  number  of  inhabitants. 
communication  might  be  opened  by  thoTe  who  fhaU  let* 
tie  liere,  either  through  the  Green  Bay,  Lake  Michigan, 
Lake  Huron,  Lake  Erie,  and  Lake  Ontarion  with  Can* 
ada,  or  by  way  of  the  Guirconfm  into  the  Mi(fi5ppi> 
This  divilton  is  about  one  hundred  and  fixty  miles  long 
iromtiorth  to  fouth,  and  one  hundred  and  forty  broad. 

No.  V.     This  is  an  excellent  tra^  of  land,  and,  confid- 
ering  its  Interior  (ituation,  has  greater  advantages  tham 
^ottld  be  expe^ed  ;  for  having  the  MiffiHppi  on  its  weft- 
em  borders,  and»  the  lUlnots  on  its  fouth^eaft,  it  has  as 
free  a  navigation  as  moft  of  the  others.     The  northern 
parts  of  it  ;ire  fomewhat  mountainous,  but  it  contains  a 
great  deal  of  clear  land,  the  foil  of  which  is  e^Lcellent, 
with  many  fineiertile  meadows^and  not  a  few  rich  mines. 
It  is  upwards  of  two  hundied  miles  from  north  (o  fouth, 
and  one  hundred  and  fifty  from  eaft  to  weft.  ^ 
*      No.  VL    This  colony  being  fituafed  upon  the  heads 
df  the  Rivers  Illinois  atid  Ouabache,  theformer  of  which 
empties  itfelf  immediately  into  the  Miflifippt.  and  the 
latter  into  the  fatiie  river  b;  means  of  the  Ohio,  will 
readily  find  a  cominunication  with  thefea  tliroughtheie. 
Having  alfo  the  Kiver  Miamis  paffing  through  it  which 
runs  into  Lake  Erie,  an  intereourfe  might  be  edabliflied 
wtdi  datiada  alfo  by  way  of  the  lakes,  as  before  pointed 
out     jt  com:. ins  a  great  deal  of  rich  fertile  land,  and 
though  more  inland  than  any  of  the  others,  will  be  as 
valuable  an  acquifttion  as  the  beft  of  them    .prom  north 

a  9 


I    ! 


F    1 


t;  1 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


itt  flii   122 


I.I 


lit 

lU 


140 


■  2.0 


IliSi  111^  IJ4 

^ 

6"     

» 

Photographic 

Sdmces 

CorpoFEition 


M  WnT  MAM  ITMIT 

WIMTM.N.V.  I4SM 
(7U)I73-4S03 


.<^. 


<sr]As^ 


r; 


^ 


$:s 


APlP£NmX. 


tb  ibudi  it  is  about  one  hundred  and  iixty  ntikf>.from 
«aft  to  well  one  hundred  and  ^f^hty.       ^ 

1^0  VII.  This  divifion  is  aotinferioPto  any  o(  the 
Mregoifig.  Its  northern  borders  Ifinz  adjacenl  ^  the 
UKnois  riv6r,  and  its  wedern  to  the  MifllSjppi^  the  fitua. 
tioli  of  it  for  eftftbUfhing  a  colamf  licial  in|<^|cOurnf  with 
lbrei|^,natipns  is  very  commbi^iouft.  It  abiiiindi  with 
aUili#iiece#aries  of  life,  and  is  abdut  one  Jbundred  and 
ttt^  liiilesiroin  north  to  j^u^,  and  fixty  milefttroia  caft 
to  weft  {  but  ^e  confines  of  it  beii^  more  irreguuir  th^t 
the  oUiers,  l  tkmot  exa^Iy  aj^erfain  the  dimenfions  of  it 
Ko.  VUI.  This  colony  hiving  the  River  Oaa^chcr 
running  through  tlie  c«»|re  of  it,^aiid  the  Ohio  6r  its 
fouthern  boundary,  Wj^I  9nioy  the  advanrages  of  a  free 
navig4tion.  It  e||tnd<  about  one  hundrod  arid  fprty 
mUesfrbnx  north  #t>;£>Uth.  and  one  hundred  an4  thirty 
irom  eaft  to  wffti 

No.  IX  JC*  «md  Xt.  b^tng  fitnilar  in  fituation,  and 
fiiriuHhe^  liitk  nearly  the  fame  conveniences  as  all  the 
tJthert,  ^^tl  only  give  their  dimenfions.  No.  IX.  is 
^uut  ei|f6ty  miles  each  way»  but  do|  eia^ly  .fquare. 
No.lC  is  nearlytheTdmeform,  and  about  the  famees- 
teatl  No  Xt  is  much  larger,  being  at  Ifaft  onehundied 
and^tty  lAiles  from  north  toiouth,  and  6ne  hundred  aud 
forty  fro^  eaft'  to  weft,  as.ut^rly  as  fr6m  its  IrregiiUiitf 
it  is  powble  to  calculate. 

After  the  defcription  of  this  delightful  couotry  I  havti 
«lready»given,  I  need  not  repeat  that  all  the  fpots  I  ha^j; 
thus  pointed  out  ij^  proper  for  colonization,  abound  not  , 
only  with  the  necefliiriet  of  life^  being  well  ftortd  with 
rice,  deer,  bu^alocsi  bears,  &c.  bat  produce  ine<^^t  a- 
4)undance  fuch  as  may  be  termed  luxuries,  or  at  leuft 
thofe  articles  of  commerce: before  reeited  ^hjch  the  in* 
iiabitanttofit  wtllhavean  opportunity  of  cx<;hsiiigii^ 
for  the  needful  produAlons  of  other  countries. 

Thedifcoveiy  of  a  noith-weft  paflUge  toIndUhas  be^ 
♦hefuUjea  uf  innumerable  ^ifquilitions.    Many  fti^X 


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»«»• 


^"^"iff^ ' 


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dUb»ib<<^ 


lagi^j^at  wotiM^r^iiitl^^^    ttift  aittc^^jpyflied  for 

—  'It'aiitity  t»e|a^  a(lreAl|r  too  well  Jkaowa  to  the 

.^  ,  I  woHd  to  u^  anj  dilci^atioQ  ;  I  fliaU  oi^ 

llj^f  to  the  merhods  that  appear  mod  probabM 

iii|«fit  att«mp|<|  that  harfliith^rto  h^li  maderfpf ;  '^ 
l^lifiiofhi  hAt  w^i^jih       fll  bjittn  rendeirtd  abortiver 
r^  baf#  tttrite^the  fyv(i%  ^tmaking  ufefal  re(eard^f 
i6ther  cliaiiae)«  tod  ^i  nipA  mcereftiag  one  fiiti  ^ 
hM  gi|rta  ap  ai  iii|jp^9dicabi^  hiit<.  ia  mjoflui^ 
Itrtaiuire  raiher  pniteeds  firom  their  i>e»Qgf^ffitti 
iaipiroi^  placop  thaa  from  tbi*tr  impraftic^hUttf. 
Aafigatort  i|l#^  ,M^c  hitherto  gone  la  ^rch  of 
IfatfaJie,  kvft  pft  e^red  HudCpn's  Bar ;  the  con-* 
^  ofithieh  hiat  M^9.  that  harttf  <peac  the  ieafp^- 
r  tihtch  dnlf  diOfllXfMM  ju-ciw^gaMe,  in  ej^r^lpri^g^ 
aii&f  ^  0e  nttneriMM  iqIcis  Ijii^^  therein,  and  Uiif  i^th-y  ^ 
-^i^i^oteringAttt  o^niitig*  terriHed.at  the  apprMc^.e^ 
t^»  they,  iSfe  habfned  O'ick  fbr  fear  of,  ^log;  Trpaen^; 
iihd  cQnfiri^i^^f  pf  be^n|f  pbriged  to  cpntinuie  |iU  the^ 
rii  of faininev  in tli(^e hieak and  drear/  reaVsV^eii 
k  at  have  peAieiYed  the  coafti  to  enfold  xi\ifiafffy,9tj^ 
iid  ilrho  have  of  ^rfe  eotttt  ai(ied  hopes  of  Ai<r(;^iigt 

ifihter  flioi^a  let  m  before  the)r  <^m  fe*<^  f  9ifm$ 
'''raW climate.  ,  "•■   j'*'* 

ife  am^jbennoiis  )ia«)b  dUtcdttra^  1)^  bo^drft^ 
re|i  f rorp  completing  the  expediticAii  in  which  thfl^ 
eip^a^e<%  i^nd  frnilrat^d  nery  attempt.    9MtatiJ^. 
"'  n  dtfcpyered  by  fuch  at  have  failed  into  ihe  nortl\> 
ti  of  tk  F<ictfie  Ocean,  that  tKer^  are  raany  iol^ti 
pi  terge  towards  Hudfon'i  Bay,ttis  oottohedoubt*^ 
biit  Khata  paffage  might  be  made  ottt  from  thal'^ 
^rfer^  if'itbe  fong^htfvr  at  a  proper  fealbm    And. 
iMthf^fe  expeAationi  be  difappointed|,  the  explorek'i 
Id  aoibe  in  the  fame  hazardous  fitoattoo  with  thoiC!^ 
ii^l^  outfrofii  (tudfon'«  Bay,  for  they  will  alwa)rsbi>.« 
fure  of  a  fafe  retteati  through  an  open  fea,  to  warmer  re^ 
'-fptis,  ever  afctrr  repeti(«d   diiUppoiiitments.     And  tliis 
'Atidence  will  enabk*  thj^ni  to  proceed  with  greatei  nK» 


li 


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oiiiiioii,juia. 

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' Hi  if%^ Wbik^ :^^^ 

r»r4rte.ii0rth  fftft*  lit  would  Itw 

iif^^^iad  t#WeUNnottt#i^|&fj 

Mi  %i^<^  ttetlSi^loAtiNi  ocoii^Qii,  iU)t4  ^<  %ti 
^iiiir^ri^  att.  ii^MtNn  fl^  otnitt^in^W 

^;|^ceiVsa>k  iiba^taM  to  tl^  l^iiiDi  4|il»l 


c  Uhl      ■  'f      '  .■■■ 


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